C

+ +
In 8 Hours

By Ray Yao

For Beginners

Copyright 2015 by Ray Yao

All Rights Reserved
Neither part of this book nor whole of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means electronic, photographic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written
permission from the author.
Ray Yao

About the Author
Ray Yao:
Certified PHP engineer by Zend, USA
Certified JAVA programmer by Sun, USA
Certified SCWCD developer by Oracle, USA
Certified A+ professional by CompTIA, USA
Certified ASP. NET expert by Microsoft, USA
Certified MCP professional by Microsoft, USA
Certified TECHNOLOGY specialist by Microsoft, USA
Certified NETWORK+ professional by CompTIA, USA

Ray Yaos books:

Linux Command Line (eBook)
Linux Command Line (Paper Book)
JAVA 100 Tests, Answers & Explanations
PHP 100 Tests, Answers & Explanations
JavaScript 100 Tests, Answers & Explanations
JAVA in 8 Hours
PHP in 8 Hours
JavaScript in 8 Hours
C++ in 8 Hours
AngularJS in 8 Hours
JQuery in 8 Hours
JavaScript 50 Useful Programs

Preface
C++ in 8 Hours is a useful book for beginners. You can learn complete primary knowledge
of C++ fast and easily. The straightforward definitions, the plain and simple examples, the
elaborate explanations and the neat and beautiful layout feature this helpful and educative
book. You will be impressed by the new distinctive composing style. Reading this book is
a great enjoyment! You can master all essential C++ skill in quickly.

Source Code for Download
This book provides source code for download; you can download the source code for
better study, or copy the source code to your favorite editor to test the programs. The
download link of the source code is at the last page of this book.
Start coding today!

Table of Contents
Hour 1 Start C++
Install C++
What is C + +?
Run First Programming
C++ Comments
Output Commands
Escaping Characters
C++ Keywords
Data Types
Create a Variable
Arithmetical Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Comparison Operators
Exercises

Hour 2 Statements
If Statement
If-else Statement
Switch Statement
For Loop
While Loop
Do-While Loop
Break Statement
Continue Statement
Boolean-Expression
Conditional Operator
Exercises

Hour 3 Use Array

Create an Array (1)
Create an Array (2)
Array Size
Element Value
Function
Function & Arguments
Return Value
Call Another Function
Constants
Data Type Conversion
Exercises

Hour 4 String
A String Variable
Input String Data
Input String Sentence
Test Whether Inputted
String Length
Find a Character
Connect Strings
Exchange Strings
Find a Words Position
Insert a Substring
Exercises

Hour 5 Class & Object

Class Definition
Object Declaration
Class & Object
Constructor

Destructors
Inheritance
Using Derived class
Public Permission
Private Permission
Protected Permission
Class Method
Access Private Member
Exercises

Hour 6 Pointer & Reference

Pointer
Pointer Initialize
Using Pointer
Exchange Pointers
Pointer and Array
Pointer Array
Pointer & String
Reference a Variable
Reference an Object
Reference Arguments
Exercises

Hour 7 File Operation

Output One Character
Output String
Input One Character
Input String
Input String Sentence
Write a File
Open a File
Read a File

End of File
Exercises

Hour 8 C++ Study

this -> member
Static Variable
Static Function
A++ or ++A
Call My Own Function
Local & Global Variable
Exceptions
Try-Catch
Return Exception Message
Throw Exception
Vector
Vector.method( )
Vector.method( )
Exercises

Appendix 1 Advanced C++ (1)

Extern Variable
Extern Function
Static Global Variable
Static Local Variable
Static Function
Overloading
Overriding
Friend Function
Exercises

Appendix 2 Advanced C++ (2)

Virtual Function
Abstract Class
Inline Function
Function Template
Class Template
Macros Definition
Conditional Compiling (1)
Conditional Compiling (2)
Exercises

Source Code for Download





Hour 1

Start C++

Install C++

Many C++ compilers and editors can be used to run C++ programs; you can choose one of
them to write, edit, compile and execute your C++ codes.

Online C++ Compiler & Editor

You dont have to install C++ compiler & editor to your local computer, an online C++
compiler & editor is available in a following website:
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/codingground.htm
When running the online C++ compiler & editor, you can type C++ codes into the editor,
click Compile, then click Execute, the result will appear.

Dev-C++ is an excellent C++ Compiler & Editor

Maybe you want to install free Dev-C++ to your local computer, please download it by
the following website.
http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html.
If you dont want Dev-C++, please download and install Visual C++ Express.

Download Visual Studio Express

Visual Studio Express editions provide free tools to develop applications for a specific
platform, such as Visual C++, Visual C#, Visual Basic, Asp.net and Windows
applications.
Visual C++ contains all C++ libraries, C++ tools building and running C++ programs.
Visual C++ is an IDE that can create a C++ development environment.
To download a free edition of Visual Studio Express, go to

https://www.visualstudio.com

Install Visual Studio Express

In Visual Studio Express, Visual C++ is not installed by default. When installing, be sure
to choose Custom installation and then choose the Visual C++ components you require.

What is C + +?
C++ is a general-purpose programming language, which is an extension of C language.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is used extensively.

Example 1.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << Hello World! << endl;
return 0;
} (Output: Hello World!)

Explanation:
#include <iostream> means including an input/output library named iostream that helps
input or output operation.
using namespace std means that std is a standard namespace, which can solve the
name conflict problems.
int is a return type, it specify the return type of a function.
main( ) is an obligatory function that runs main code of C++.
cout << displays or show contents.
return 0 indicates the program run successfully.

Run First Programming


Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << Hello World! << endl;
return 0;
}

Save, Compile and Run the Program

Output:
Hello World!

Congratulation! The first C++ program runs successfully!

C++ Comments
//

/* */
C++ comments is used to explain the current code, describe what this code is doing. C++
compiler will ignore comments.
// is used to single line comment.
/**/ is used to multi line comments

Example 1.3
cout << Hello World ; // show Hello World
/* cout << is a C++ output command, meaning display or print.
*/

Explanation:
// show Hello World is a single line comment.
/* cout << is a C++ output command, meaning display or print. */ is a multi line
comment.
Note: Each C++ command ends with semicolon;.

Output Commands
cout << ; // print the result at the same line.

cout << << endl; // print the result at the
different line.

Example 1.4
cout << 1 ;
cout << 2 ;
cout << 3 ;
( Output: 1 2 3 )

cout << 1 << endl ;
cout << 2 << endl ;
cout << 3 << endl ;
( Output: )
1
2
3

Explanation:
cout << ; // print the result at the same line.
cout << << endl; // print the result at the different line.

Escaping Characters
The \ backslash character can be used to escape characters.
\n outputs content to the next new line.
\r makes a return
\t makes a tab
\ outputs a single quotation mark.
\ outputs a double quotation mark.

Example 1.5
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
cout << \ Hello World! \ ;
return 0;
}
(Output: Hello World!)

Explanation:
\ outputs a double quotation mark. Note that Hello World has a double quotation with
it. Another sample:
cout << Hello \t\t\t World ; // Note it has three taps. ( Output: Hello World )

C++ Keywords
Some words are only used by C++ language itself. They may not be used when choosing
identifier names for variable, function, and labels. The following words are C++
keywords:
asm

auto

break

delete

case

catch

char

class

const

continue

default

do

double

else

enum

float

friend

for

goto

if

inline

extern

short

int

long

new

operator

register

private

protected

public

return

signed

static

struct

switch

this

throw(s)

typedef

union

unsigned

virtual

try

void

while

Example 1.6
const // const is a keyword of C++
continue // continue is a keyword of C++

Explanation:
Above words, const and continue is C++ reserved words, which may be not used as
variable name, function name, and label name.

Data Types
C++ five basic data types are listed in the following:
Data Types

Explanation

char

a character

string

several characters

int

an integer number

float

a floating point number with 6 decimals

double

a floating point number with 10 decimals

bool

a value with true or false

Example 1.7
hello
168
0.123456
0.0123456789
true

Explanation:
The data type of hello is a string.
The data type of 168 is an int
The data type of 0.123456 is a float
The data type of true is a bool.

