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Module02 Predicate Logic

This document provides an introduction to predicate logic and related concepts. It discusses predicates as propositional functions that return true or false, quantifiers like universal ("for all") and existential ("there exists") to make statements about predicates, and how variables are bound by quantifiers or assignment. It also covers translating statements between logical symbols and English, negating quantified statements, and examples of nested quantifiers.

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Thuvarakan Thanabalasingam
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29 views22 pages

Module02 Predicate Logic

This document provides an introduction to predicate logic and related concepts. It discusses predicates as propositional functions that return true or false, quantifiers like universal ("for all") and existential ("there exists") to make statements about predicates, and how variables are bound by quantifiers or assignment. It also covers translating statements between logical symbols and English, negating quantified statements, and examples of nested quantifiers.

Uploaded by

Thuvarakan Thanabalasingam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMP 1805

Predicate Logic
Carleton University
Winter 2016
1

Propositional Logic

Predicate Calculus
Set Theory
Mathematical Reasoning and Proofs
Functions
Sequences and Sums
Complexity of Algorithms
Induction
Graphs
2

Predicates
Consider each of the following statements
Someone is laughing
Everyone is happy
X<3

Predicates
A predicate is a property that an object can
have
We can write a predicate as a propositional
function, which returns true or false depending
on the value that the object has

Predicates
Is a propositional function a proposition?

Predicates
How do we say something like
Someone likes tea

Everyone likes tea

Universe of Discourse
Which objects are we talking about?
The universe of discourse, or domain, often denoted
by U, is the specific set of objects we are concerned
with in a given problem
L(y) is the predicate y likes star trek
Everyone likes star trek

L(x1) L(x2) L(x3) L(x260)

Someone likes star trek

L(x1) L(x2) L(x3) L(x260)


7

Universal Quantification
The universal quantification of the propositional
function ( ) is the proposition ( ) is true for
all values of in the universe of discourse
( )

Universal Quantification
When is a universal quantification true/false?

Universal Quantification
All astronauts want to go to space

10

Existential Quantification
The existential quantification of the propositional
function ( ) is the proposition there exists an
element in the universe of discourse such that
( ) is true
( )

11

Existential Quantification
When is an existential quantification true/false?

12

Existential Quantification
Some astronauts want to go to space

13

Binding Variables
A variable is bound when
A value is assigned to it, or
A quantifier is used on it

The scope of a quantifier is the part of the


expression that the quantifier is applied to

14

Binding Variables
Consider


( )

15

Translations
: not
:
and, but, also
: or
: implies, if-then, only-if, necessary,
sufficient, whenever,
: if-and-only-if, necessary-and-sufficient
:
:
16

Negating Quantifiers
Everyone likes to smile

Someone likes to dance

17

Negating Quantifiers
=

18

Negating Quantifiers

( )

( )

19

Nested Quantifiers
F(x,y) is x and y are friends

,
20

Example
Every CS major in this class knows at least one CS
major that is taking COMP 1405

21

Example
Everyone in this class knows exactly one person that
goes to uOttawa

22

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