OPTIMUM COMPOSITION
OF
JUTE FABRIC AND VINYL
ESTER FOR THE
MAXIMUM STRENGTH
INTRODUCTION
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
DEFINITIONS :
TWO OR MORE MATERIALS BONDED
TOGETHER
A MATERIAL CONSISTING OF ANY
COMBINATION OF FIBRES, WHISKERS
AND PARTICLES IN A COMMON MATRIX
WHY COMPOSITES???
HIGH SPECIFIC STRENGTH (STRENGTH /DENSITY)
HIGH SPECIFIC MODULUS (MODULUS/DENSITY)
FATIGUE RESISTANCE
CREEP AND CREEP RUPTURE RESISTANCE
LOW TAILORABLE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL
EXPANSION
WEAR RESISTANCE
CORROSION RESISTANCE
TAILORABLE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY –(Very
low to very high)
WHY COMPOSITES???
Continued..
TAILORABLE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY-
(Very low to extremely high)
GREAT DESIGN FLEXIBILITY
LOW COST
FORMABLE TO COMPLEX SHAPE
COMPOSITIONS USED.
VINYL ESTER
JUTE FABRICS
METHYL ETHYL KETONE PEROXIDE-
CATALYST
COBALT NAPHTHENATE- PROMOTER
DIMETHYL ANILINE- ACCELERATOR
VINYL ESTER
Vinyl Ester is a resin produced by the esterification
of an epoxy resin with an unsaturated
monocarboxylic acid.
They are used because of their high corrosive
resistance, high impact strength, high thermal
resistance and low viscosity.
JUTE FABRICS
• It primarily consists of cellulose, hemi cellulose and
lignin.
PREPARATION
TREATMENT OF FABRICS
ALKALI TREATMENT
PRE-CURING
NEUTRALIZATION WITH ACID
COMPLETE NEUTRALIZATION WITH DISTILLED
WATER
DRYING
• PREPARATION OF RESIN
QUANTIZATION OF VINYL ESTER,
ACCELERATOR, PROMOTER AND CATALYST
MIXING THE COMPONENTS
CALCULATION
FOR THE COMPOSITION 32:68 [JUTE:RESIN]
Density of the laminate= Wt fraction of jute fabrics * (density of jute fabrics+ Wt
fraction of resin) * density of resin
= 0.32 * (1.5+0.68) * 1.05
=1.194 g/cc
Mass of the laminate = Density of the laminate * Volume of the laminate
= 1.194 * 25 * 25 * 0.5
= 373.125 g
Ratio of vinyl ester: accelerator: promoter: catalyst
=100:2:2:2
Mass of the resin = mass of the laminate * Wt fraction of resin
= 373.125 * 0.68
=253.725 g
Mass of vinyl ester =100/106 * Mass of resin
=100/106 * 253.725
=239.36 g
CALCULATION
CONTINUED…
Mass of accelerator = 2/106*mass of the resin
= 2/106*253.725
= 4.78 g
Mass of promoter = 2/106*mass of the resin
= 2/106*253.725
= 4.78 g
Mass of catalyst = 2/106*mass of the resin
= 2/106*253.725
= 4.78 g
Mass of jute fabrics = mass of the laminate*wt fraction of jute fabrics
= 373.125*0.32
= 119.4 g
No of plies = Mass of jute fabrics/mass of 1 ply
= 119.4/24
= 4.975≈5 plies
• PREPARATION OF LAMINATE
APPLYING RESIN ON THE FABRIC
CURING
POST CURING
TESTING
SPECIMEN USED- 32:68 [FABRICS:RESIN]
1. TENSILE TEST
MACHINE USED: UTM
TESTING SPEED: 10mm/min
GAUGE LENGTH: 80mm
LENGTH : 150mm
WIDTH : 12mm
THICKNESS: 7.5mm
Tensile strength = max load/c.s. area
N/mm²
= 2002.5/12*7.5
=22.25 N/mm²
Tensile modulus = dy/dx N/m
= slope from the graph
= (2002.5-2.5)/(1.308-
0.0015)
= 1530.807N/m
2.FLEXURAL TEST
• MACHINE USED: UTM
• SPEED OF THE TEST: HALF THE
THICKNESS
OF THE SPECIMEN
• SPAN LENGTH: 100mm
• LENGTH: 150mm
• WIDTH: 12.7mm
• THICKNESS: 7.8mm
FLEXURAL STRENGTH=3Pl/2bd² .
N/mm²
Where,
P=Breaking load, N
l=Span length, mm
d=Depth, mm
b=Width, mm
Therefore,
Flexural strength=3*122*100/2*12.7*7.8²
=47.368 N/mm²
Flexural Modulus=l³ y/4bd³ N/mm²
Where,
y=slope of the tangent of the initial straight
line portion of the load deformation curve.
= dy/dx.
=(121-8)/(3.15-.5)
= 42.64 N/mm
Flexural modulus=42.64*100³/4*12.7*7.8³
=1768.82 N/mm²
COMPARISION OF FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
3.IMPACT TEST-CHARPY.
• MACHINE USED: PENDULUM IMPACT
TESTER
• LENGTH: 127 mm
• BREADTH: 12.7mm
• THICKNESS: 4.4mm
IMPACT STRENGTH= IE/bh N-m/cm²
Where,
IE= IMPACT ENERGY REQUIRED TO BREAK THE SPECIMEN, N-m
Therefore,
IMPACT STRENGTH= 0.42/(1.27*0.44)
=0.75 N-m/cm²
Impact energy(N-m)
Impact
strength(N-
composition 1 2 3 4 average m/cm²)
32:68 0.42 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.75
34:66 0.46 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.453 0.758
36:64 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.40 0.403 0.646
38:62 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.38 0.382 0.568
COMPARISION OF IMPACT STRENGTH
FOR VARIOUS COMPPOSITION
4.SURFACE HARDNESS
• MACHINE USED : SHORE-D HARDNESS TESTING MACHINE
Composi
SPECIMEN HARDNESS(SHORE-D) Average
tion 1 2 3 4 5
32:68 46 47 50 52 49 48.8
34:66 50 49 53 48 54 50.8
36:64 43 40 36 45 43 41.4
38:68 23 22 23 25 19 22.4
COMPARISION OF HARDNESS FOR
VARIOUS COMPOSITION
RESULTS
The mechanical properties are optimal for the
ratio 34:66 [jute: resin]