Create a Variable
Variable is a symbolic name associated with a value.
Using following syntax can create a variable and value.
dataType variableName = value;

Example 1.8
void main ( ) {
char mychar = m;
int myinteger = 168168;
float myflt = 28.98;
double mydbl = 0.0123456789
boolean mybool = true;
}

Explanation:
mychar is a name of variable, its value is m.
myinteger is a name of variable, its value is 168168.
mybool is a name of variable, its value is true.
main ( ) { } declares a main method.

Arithmetical Operators

Operators

Running

add, connect strings

subtract

multiply

divide

get modulus

++

increase 1

- -

decrease 1

% modulus operator divides the first number by the second number and returns the
remainder. e.g. 9%2=1.


Example 1.9
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int a = 200, b = 100;
int sum = a + b; cout<< sum<<endl;
int divi = a / b; cout<< divi<<endl;
int modu = a % b; cout<< modu<<endl;
cout << ++a << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
300
2
0
201

Explanation:
int sum = a + b means 100 plus 200.
int divi = a / b means 200 divide 100.
int modu = a % b means 200 modulus 100.
++a increases its value by 1.

Logical Operators
Operators

Equivalent

&&

and

||

or

not

After using logical operators, the result will be true or false.

1 represents true, 0 represents false.

Example 1.10
bool x=true; bool y=false;
bool a= x && y; cout << a << endl; // output: 0
bool b=x || y; cout << b << endl; // output: 1
bool c=! x; cout << c << endl; // output: 0

Explanation:
1 represents true, 0 represents false.

true &&
true &&
true; returns false; returns
true;
false;

false
&&false;
returns false;

true II true;

true II false;

false II false;

returns true; returns true;

return false;

! false;

! true;

returns true; returns false;

Assignment Operators
Operator

Example

Explanation

+=

x += y

x = x + y

-=

x -= y

x = x - y

*=

x *= y

x = x * y

/=

x /= y

x = x / y

%=

x %= y

x = x % y

Example 1.11
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int x=200; int y=100;
cout <<200+=100 equals << (x+=y)<< endl;
cout <<300-=100 equals << (x-=y)<< endl;
cout <<200*=100 equals << (x*=y)<< endl;
cout <<20000%=100 equals << (x%=y)<< endl;
return 0;
}
Explanation:
x+=y; // x=x+y, x=200+100, output 300.
x-=y; // x=x-y, x=300-100, output 200.
x*=y; // x=x*y, x=200*100, output 20000.
x%y; // x=%y, x=2000000%100, output 0.

Comparison Operators

Operators

Running

>

greater than

<

less than

>=

greater than or equal

<=

less than or equal

==

equal

!=

not equal

After using comparison operators, the result will be true or false.


Example 1.12
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int x=200; int y=100;
bool result1 = (x>y); cout << result1<< endl;
bool result2 = (x<=y); cout << result2<< endl;
bool result3 = (x!=y ); cout << result3 << endl;
return 0;
};


Output:
1
0
1


Explanation:
1 represents true.
0 represents false.

x>y // test 200>100, output true.
x<=y // test 200<=100, output false.
x!=y // test 200!=100, output true.

Exercises


Calculation
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main(){
int a=10, b=20, c=30;
int sum;
sum = a + b * c;
cout << a+b*c = << sum << endl;
return 0;
}


Save, Compile and Run the Program.


Output:
a+b*c = 610





Hour 2

Statements

If Statement
if ( test-expression ) { // if true do this; }
if statement executes codes inside { } only if a specified condition is true, does not
execute any codes inside {} if the condition is false.

Example 2.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int a=200;
int b=100;
if (a>b){
cout << a is greater than b.;
}
return 0;
} (Output: a is greater than b.)

Explanation:
( a>b ) is a test expression, namely (200>100), if returns true, it will execute the codes
inside the { }, if returns false, it will not execute the codes inside the { }.

If-else Statement
if ( test-expression) { // if true do this; }
else { // if false do this; }
ifelse statement runs some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition
is false

Example 2.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int a=100; int b=200;
if (a>b) {
cout << a is greater than b.;
}
else {
cout << a is less than b;
}
return 0;
} (Output: a is less than b.)

Explanation:
( a>b ) is a test expression, namely (100>200), if returns true, it will output a is greater
than b. if returns false, it will output a is less than b.

Switch Statement

switch ( variable )
{ case 1: if equals this case, do this; break;
case 2: if equals this case, do this; break;
case 3: if equals this case, do this; break;
default : if not equals any case, run default code;
break;
}
The value of variable will compare each case first, if equals one of the case value; it will
execute that case code. break; terminates the code running.


Example 2.3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int number=20;
switch ( number ) {
case 10 : cout << Running case 10 \n ; break;
case 20 : cout << Running case 20 \n ; break;
case 30 : cout << Running case 30 \n ; break;
default : cout << Running default code \n ; break;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Running case 20

Explanation:
The number value is 20; it will match case 20, so it will run the code in case 20.

For Loop
for( init, test-expression, increment) { // some code; }
for loop runs a block of code by specified number of times.

Example 2.4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int x;
for (x = 0; x <= 5; x++){
cout << x;
}
return 0;
} (Output: 012345 )


Explanation:
x = 0 is initializer,
x <= 5 is a test-expression, the code will run at most 5 times.
x++ means that x will increase 1each loop.
After 5 times loop, the code will output 012345.

While Loop
while ( test-expression ) { // some C++ code in here;
}
while loop loops through a block of code if the specified condition is true.

Example 2.5
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int counter=0;
while (counter < 8){
cout << &;
counter++;
}
return 0;
} ( Output: &&&&&&&& )


Explanation:
counter< 8 is a test expression, if the condition is true, the code will loop less than 8
times, until the counter is 8, then the condition is false, the code will stop running.

Do-While Loop
do{ // some c++ code in here } while ( test-expression);
dowhile loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop if the specified
condition is true.

Example 2.6
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int counter=0;
do {
cout << @;
counter++;
} while (counter<8);
return 0;
} ( Output: @@@@@@@@ )

Explanation:
counter< 8 is a test expression, if the condition is true, the code will loop less than 8
times, until the counter is 8, then the condition is false, the code will stop running.

Break Statement
Break;
break keyword is used to stop the running of a loop according to the condition.

Example 2.7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int num=0;
while ( num<10 ){
if ( num==5 ) break;
num++;
}
cout << num ;
return 0;
} ( Output: 5)

Explanation:
if (num==5) break; is a break statement. If num is 5, the program will run the break
command, the break statement will exit the loop, then run cout << num .

Continue Statement
continue;
continue keyword is used to stop the current iteration, ignoring the following codes, and
then continue the next loop.

Example 2.8
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int num=0;
while ( num<10 ){
num++;
if ( num==5 ) continue;
cout << num ;
}
return 0;
} ( Output: 1234678910)

Explanation:
Note that the output has no 5.
if (num==5) continue; includes continue command. When the num is 5, the program
will run continue, skipping the next command cout << num , and then continue the
next loop.

Boolean-Expression
If ( bool-expression ) { statements }

while ( boolean-expression ) { statement }
The boolean-expression can be only a variable. For example: if (var) { }, if (!flag) { }.

Example 2.9
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int num=10;
if ( num ) { // equals if (num == 10)
cout << num = 10 << endl;
}
while ( !num ){ // equals while(num!=10)
cout << num !=10 <<endl;
}
return 0;
} (Output: num = 10 )
Explanation:
if( num ) and while ( !num ) are correct codes, because they can have a variable
inside the ( ).
In Java, it should be if (num==10) or while (num!=10).

Conditional Operator

(test-expression) ? (if-true-do-this) : (if-false-do-this);

( test-expression) looks like this: a<b, x!= y, m==n. etc.

Example 2.10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int a=100; int b=200;
string result = (a<b) ? apple : boy;
cout << result << endl;
return 0;
} (Output: apple)

Explanation:
The conditional operator use (a<b) to test the a and b, because a is less than b, it
is true. Therefore, the output is apple.
return 0; indicates the program run successfully.

Exercises


For Loop Program
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int sum = 0;
for (int n=1; n<=100; n++)
sum += n;
cout << Sum = << sum << endl;
return 0;
}


Save, Compile and Run the Program.


