Hydraulics
Topic 1. Flow in Open Channel
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tan Lai Wai
[email protected]Dr. Mohd Ariff bin Ahmad Nazri
[email protected] Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
i.
Define and explain on types and states of flow
ii. Identify types of open channels
iii. Define open channel geometries
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Open channel flow is flow of a liquid in a conduit with a free surface
subjected to atmospheric pressure.
Free surface
T
A
Datum
Figure. Sketch of open channel geometry
Examples: flow of water in rivers, canals, partially full sewers and
drains and flow of water over land.
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Tahan river
rapids
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel
(SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Siberian meandering
river
Practical applications:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,
b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g. weirs,
spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and others
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1.1 Flow Parameters and Geometric Elements
a. Depth of flow y is the vertical measure of water depth.
Normal depth d is measured normal to the channel bottom.
d = y cos
For most applications, d y when 10%, e.g. cos 1 = 0.9998.
Free surface
Sw = water surface slope
So = bottom slope
Datum
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b. Flow or discharge Q is the volume of fluid passing a cross-section
perpendicular to the direction of flow per unit time.
Mean velocity V is the discharge divided by the cross-sectional area
Q
V
A
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c. Wetted perimeter P is the length of channel perimeter that is
wetted or covered by flowing water.
T = top width
A
P
A = cross sectional area
covered by flowing water
B = bottom
width
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d. Hydraulic radius R is the ratio of the flow area A to wetted
perimeter P.
A
R
P
e. Hydraulic depth D is the average depth of irregular cross section.
flow area A
D
top width T
T
A
P
B
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Table. Open channel geometries
Channel section
Area
A
Top width
T
Wetted perimeter
P
By
B + 2y
zy2
2zy
2y 1 z 2
By + zy2
B + 2zy
B 2y 1 z 2
D2
2 sin2
8
Dsin
T
y
Rectangular
T
1
y
z
Triangular
T
y
z
Trapezoidal
T
D
Circle
Activity 1.1
1m
2m
60
Find:
3m
(a) Top surface width T, flow area A, wetted perimeter P, and
hydraulic radius R.
(b) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the state of flow.
(c) If longitudinal length L = 50 m, find the cost to construct the
channel. Given excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost =
RM 5/m2.
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(a) Top surface width T, wetted area A, wetted perimeter P and
hydraulic radius R.
z
1
0.5774
tan60
T B 2zy
P B 2y 1 z 2
T 3 20.5774 2
P 3 22 1 0.57742
T 5.309 m
P 7.619 m
A By zy 2
A
P
8.309
7.619
A 32 0.577422
A 8.309 m2
R 1.091 m
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(b) If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the state of flow.
Q 2.4
v
0.2888 m/s
A 8.309
V
Fr
gD
Re
VR
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(c) If the length of the channel is L = 50 m, find the cost to construct the
channel. Given excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining cost = RM 5/m2.
Volume of excavation Achannel L
3 3 0.5774 32 50
709.81 m3
3
Cost of excavation Unit cost RM 3 / m 709.81
RM2129.42
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Area of lining Alining Pchannel L
Alining 3 2 3 1 0.57742 50
Alining 496.41 m3
Cost of lining Unit cost Alining RM 5 / m2 496.41
RM2482.05
Total cost RM2129.42 RM2482.05 RM 4611.47
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Additional Question for Assignment #1
1.5 m
1.5 m
1.2 m
1.2 m
3
0.3 m
Find T, A, P, R, and D
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Activity 1.2
1m
A1
A2
2m
A3
A4
2m
1m
2m
4m
Find:
(a) Flow area A
(b) Wetted perimeter P
(c) Hydraulic radius R
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3m
1.2 Types of Open Channel
Prismatic and non-prismatic channels
Prismatic channel is the channel which cross-sectional shape,
size and bottom slope are constant. Most of the man-made
(artificial) channels are prismatic channels over long stretches.
Examples of man-made channels are irrigation canal, flume,
drainage ditches, roadside gutters, drop, chute, culvert and
tunnel.
All natural channels generally have varying cross-sections and
therefore are non-prismatic. Examples of natural channels are
tiny hillside rivulets, through brooks, streams, rivers and tidal
estuaries.
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Rigid and mobile boundary channels
Rigid channels are channels with boundaries that is not
deformable. Channel geometry and roughness are constant
over time. Typical examples are lined canals, sewers and nonerodible unlined canals.
Mobile boundary channels are channels with boundaries that
undergo deformation due to the continuous process of
erosion and deposition due to the flow. Examples are unlined
man-made channels and natural rivers.
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Canals
is usually a long and mild-sloped
channel built in the ground, which
may be unlined or lined with stoned
masonry, concrete, cement, wood
or bituminous material.
Terusan Wan Muhammad Saman, Kedah
Griboyedov Canal, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Flumes
is a channel of wood, metal, concrete, or masonry, usually
supported on or above the surface of the ground to carry water
across a depression.
This flume diverts water from White River,
Washington to generate electricity
Bull Run Hydroelectric Project diversion flume
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Open-channel flume in laboratory
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Chute
is a channel having steep slopes.
Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada
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Drop
is similar to a chute, but the change in elevation is within a
short distance.
The spillway of Leasburg Diversion Dam is a vertical hard
basin drop structure designed to dissipate energy
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Stormwater sewer
is a drain or drain system
designed to drain excess rain
from paved streets, parkinglots,
sidewalks and roofs.
Storm sewer
Storm drain receiving urban runoff
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1.3 Types and Classification of Open Channel Flows
Open channel flow
Steady flow
Uniform flow
Unsteady flow
Non-uniform flow
Rapidly-varied flow
Gradually-varied flow
Various types of open-channel flow
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Open channel flow conditions can be characterised with respect to
space (uniform or non-uniform flows) and time (steady or unsteady
flows).
Space - how do the flow conditions change along the reach of an
open channel system.
a. Uniform flow - depth of flow is the same at every
section of the flow dy/dx = 0
b. Non-uniform flow - depth of flow varies along the flow
dy/dx 0
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a. Uniform flow
y
y
x
dy
0
Depth of flow is the same at every section along the channel,
dx
b. Non-uniform flow
y1
y2
Depth of flow varies at different sections along the channel,
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dy
0
dx
Time - how do the flow conditions change over time at a specific
section in an open channel system.
c. Steady flow - depth of flow does not change/ constant
during the time interval under
consideration dy/dt = 0
d. Unsteady flow - depth of flow changes with time
dy/dt 0
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c. Steady flow
y1
y2
Time = t1
y1 = y2
Time = t2
dy
0
Depth of flow is the same at every time interval,
dt
d. Unsteady flow
y1
t3
t1
t2
y1 y2 y3
dy
0
Depth of flow changes from time to time,
dt
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The flow is rapidly varied if the depth changes abruptly over a
comparatively short distance. Examples of rapidly varied flow
(RVF) are hydraulic jump, hydraulic drop, flow over weir and flow
under a sluice gate.
The flow is gradually varied if the depth changes slowly over a
comparatively long distance. Examples of gradually varied flow
(GVF) are flow over a mild slope and the backing up of flow
(backwater).
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RVF GVF RVF
Sluice
GVF
Hydraulic
jump
GVF
RVF
RVF
Flow over
weir
Hydraulic
drop
Contraction
below the sluice
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1.4 State of Flow
The state or behaviour of open-channel flow is governed basically
by the viscosity and gravity effects relative to the inertial forces of
the flow.
Effect of visco sity - depending on the effect of viscosity relative to
inertial forces, the flow may be in laminar,
turbulent, or transitional state.
- Reynolds number represents the effect of
viscosity relative to inertia,
VR
Re
where V is the velocity, R is the hydraulic radius of a
conduit and is the kinematic viscosity (for water at
20C, = 1.004 106 m2/s, dynamic viscosity =
1.002 103 Ns/m2 and density = 998.2 kg/m3).
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Re < 500
the flow is laminar
500 < Re < 12500 the flow is transitional
Re > 12500
the flow is turbulent
Re
VR
The flow is laminar if the viscous forces are dominant relative
to inertia. Viscosity will determine the flow behaviour. In
laminar flow, water particles move in definite smooth paths.
The flow is turbulent if the inertial forces are dominant than
the viscous force. In turbulent flow, water particles move in
irregular paths which are not smooth.
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Effect of gravity - depending on the effect of gravity forces relative
to inertial forces, the flow may be subcritical,
critical and supercritical.
- Froude number represents the ratio of inertial
forces to gravity forces,
V
Fr
gD
where V is the velocity, D is the hydraulic depth
of a conduit and g is the gravity acceleration (g =
9.81 m/s2).
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Fr < 1
, the flow is in subcritical state
V gD
Fr = 1
, the flow is in critical state
V gD
Fr > 1
, the flow is in supercritical state
V gD
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1.5 Regimes of Flow
A combined effect of viscosity and gravity may produce any one of
the following four regimes of flow in an open channel:
a. subcritical - laminar
, when Fr < 1 and Re < 500
b. supercritical - laminar
, when Fr > 1 and Re < 500
c. supercritical - turbulent , when Fr > 1 and Re > 12500
d. subcritical - turbulent
, when Fr < 1 and Re > 12500
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Assignment #1
Q1.
[Final Exam Sem I, Session 2010/2011]
Justify the difference between:
(a) uniform flow and non-uniform flow
(b) state of flow using Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr.
Q2.
[Final Exam Sem I, Session 2008/2009]
(a) Define
(i) Wetted perimeter
(ii) Gradually-varied flow
(iii) Non-uniform flow
(iv) Froude number
(b) Explain the differences between canal and sewer.
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Q3.
[Final Exam Sem I, Session 2006/2007]
Define
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Hydraulic radius
(d) Prismatic channel
(e) Uniform flow
Q4.
A discharge of 16.0 m3/s flows with a depth of 2.0 m in a rectangular
channel of 4.0 m wide. Determine the state of flow based on
(a) Froude number, and
(b) Reynolds number.
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Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.
- End of Question -
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THANK YOU
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