Output:
Sum = 5050





Hour 3

Use Array

Create an Array (1)

An array is a variable, which can contain multiple values.
The first method to create an array as following:
int array-name[ number] = {value0, value1,
value2,};
number means the number of array elements.

Example 3.1
int myarray[4] = { 10,20,30,40 };

Explanation:
The above code creates an array named myarray, which has four elements:
myarray[4] means that myarray has 4 elements
The 1st element is myarray[0] with value 10. Key is 0.
The 2nd element is myarray[1] with value 20. Key is 1.
The 3th element is myarray[2] with value 30. Key is 2.
The 4th element is myarray[3] with value 40. Key is 3.
In array, Keys alias is index. Indexs alias is key.
Note that index begins from 0.

Create an Array (2)

An array is a variable, which can contain multiple values.
The second method to create an array as following:
int myarray [ number of elements ];
int array-name[index0] = value1;
int array-name[index1] = value1;
int array-name[index2] = value2;


Example 3.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string color[3];
color [0] = Red ;
color [1] = Yellow ;
color [2] = Green ;
cout<< color[0]<<color[1]<<color[2];
return 0;
}

Output:
Red Yellow Green

Explanation:
Above code creates an array, array name is color, and it has three elements: color [0],
color [1], color [2]. Its indexes are 0, 1, and 2. Its values are Red, Yellow and Green.
Note that index begins from 0.

Array Size
sizeof (array-name);
sizeof (array-name); can return the total number of bytes of an array.

Example 3.3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int arr[50];
int num = sizeof ( arr );
cout << num << bytes;
return 0;
} ( Output: 200 bytes )

Explanation:
sizeof ( arr ); is used to get the length of the array arr, which means the total number
of bytes.
Note that sizeof ( datatype ) can return the number of bytes of that data type. e.g. sizeof (
int ) returns 4 bytes.

Element Value
int value = array[index];

// Get a value from an element.
int array[index] = value;

// Set a value to an element.

Example 3.4
int arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int value = arr[2];
cout << value <<endl;
( Output: 30)

Example 3.5
int num[ 5 ];
num[3] = 800;
cout << num[3] <<endl;
( Output: 800)

Explanation:
int value = arr[2]; gets a value 30 from arr[2], and assigns to the value variable.
num[3] = 800; sets a value 800 to the element num[3] .

Function

Function is code block that can be repeated to use.
Before using a function, you need to declare a function first.
type function-name( ); // declare a function
function-name( ); // calls a function.
type function-name( ) {..}; // define a function


Example 3.6
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void myFunction( ); // declare a function
int main( ) {
myFunction( ); // call a function
return 0;
}

void myFunction ( ) { // define a function
cout << This is a function demo. <<endl;
}

Output:
This is a function demo.



Explanation:
void myFunction(); declares a function.
myFunction( ); calls a function.
void myFunction( ) {} defines a function.
return 0 indicates the program run successfully.
void is a return type, meaning without return value. Namely without return command
in function body.

Function & Arguments

A function sometimes has argument.
Before using a function, you need to declare a function.
type function-name( arg ); // declare a function
function-name ( argument ); // call function
type function-name ( arg ) {}; // define function


Example 3.7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void myFunction(string arg ); // declare a function

int main( ) {
myFunction ( with arguments. ); // call a function
return 0;
}

void myFunction ( string arg ) { // define a function
cout << This is a function + arg << endl;
}

Output:
This is a function with arguments



Explanation:
void myFunction(string arg ); declares a function.
myFunction( with arguments ); calls a function.
void myFunction ( string arg) {} defines a function with argument.
myFunction( with arguments ); calls function void myFunction(String argument)
{}, and pass the argument with arguments to it. After receiving the argument with
arguments, it outputs This is function with arguments.

Return Value

return value can return a value to the caller.
type function-name ( argument ) { return value };

function-name ( arg );


Example 3.8
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int myFunction(int arg ); // declare a function

int main( ) {
cout << The number is << myFunction(10)<<endl;
return 0;
}

int myFunction ( int arg ) {
return ++arg; // return a value to caller
}

Output:
The number is 11.

Explanation:
myFunction( 10 ) calls a function. Therefore myFunction( 10 ) is a caller.
int myFunction ( int arg ) {} defines a function.
int is a return type, it means the function returns int type.
return ++arg; can return the value 11 to the caller.
The output is The number is 11.

Call Another Function

function1 ( );
type function1 ( ) { function2( ); };
type function2 ( ) { };
In function1, the function2( ) calls another function.


Example 3.9
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void firstFunction(int num); // declare a function
int secondFunction(int arg ); // declare a function

int main( ) {
int num = 2;
firstFunction ( num );
return 0;
}

void firstFunction ( int num ){
cout << The result is << secondFunction (num) <<endl;
}

int secondFunction( int num) {
return ( num * 50);
}

Output:
The result is 100.



Explanation:
In firstFunction, the secondFunction (num) calls a function named int
secondFunction( int num) { }, and gets a return value 100.

Constants

Data that cannot change while running of the program is called constants.

#define CONSTANT-NAME value
#define defines a constant.
CONSTANT-NAME is a constant name, using capital.
NOTE: Using #define, the sentence cannot have semicolon at the end.


Example 3.10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define SYMBOL $
#define PRICE 80
#define MONEY dollars.
int main( ) {
int num = 10;
cout << SYMBOL << num * PRICE << MONEY;
return 0;
}

Output:
$800 dollars.

Explanation:
#define SYMBOL $ defines a constant named SYMBOL, its value is $.
The PRICE value is 80, the MONEY value dollars.

Data Type Conversion

variable 1= ( data-type) variable 2;
(data-type) can convert a data type to another data type.


Example 3.11
#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.1415926 // macro definition
using namespace std;
int main( ){
int number1, number2;
float decimalNumber = 28.699;
bool boolValue = false;
number1 = (int) decimalNumber;
number2 = (int) boolValue;
cout << number1: << number1 <<endl;
cout<< number2: << number2 <<endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
Number 1: 28
Number 2: 0

Explanation:
(int) can change the data type to integer.
(float) can change the data type to float pointing number.
(string) can change the data type to string.
And so on..

Exercises


Array Operation Program
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int arr[5]= {20, -6, 0, 100, 78};
int max = arr[0];
for(int n=1; n<5; n++)
if(arr[n]>max)
max=arr[n];
cout << Max Value = << max << endl;
return 0;
}

Save, Compile and Run the Program.


Output:
Max Value = 100





Hour 4

String

A String Variable
Before using string data type, <string> class should be included to the document first,
which help using string.
#include <string>
To declare and initialized a string variable:
string mystring = some characters

Example 4.1
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring = We Love C++;
cout << mystring << endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: We Love C++ )

Explanation:
#include <string> includes <string> class from C++ library.
string mystring = We Love C++ declares and initialize a string variable.

Input String Data

cin >> string variable;
cin >> string variable; can input a single word.

Example 4.2
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring; // declare a string
cout << Please enter a word: << endl;
cin >> mystring; // assume entering GOOD
cout << mystring <<endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: Please enter a word: GOOD )

Explanation:
#include <string> include string class.
cin >> mystring; can accept a word input from user.
Note that cin >> mystring; cannot input a whole line of sentence.

Input String Sentence

getline ( cin, mystring);
getline ( cin, mystring); can let user input a string sentence.

Example 4.3
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring;
cout << Please enter a sentence: << endl;
getline ( cin, mystring); // enter C++ is Very Good!
cout << mystring << endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: Please enter a sentence:
C++ is Very Good!)

Explanation:
getline ( cin, mystring); accepts the user input by sentence. When a user enters C++ is
Very Good!, the value of mystring is C++ is Very Good!.

Test Whether Inputted

mystring.empty( );
mystring.empty( ); can test whether a user has inputted a word or sentence before
submitting data. If mystring is empty, it returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.


Example 4.4
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring;
if ( mystring.empty( )) {
cout << Please enter your name: ;
getline ( cin , mystring); // assume entering My Name
cout << mystring << endl;
}
else {
cout << You have entered your name, thank you! ;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Please enter your name:

My Name

Explanation:
if ( mystring.empty( )) can check the user whether has entered data or not. If true, it
indicates the user has not entered any data.

String Length
mystring.size( );
mystring.size( ) can check the length of a string, returns the total number of characters
and space in this string.

Example 4.5
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring = operating system;
int stringSize = mystring.size( );
cout << String length is: << stringSize << endl;
return 0;
}; ( Output: String length is: 16 )

Explanation:
mystring.size( ) returns the size of operating system, the result is 16.
return 0 indicates the program run correctly.
Note that a single space equals the string size of 1 character.

Find a Character
mystring. at(index);
mystring.at (index) gets a character from a string by index. The index of a string begins
with 0.

Example 4.6
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring = operating system;
char aCharacter = mystring.at(2);
cout << The character is: << aCharacter << endl;
return 0;
}; ( Output: The character is: e )

Explanation:
mystring.at(2) gets a character at index 2 from the string operating system.
Note that the index of a string begins with 0.

Connect Strings
originalString.append ( newString );

originalString + newString;
append( )can connect a new string to an existing string.
+ can connect two strings together.

Example 4.7
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string a= Java, b= Script, newWord, allWord;
newWord = a + b;
cout << newWord <<endl; //Output: JavaScript
allWord = a.append(b);
cout << allWord << endl; //Output: JavaScript
return 0;
}; (Output: JavaScript JavaScript)
Explanation:
a + b and a.ppend (b) concatenate Java and Script to a new String JavaScript.

Exchange Strings

string1.swap(string2);
swap( ) can exchange two strings values.


Example 4.8
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string s1 = Number One.;
string s2 = Number Two.;
cout << string1: << s1<< endl;
cout << string2: << s2 << endl;
s1.swap(s2);
cout << string1: << s1<< endl;
cout << string2: << s2 << endl;
return 0;
};



Output:
string1: Number One.
string2: Number Two.
string1: Number Two.
string2: Number One.

Explanation:
s1.swap(s2); swaps two strings value.

Find a Words Position

mystring.find ( substring, start )
find( ) can locate a substrings place.
substring means a substring that need to search.
start means a start index to find a substring.

Example 4.9
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string mystring = An operating system.;
string substring = system;
int position = mystring.find ( substring, 0 );
cout << The position of substring is at: << position << endl;
return 0;
}; (Output: The position of substring is at: 13 )
Explanation:
system locates index 13 in string An operating System. Note that string index begin
with 0. One space in string equals one character size.

Insert a Substring
originalString = insert ( index, substring );
originalString = insert ( index, substring ); can insert a substring into an original string.
index means a position where inserting a substring.

Example 4.10
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
string originalString = Flower is beautiful!;
string substring = very ;
originalString.insert ( 10, substring);
cout << originalString << endl;
return 0;
}; ( Output: Flower is very beautiful! )

Explanation:
originalString.insert ( 10, substring); inserts a substring very into an original string
Flower is beautiful at the position 10.

Exercises


String Operation Program
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string myString;
cout << Please enter a sentence, << endl;
cout << then Enter! << endl;
getline(cin, myString);
cout << You have inputed: << myString << endl;
return 0;
}


Save, Compile and Run the Program.
Input Java in 8 Hours, and Enter, you can see the output:

Output:
You have inputted: Java in 8 Hours




Hour 5

Class & Object

Class Definition
A class is a template for object, and can create an object. Class represents one kind of
something. Object represents a concrete thing.
class ClassName { // define a class
public: // specify the access permission
type variable; // define a variable
type function-name( ) { }; // define a function
};

Example 5.1
class Color { // create a class named Color
public: // specify a access permission
string c1, c2;
void brightness ( ) { cout << blue <<endl; };
};

Explanation:
Above codes defines a class named Color, access permission public, two variables
named c1, c2 and a function named brightness.
Variables and method in a class are called as members.

Object Declaration
Object is an instance of a class.
ClassName ObjectName;

ObjectName.variable;

ObjectName.function-name( );
ClassName ObjectName creates a new object for the class.
ObjectName.variable; means that ObjectName references a variable.
ObjectName. function-name ( ); means that ObjectName calls a function.

Example 5.2
Color Tint; // create an object named Tint.
Tint.c1= yellow; Tint.c2=purple;
Tint.brightness ( ); // brightness( ){ } in previous page.

Explanation:
Color Tint; creates an object named Tint, then Tint references variable c1 and c2.
Tint.brightness ( ); means that an object Tint calls a function brightness ( );

Class & Object

class ClassName{ }; // define a class
ClassName ObjectName; // create an object


Example 5.3
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Color { // create a class named Color
public: // specify a access permission
string c1, c2;
void brightness ( ) { cout << Green <<endl; };
};

int main( ) {
Color Tint; // create an object named Tint.
Tint.c1= Red ; Tint.c2=Yellow ;
cout << Tint.c1 << endl;
cout << Tint.c2 << endl;
Tint.brightness ( );
return 0;
}

Output:
Red
Yellow
Green

Explanation:
class Color defines a class Color.
Color Tint; creates an object Tint.
Tint.c1 means an object Tint references a variable c1.
Tint.brightness ( ); means an object Tint calls a method brightness( ).

Constructor
Constructor is used to initialize variables. Constructor name is the same as class name.
class ClassName{

ClassName( ) { } ; // this is a constructor

};
class ClassName{ } defines a class.
ClassName( ) { } declares a constructor.


Example 5.4
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Color { // create a class named Color
public: // specify a access permission
string c1, c2;
void brightness ( ) { cout << Green <<endl; };
Color ( ) { c1=Red; c2=Yellow; }; // constructor
};

int main( ) {
Color Tint; // create an object named Tint.
cout << Tint.c1 << endl;
cout << Tint.c2 << endl;
Tint.brightness ( );
return 0;
}


Output:
Red
Yellow
Green

Explanation:
Color ( ) { c1=yellow; c2=purple; } is a constructor. It initializes variable c1 as
yellow and c2 as purple.

Destructors
Destructor is used to release the memory occupation, clean up the constructor data.
~ destructor( );
Destructor name is the same as class name, but it is preceded by a ~ symbol.
Destructor has no any arguments, and has no return value.

Example 5.5
class Color { // define a class
public:
string c1; var c2;
Color ( ) { c1=yellow; c2=purple; } ; // constructor
~ Color ( ); // This is a destructor.
};

Explanation:
~ Color ( ); is a destructor.
The declaration of destructor must follow the constructor.

Inheritance
A class can be inherited by its derived class. The object in derived class can be treated as
the object in base class.
derived class inherits base class as following:
derived class: public base class

Example 5.6
class Computer // this is a base class
{
// base class member
};
class Laptop: public Computer // inheritance
{
// derived class member
};

Explanation:
Laptop is a derived class, Computer is a base class.
Laptop class inherits Computer class.
Derived class inherits public member in base class.

Using Derived class

An object of derived class can access the public member of base class.


Example 5.7
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Computer { // declare a base class
public:
void display( ){
cout << Computer OK! << endl;
}
} ;
class Laptop: public Computer { // inheritance
// derived classs member};
};

int main ( ){
Laptop Lt; // derived class creates an object Lt
Lt. display( ); // Lt calls base classs method
return 0;
}

Output:
Computer OK!

Explanation:
Lt. display( ); means a derived class object Lt calls base classs method display( ).

Public Permission

public is one of the Member Access Specifier,.
public class members can be accessed by the object in
current class or other class


Example 5.8
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Computer {
public: // define public permission
void display( ){
cout << Computer OK! << endl;
}
} ;
int main( ){
Computer obj; // create an object
obj.display( );
return 0;
}

Output:
Computer OK!

Explanation:
obj.display( ); indicates an object obj calls display( ){ }.
Note that obj is outside the class Computer, but obj can access the public member
display( ){ }.

Private Permission
private is one of the Member Access Specifier,.
private class member can be accessed by the object in
current class but not in derived class, not in other class

Example 5.9
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Computer {
private: // define private permission
void display( ){
cout << Computer OK! << endl;
}} ;
int main( ){
Computer obj; // create an object
obj.display( ); // error
return 0;
} ( Output: Error Messages )

Explanation:
obj.display( ); indicates an object obj calls display( ){ }.
Note that obj is outside the class Computer, so obj cannot access the private
member display( ){ }.

Protected Permission
protected is one of the Member Access Specifier,.
protected class member can be accessed by the object
in current class and derived class, but not in other class.


Example 5.10
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {
protected:
int prot; // declare a protected member
};

class B:A { // inheritance
public:
void myfunction(){
prot = 100; // access protected member
cout << prot;
}
};

int main(){
B obj;
obj.myfunction();
return 0;
}

Output:
100


Explanation:
protected: int prot; declares a protected member.
prot = 100; access protected member of the base class, because the protected member in
base class can be accessed by derived class.

Class Method

Sometimes a method needs to be defined outside a class.
ClassName:: method( ) { }
:: is used to specify the method belonging to a class.


Example 5.11
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Time {
public:
void setHour( int);
int hour;
};
void Time::setHour(int h){ // class method
int hour = h;
cout << The hour is : << hour << endl;
}

int main( ){
Time obj; // create an object
obj.setHour(10);
return 0;
}

Output:
The hour is: 10

Explanation:
void Time::setHour(int h){ } defines a method outside the class. It means that Time
class has a method setHour(int h ){ }.
int hour = h; means a variable h access a public member hour.

Access Private Member

Private Member is only accessed in current class.


Example 5.12
#include<string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Time {
public:
void setHour(int);
private:
int hour; // hour is a private member
};
void Time::setHour(int h){
int hour = h; //h accesses private member hour, valid!
cout<< hour;
}


int main( ){
Time obj; // create an object
obj.setHour(10);
return 0;
}

Output:
10

Explanation:
void Time::setHour(int h){ } defines a method outside the class. It means setHour( ){
} belongs to the class Time.
int hour = h; means a variable h access a private member hour. Its valid.

Exercises


Class & Object Program
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class SetTime{
public:
int hour;
int minute;
int second;
};

int main(){
SetTime timeObject;
cout << Please enter Hour, and Enter. << endl;

cin >> timeObject.hour;
cout << Please enter Minute, and Enter. << endl;

cin >> timeObject.minute;
cout << Please enter Second, and Enter. << endl;

cin >> timeObject.second;

cout << You have set time as following: << endl;
cout << timeObject.hour << :
<<timeObject.minute <<:
<<timeObject.second <<endl;
return 0;
}

Save, Compile and Run the Program.

Input Hour, Minute, Second, and Enter, you can see the output:


Output:
Please enter Hour, and Enter.
10
Please enter Minute, and Enter.
26
Please enter Second, and Enter.
38
You have set time as following:
10:26:38




Hour 6

Pointer & Reference

Pointer

Pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of the variable. Pointer name is
preceded by a * .

dataType *PointerName;
pointerName = &variable;
dataType *PointerName defines a pointer.
pointerName = &variable; stores address of the variable into pointer. & means
memory address.


Example 6.1
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int num = 10;
int *numPointer ; // defines a pointer
numPointer = &num; // stores address of num to pointer
cout << Address of num is: << numPointer << endl;
cout << Value of num is: << *numPointer <<endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
Address of num is: 0x22ff58
Value of num is: 10

Explanation:
numPointer represents the address of num.
*numPointer represents the variable of num.

Pointer Initialize

dataType *PointerName = &variable;
dataType *PointerName = &variable declares and initializes a pointer, stores the
memory address of the variable into *PointerName. & means memory address.


Example 6.2
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int digit = 20;
int *digitPointer = &digit;
cout << Address of digit is: << digitPointer << endl;
cout << Value of digit is: << *digitPointer << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
Address of digit is: 0x22ff58
Value of digit is: 20

Explanation:
int *digitPointer = &digit; declares and initializes a pointer. digitPointer, stores the
memory address of digit
digitPointer represents the address of digit.
*digitPointer represents the variable of digit.

Using Pointer

int *pointer1 = &x means that *pointer1 is x
variable.
int *pointer2 = &y means that *pointer2 is y
variable.


Example 6.3
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int x =10, y;
int *pt1 = &x, *pt2 = &y;
// declare & initialize two pointers
*pt2 = *pt1; // namely y = x;
*pt1= 20; // namely x = 20;
cout << x << << y <<endl;
cout << *pt1 << << *pt2 << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
20 10
20 10

Explanation:
*pointer represents a variable when running program.
int *pt1 = &x means that *pt1 is x variable.
int *pt2 = &y means that *pt2 is y variable.
*pt2 = *pt1; namely y=x.
*pt1= 20; namely x=20.

Exchange Pointers

pt=pt1; pt1=pt2; pt2=pt;
pt1 exchanges pt2 in above codes.


Example 6.4
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
int *pt, x, y;
int *pt1 = &x; // *pt1 is x variable
int *pt2 = &y; // *pt2 is y variable
x= 100, y = 200;
cout << x << << y << endl;
pt=pt1; pt1=pt2; pt2=pt; // exchange pointers
cout << *pt1 << << *pt2 << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
100 200
200 100

Explanation:
*pt represents a variable when running program.
Before exchanging pts, *pt1 represents x, *pt2 represents y.
After exchanging pts, *pt1 represents y, *pt2 represents x.

Pointer and Array

*pointer = array;
*pointer = array; means that the pointer points to the first element of the array


Example 6.5
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
int myarray[ 3 ] = { 10, 20, 30 };
int *pt = myarray;
// pointer points to the first element myarray[0]
cout << The first value is: << *pt << endl;
pt++; // move pointer to next element myarray[1]
cout << The second value is: << *pt << endl;
pt++; // move pointer to next element myarray[2]
cout << The third value is: << *pt << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
The first value is: 10
The second value is: 20
The third value is: 30

Explanation:
int *pt = myarray; means that the pointer points to the first element of myarray.
Namely myarrray[0].
pt++ moves the pointer to next element.
*pt represents the array element.

Pointer Array

int a, b, c;
int *pointer[n] = { &a, &b, &c };
int *pointer[n] = { &a, &b, &c }; declares a pointer array.


Example 6.6
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
int a, b, c;
a = 10, b = 20, c = 30;
int *myarray[3] = { &a, &b, &c };
cout << *myarray[0] + *myarray[1] << endl;
cout << *myarray[2] - *myarray[1] << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
30
10

Explanation:
int *myarray[3] = { &a, &b, &c }; declares a pointer array.
*myarray[0] represents a variable.
*myarray[1] represents b variable.
*myarray[2] represents c variable.

Pointer & String

char *pointer = mystring;
char *pointer = mystring; defines a pointer which points to the first character of the
mystring.


Example 6.7
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
char *pt = mystring;
int counter = 0; // define a counter
while ( *pt!=0 ) { // pointer points to a character
counter++; // counts how many characters
pt++; // pointer moves to the next character
}
cout << counter; // output the number of characters.
return 0;
}

Output:
8



Explanation:
char *pt = mystring; make the pointer points to the first character of mystring.
*pt!=0 means that the pointer does not points to nothing.
pt++ moves the pointer points to the next character in mystring.

Reference a Variable

Reference is an alias for a variable or an object. A reference name is preceded by a
symbol &.

dataType &reference = variable;
&reference is an alias for the variable.


Example 6.8
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main( ) {
int num;
int &r = num; // r is an alias of num
r = 100;
cout << num << endl;
num = 200;
cout << r << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
100
200



Explanation:
int &r = num defines that the alia of num is r.
r = 100; indicates num = 100.
num = 200; indicates r = 200.

Reference an Object

ClassName &reference = object
&reference is an alias for the object.


Example 6.9
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Color{
public:
void display();
};
void Color:: display( ){
cout <<The color is blue. << endl;
}

int main( ) {
Color Tint; // create an objectTint
Color &r = Tint; //r is an alias ofTint
r.display( );
return 0;
}

Output:
The color is blue.

Explanation:
Color &r = Tint; references an object Tint, whose alias is r.
r.display( ); means that a referenced object can calls a method display( ){ }.

Reference Arguments

dataType functionName ( &a, &b ) { }
functionName ( &a, &b ) means that function arguments can be referenced.


Example 6.10
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap ( int &a, int &b) {
int temp;
temp = a, a = b, b = temp; // reference exchange
}

int main( ) {
int x = 10, y = 20;
cout << x << << y << endl;
swap ( x, y );
cout << x << << y << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
10 20
20 10



Explanation:
void swap ( int &a, int &b) uses reference in argument.
Before swap, a is an alias of x, b is an alias of y.
After swap, a is an alias of y, b is an alias of x.

Exercises


Pointer Sample Program
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ){
int x=100, y=200;
int *xPointer = &x;
int *yPointer;
yPointer=&y;
cout<<X value: <<*xPointer<<endl;
cout<<X address: <<xPointer<<endl;
cout<<Y value: <<*yPointer<<endl;
cout<<Y address: <<yPointer<<endl;
return 0;
}

Please save, compile and run the program.

Output:
X value: 100
X address: 0x22ff54
Y value: 200
Y address: 0x22ff50





Hour 7

File Operation

Output One Character

cout.put (char C)
cout.put (char C) outputs one character.

Example 7.1
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
char ch = C; // Note: use single quote.
cout.put (ch) << endl;
return 0;
}
( Output: C )

Explanation:
#include <iostream> includes iostream class that helps to input or output.
cout.put ( ch ) display one character C.

Output String
cout.write (stringArray, stringLength);
cout.write( ) can output a string.
stringArray defines the string as an array.
stringLength defines the string size.

Example 7.2
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char ch[ ]=This is a test;
cout.write(ch, strlen(ch))<<endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: This is a test )

Explanation:
ch[ ] = This is a test defines a string array.
strlen ( ch ) gets the size of ch.
cout.write ( ) is used to output a string.

Input One Character

cin.get (char c );
cin.get (char c ); is used to input one character by keyboard.

Example 7.3
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char c;
cout << Input one character: << endl;
cin.get ( c );
cout << c <<endl;
return 0;
} ( Output Input one character: )

Explanation:
cin.get ( c ); inputs one character A by keyboard.
cout << c <<endl; displays what have inputted.

Input String
cin.read ( stringArray, stringLength);
cin.read ( ) is used to input strings.
stringArray defines the string as an array.
stringLength defines the string size.

Example 7.4
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<< Please input a sentence:<< endl;
char mystring[ 80]; // max length is 80
cin.read ( mystring , 10 );
cout << What you inputed is: << mystring << endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: Please input a sentence: )

Explanation:
char mystring[ 80 ]; defines a string array, whose maximum size is 80 characters.
cin.read ( mystring, 10 ) inputs a sentence with 10 characters.

Input String Sentence

getline ( cin, mystring);
getline ( cin, mystring); can let user input a string sentence.

Example 7.5
#include <iostream>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string mystring;
cout << Please enter a sentence: << endl;
getline ( cin, mystring ); // enter C++ is very good
cout << mystring << endl;
return 0;
} ( Output: Please enter a sentence:
C++ is very good )

Explanation:
getline ( cin, mystring); accepts the user input by sentence. When a user enters C++ is
very good, the value of mystring is C++ is very good.

Write a File

For operating file, you need to use #include <fstream>.
ofstream fileObject (myFile.txt);
fileObject << mystring << endl;
ofstream fileObject (myFile.txt); creates an output file object fileObject.
ofstream class is used to write data to a file.
fileObject is an output file object.
fileObject << mystring << endl; writes mystring to file.


Example 7.6
// Please create an empty file myFile.txt in the Project Folder first.


#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(){
ofstream fileObject ( myFile.txt );
string mystring = C++ is a very good language.;
fileObject << mystring << endl;
fileObject.close ( );
return 0;
}

Explanation:
ofstream class is used to write data to a file.
ofstream fileObject ( myFile.txt ); creates an output file object fileObject.
fileObject << mystring << endl; writes mystring to the file myFile.txt.
In myFile.txt, you will find some texts as following:
C++ is a very good language.

Open a File
When opening a file, you can specify the File Mode.
Mode

Usage

ios :: in

open a file to read input

ios :: out

open a file to write output

ios :: app

open a file to append output

ios :: trunc

open a file or truncate old file

ios :: ate

open a file without truncating old file

ios :: binary open a file as binary file

Example 7.7
ofstream fileObject ( myfile.txt, ios :: app ); //line1
ofstream fileObject ( myfile.txt, ios :: trunk ); //line2
ofstream fileObject ( myfile.txt, ios :: binary ); //line3

Explanation:
Line1: Open myfile.txt, append the output at the end of existing content.
Line2: Open myfile.txt, or truncate the existing file, and clear up all data.
Line3: Open myfile.txt, treat the file as binary format instead of text format.

Read a File

For operating file, you need to use #include <fstream>.
ifstream fileObject ( myFile.txt );
getline ( fileObject, mystring);
ifstream fileObject ( myFile.txt ); creates an input file object fileObject.
ifstream class is used to read data from a file.
fileObject is an input file object.
getline ( fileObject, mystring); reads file to mystring.


Example 7.8
// Please create a file myFile.txt in the Project Folder first.
// myFile.txt has content: C++ is a very good language.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string mystring;
ifstream fileObject ( myFile.txt );
getline ( fileObject, mystring );
cout << mystring <<endl;
fileObject.close ( );
return 0;
}

Output:
C++ is a very good language.

Explanation:
ifstream class is used to read data from a file.
ifstream fileObject ( myFile.txt ); creates an input file object fileObject.
getline ( fileObject, mystring); reads the file to mystring.

End of File

fileObject.eof ( );
fileObject.eof( ); means that while reading data, eof( ) returns true at the end of file,
otherwise eof( ) returns false at somewhere of file.


Example 7.9
// myFile.txt has content: C++ is a very good language.

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char ch;
ifstream fileObject ( myFile.txt);
while ( ! fileObject.eof( ) ) { // not at the end of file
fileObject.get (ch);
cout << ch;
}
fileObject.close ( );
return 0;
}

Output:
C++ is a very good language.


Explanation:
!fileObject.eof( ) indicates that not at the end of file while reading data.
fileObject.get (ch); read characters from myfile.txt
fileObject.close( ) closes the file.

Exercises


Read a File
(1) Please prepare myFile.txt as following:
(myFile.txt)
PHP in 8 Hours!
JAVA in 8 Hours!
JQUERY in 8 Hours!
JAVASCRIPT in 8 Hours!

Save myFile.txt in the same project folder with the following C++ file.


(2) Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.
#include<fstream>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
char word;
ifstream fileObject(myFile.txt);
if(!fileObject){
cout<<File is not existing << endl;
return -1;
}
else{
while(!fileObject.eof()){
fileObject.get(word);
cout<<word;
}
fileObject.close();
return 0;
}
}

Please save, compile and run the program.


Output:
PHP in 8 Hours!
JAVA in 8 Hours!
JQUERY in 8 Hours!
JAVASCRIPT in 8 Hours!




Hour 8

C++ Study

this -> member

this -> member
this represents a current object.
this -> member means that the this references a member variable or member method.


Example 8.1
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Time{
public:
int num;
void setHour(int num );
};
void Time::setHour( int num ){
this->num = num; //this represents current object
cout << The hour is: << num << endl;
}

int main() {
Time t; // creates an object t
t.setHour(10);
return 0;
}

Output:
The hour is: 10



Explanation:
this represents object t.

Static Variable

Static variable can be referenced by a class or any objects. Non-static variable is
referenced only by object, not by class.
static dataType variable;
className :: variable;
static declaration means that variable belongs to class. className :: variable; means
that a class can references this static variable directly.


Example 8.2
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Account {
public:
static int num; // static declaration
};
int Account :: num = 100; // class references a variable
int main() {
cout << Account :: num << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
100

Explanation:
static int num means a static variable num can be referenced by a class or an object.
Account :: num means a class Account can references a static variable num.
Non-static variable is referenced only by object, not by class.

Static Function

Static function can be referenced by a class or any objects. Non-static function is
referenced only by object, not by class.
static dataType function( );
className :: function( );
static declaration means that function belongs to class. className :: function( );
means that a class can references this static function directly.


Example 8.3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Account {
public:
static int myfunction( int n ); // static declaration
};
int Account :: myfunction(int n){
return n;
}

int main() {
cout << Account :: myfunction( 200 ) << endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
200

Explanation:
static int myfunction(int n) means a static function myfunction(int n) can be
referenced by a class or an object.
Account :: myfunction ( 200) means a class Account can references a static function
myfunction( 200 ).
Non-static function is referenced only by object, not by class.

A++ or ++A
++A

A plus 1 first, then run expression

A++

Run expression first, then A plus 1

- - B

B minus 1 first, then run expression

B - -

Run expression first, then B minus 1.

Example 8.4
int A = 10, num;
num = ++A - 2;
/* A plus 1equals 11, 11 minus 2 equals 9, then the result 9 assigns to num.*/
cout << num << endl; // ( output: 9 )

Example 8.5
int A = 10, num;
num = A++ - 2;
/* A minus 2 equals 8, the result 8 assigns to num, then A plus 1.*/
cout << num << endl; // ( output: 8 )

Explanation:
++A increase 1 first. A++ run the expression first.
- -A and A- - are the same usage as ++A and A++.

Call My Own Function

A function body includes its own function with the same function name, which is known
as a recursive function.


Example 8.6
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void myself(int n);

int main() {
myself ( 1 );
return 0;
}

void myself ( int n){
cout << Number << n << endl;
++n;
if ( n == 4) return;
else myself ( n ); // call myself
}

Output:
Number 1
Number 2
Number 3

Explanation:
void myself ( int n){ } body contains myself(n);
and void myself ( int n) is called by myself(n);, which is known as recursive function.
else myself ( n ); calls void mysef (int n).

Local & Global Variable

Local variable is defined inside the function.
Global variable is defined outside the function.
Local variable is only visible in current function.
Global variable is visible in any function.

Example 8.7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void test1();
void test2();
int main(){
test1();
test2();
return 0;
}
int a = 100, b = 200; // global variable
void test1 ( ) { // define a function
int x =30, y =40; // local variable
cout << a << , << b << endl;
cout << x << , << y << endl;
}
void test2 ( ) { // define a function
int x =50, y =60; // local variable
cout << a << , << b << endl;
cout << x << , << y << endl;
}

Output:
100, 200
30, 40
100, 200
50, 60

Explanation:
a and b are global variables, which are visible in any function.
x and y are local variables, which are visible only in current function.

Exceptions
C++ program may have some bugs, which calls Exceptions.
The main exceptions as following:
Exceptions

Situations

domain_error

out of precondition

invalid_argument invalid argument in function

length_error

size too long or short

out_of_range

invalid range

overflow_error

data overflow

Example 8.8
int main( ) {
int a, b=0;
a=100/b; // exception occurs
cout << a << endl;return 0;
return 0;
}
( Output: Exception: ArithmeticException: / by zero)

Explanation:
100/b causes an Exception, because b is zero.

Try-Catch

For try-catch, you need to use #include<stdexcept>.
try
{ }
catch(exception)
{}
try { } throws the exception out to the catch( ) { } block when an exceptional error
occurs.
catch( ){ } catches any exception from try block, and handles it.


Example 8.9
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string str1=JavaScript;
string str2=and;
try{
str1.insert(100, str2); // 100 causes error
}
catch(logic_error){
cout << Catch an exception. << endl;
cout << Out of range! << endl;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
Catch an exception.
Out of range!

Explanation:
In try{ } block, str1.insert(100, str2); causes an exception.
catch(logic_error){ } catches the exception.

Return Exception Message

try
{}
catch(exception& e)
{ cout << e.what( ) <<endl; }
e.what( ) can return exception message.


Example 8.10
#include <stdexcept>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
string str = JavaScript;
try{
str.at(100);
}
catch(exception& e) {
cout<<Catch an exception: << e.what( ) << endl;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
Catch an exception: basic_string:: at

Explanation:
catch(exception& e) can catch an exception. Note that its parameters is exception &e,
e is an exception object.
e.what( ) returns exception message.

Throw Exception

try
{ throw}
catch
{}
throw can throw out an exception to catch block that can handle the exception.

Example 8.11
#include <stdexcept>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
try{
int a=100, b=0;
if(b==0){
throw b;
a=a/b;
}
}
catch (int e){
cout << An exception occurred. << endl;
cout << The exception integer division by << e ;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
An exception occurred.
The exception integer division by 0

Explanation:
throw b; throws an exception from b. If b equals zero, a/b will be an error.
catch (int e){ } can catch and handle the exception.

Vector
Vectors are similar to arrays that can change in size. Just like arrays, vectors can be any
data type and its first index starts with zero.
If use vector in coding, C++ <vector> library must be included by #include <vector> at
the beginning of the program.
The syntax of creating a vector looks like this:
Vector <data-type> vector-name (size);

Example 8.12
vector <int> myVector (10); // Line 1
vector <double> prices (60); // Line2
vector <string> titles (18); // Line 3

Explanation:
Line 1: Declares a vector of 10 integer elements.
Line 2: Declares a vector of 60 double elements.
Line 3: Declares a vector of 18 string elements.

Vector.method( )

push_back(value)

add an element to the end of the vector

size( )

return the size of the vector

at(index)

return the value at specified index

pop_back( )

delete the last element


Example 8.13
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
vector < int > myVector ( 1 );
myVector.push_back(20);
myVector.push_back(30);
cout<< myVector size: << myVector.size( ) << endl;
cout<< The third element: << myVector.at(2) << endl;
myVector.pop_back( );
cout<< Final element has been removed.<< endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
myVector size: 3
The third element: 30
Final element has been removed.

Explanation:
vector < int > myVector ( 1 ) creates a vector with 1 element.
myVector.push_back(20) adds an element with value 20 to the end of the vector.
myVector.push_back(30) adds an element with value 30 to the end of the vector.
myVector.size( ) gets the number of element in myVector.
myVector.at(2) gets the value whose index is 2.
myVector.pop_back( ) removes the final element in myVector.

Vector.method( )
front( )

return the value of first element

back( )

return the value of last element

clear( )

clear the vector

empty( )

return 1 if the vector is empty, or 0 otherwise


Example 8.14
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
vector < int > myVector ( 1 );
myVector.push_back(20);
myVector.push_back(30);
cout<< The first element: << myVector.front( ) <<endl;
cout<< The last element: << myVector.back( ) <<endl;
myVector.clear( );
cout<< myVector is empty? << myVector.empty( ) <<endl;
return 0;
}

Output:
The first element: 0
The last element: 30
myVector is empty? 1

Explanation:
vector < int > myVector ( 1 ) creates a vector with 1 element.
myVector.push_back(20) adds an element with value 20 to the end of the vector.
myVector.push_back(30) adds an element with value 30 to the end of the vector.
myVector.front( ) returns the value of the first element.
myVector.back( ) returns the value of the last element.
myVector.clear( ) clears myVector.
myVector.empty( ) tests myVector to see if is empty.
1 represents true, 0 represents false.

Exercises

Exception Handling Program

Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.
#include<stdexcept>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
string myString1 = Java in 8 Hours ;
string myString2 = eBook;
try{
cout<<Original: <<myString1<<endl;
myString1.insert(100,myString2);
cout<<New String: <<myString1<<endl;
}
catch(out_of_range){
cout<< Exception: Out of range!;
return 0;
}
}

Please save, compile and run the program.

Output:
Original: Java in 8 Hours
Exception: Out of range!




Appendix 1
Advanced C++ (1)

Extern Variable

extern dataType variable;
extern dataType variable declares a variable that can be used in other file.


Example a1
(file1.cpp)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
extern int c; //declare an extern variable
int main( ){
cout << c << endl;
return 0;
}


(file2.cpp)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int a = 100, b = 200;
int c = a + b;



Output:
300

Explanation:
extern int c; declares a variable that can be used in other file.
Note: Two files should belong to the same project. One C++ project can consist of one or
more files. (.cpp), but only one file has main( ){ } function.

Extern Function

extern functionName( );
extern functionName( ); declares a function that can be called in other file.


Example a2
(file1.cpp)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
extern void min(int, int); //declares an extern function
int c;
int main( ){
int a = 100, b = 200;
min(a, b); // call a function in file2
cout << c << endl;
return 0;
}


(file2.cpp)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern int c; // define an extern variable
void min(int x, int y){
c = ( x < y) ? x : y;
}

Output:
100

Explanation:
extern void min(int, int) declares a function that can be called in other file.
extern int c; declares an extern file than can be used in other file.
Note: Two files should belong to the same project. One C++ project can consist of one or
more files. (.cpp), but only one file has main( ){ } function.

Static Global Variable

static dataType variable;
If static dataType variable; is defined outside a function, it will be a static global
variable.
static dataType variable; declares a variable that can be used only in current file.


Example a3
(file1.cpp)
# #include<iostream>
using namespace std;
static int c; //declare static global variable
int main( ){
int a = 30, b = 40;
c = a + b;
cout << c << endl;
return 0;
}

(file2.cpp)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int a = 100, b = 200;
int c = a + b;

Output:
70

Explanation:
static int c; declares static global variable c only being used in current file, and cannot
be used in other file.


Note:
If static variable is declared as a static member, please check Hour 8.
If static variable is declared as a global variable, please check this page example.

Static Local Variable

You may not want a variable destroyed when the function is exited, you can use static to
declare a local variable.
static dataType variable;
If static dataType variable; is defined inside a function, it will be a static local variable.


Example a4
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void myFunction();
int main( ){
myFunction( );
myFunction( );
myFunction( );
return 0;
}
void myFunction(){
static int num = 1; // define a static local variable
num = num + 2;
cout<< num << endl;
}

Output:
3
5
7


Explanation:
static int num = 1 defines a static local variable, which can retain its output value to
next call.

Note:
If static variable is declared as a static member, please check Hour 8.
If static variable is declared as a global variable, please check previous page example.
If static variable is declared as a local variable, please check this page example.

Static Function

static dataType functionName( )
static dataType functionName( ) declares a function that can be called only in current
file.

Example a5
(file1.cpp)
#include<iostream>
void min(int, int);
int c;
int main( ){
int a = 100, b = 200;
min(a, b); // call a function
return 0;
}

(file2.cpp)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
extern int c;
static void min(int x, int y){ // declare a static function
c = ( x < y) ? x : y;
cout << c << endl;
}

Output:
Compile error!

Explanation:
static void min(int x, int y) declares a static function that can be called only in current
file.
In file1.cpp, min(a, b); want to call a function in file2.cpp, but static void min(int x, int
y) is a static function, which can be called only in current file. Therefore, the output is
error.

Note:
If static function is declared as a static member, please check Hour 8.
If static function is declared as an internal function, please check this page example.

Overloading
Overloading means that there are two or more same-name methods in a class, and their
arguments are different.

Example a6
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Flower{
public:
Flower(string name);
Flower(string name, int number);
Flower(string name, int number, string color);
};
int main( ){
Flower FlowerName( Rose );
Flower FlowerNumber( Rose , 10);
Flower FlowerColor( Rose , 10, Red );
return 0;
}
Flower::Flower(string name)
{cout << name << endl;}
Flower::Flower(string name, int number)
{cout << name << number << endl;}
Flower::Flower(string name, int number, string color)
{cout << name <<number << color << endl;}


Output:
Rose
Rose 10
Rose 10 Red


Explanation:
There are three constructor methods. Their name is the same flower, but the arguments
are different.
flower flowerName(Rose); creates an object flowerName and call the first
constructor flower(string name).
flower flowerNumber(Rose, 10); creates an object flowerNumber and call the
second constructor flower(string name, int number).
flower flowerColor(Rose, 10, Red); creates an object flowerColor and call the
third constructor flower(string name, int number, string color).

Overriding

The method of derived class can override the method of base class, if two method names
are the same and two arguments are the same.

Example a7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Computer{ // base class
public:
void harddrive( ){ cout << 5T << endl; };
void memory( ){ cout << 4G << endl; };
};
class Laptop: public Computer{ //derived class
public:
void harddrive( ){ cout << 10T << endl; }
void memory( ){ cout << 8G << endl; }
};
int main( ){
Laptop myLaptop; // creates an object
myLaptop.harddrive( );
myLaptop.memory( );
return 0;
}

Output:
10T
8G

Explanation:
The method name harddrive( ) and memory( )in base class is the same as the one in
the derived class. And the methods argument in base class is the same as the one in
derived class. Therefore, the method in derived class can override the method in base
class.
myLaptop.harddrive( ); calls the method in derived class, and override the method in
base class. The output is 10T.
myLaptop.memory( ); calls the method in derived class, and override the method in base
class. The output is 8G.

Friend Function
If a function is defined as friend function of a class, then the friend function can
access the private member of current class.

Example a8
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Week{
public:
Week(int, int, int);
friend void show( Week &); //define friend function
private: // define private member
int Mon; int Tue; int Wed;
};
Week::Week(int m, int t, int w){ // constructor
Mon = m; Tue = t; Wed = w;
}
void show ( Week &wk ){ // this is a friend function
cout << wk.Mon<< endl;
cout << wk.Tue<< endl;
cout << wk.Wed<< endl;
}
int main ( ){
Week weekObject( 1, 2, 3 ); // create an object
show( weekObject ); // call friend function
return 0;
}


Output:
1
2
3

Explanation:
friend void show( Week &); declares a friend function. Argument Week & indicates
the data type of argument is Week. & is a reference symbol.
void show ( Week &wk ){} is a friend function. It can access the private variable
Mon, Tue, and Wed.
wk is an alias of the weekObject.

Exercises


Static Local Variable
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void myFunction();
int main( ){
myFunction( );
myFunction( );
myFunction( );
}
void myFunction(){
static int num = 1; // define a static local variable
num = num + 2;
cout<< num << endl;
}
Save, Compile and Run the Program

Output:
3
5
7

Exercises


Friend Function
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Week{
public:
Week(int, int, int);
friend void show( Week &); //define friend function
private:
int Mon; int Tue; int Wed;
};
Week::Week(int m, int t, int w){ // constructor
Mon = m; Tue = t; Wed = w;
}
void show ( Week &wk ){ // this is a friend function
cout << wk.Mon<< endl;
cout << wk.Tue<< endl;
cout << wk.Wed<< endl;
}
int main ( ){
Week weekObject( 1, 2, 3 ); // create an object
show( weekObject ); // call friend function
return 0;
}

Save, compile and run the program

Output:
1
2
3





Appendix 2

Advanced C++ (2)

Virtual Function

virtual dataType functionName( );
virtual dataType functionName( ); define a virtual function. When the function is called,
it executes the overriding function in the derived class, rather than the function in the base
class.


Example b1
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

class Car{
public:
virtual void drive( ){ //define a virtual function
cout << Drive a car. << endl;
}};
class Van: public Car{
public:
void drive( ){
cout << Drive a van. << endl;
}};
class Bus: public Car{
public:
void drive( ){
cout << Drive a bus. << endl;
}
};
void myFunction(Car &c){ //Cars alias is c.
c.drive( ); // call drive( ) in derived class
}
int main( ){
Van v; // creates an object
Bus b; // creates an object
myFunction(v);
myFunction(b);
return 0;
}

Output:
Drive a Van.
Drive a Bus.



Explanation:
virtual void drive( ) defines a virtual function.
c.drive( ); only calls the function in derived class, instead of the function in base class.
Car &c is an argument which receives the parameter v or b, then decides which
function in derived class will be called.

Abstract Class

virtual dataType functionName( ) = 0;
virtual dataType functionName( ) = 0; defines a pure virtual method. The pure
virtual method always is inside an abstract class.
Any class that contains a pure virtual function is named abstract class. Abstract class as
a base class includes one or more pure virtual function, which must always be
overridden in derived class.


Example b2
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Ball{ //define an abstract class
public:
virtual void play( ) = 0; //define a pure virtual function
};
class Volleyball: public Ball{
public:
void play( ){
cout << Play volleyball. << endl;
}
};
class Football: public Ball{
public:
void play( ){
cout << Play football. << endl;
}
};
void sport(Ball &b){ //Balls alias is b
b.play( ); //call play( ) in derived class
}
int main( ){
Volleyball v; // creates an object
Football f; // creates an object
sport(v);
sport(f);
return 0;
}

Output:
Play volleyball.
Play football.



Explanation:
class Ball defines an abstract class, because it contains a pure virtual function.
virtual void play( ) = 0; defines a pure virtual function, which will always be overridden.
b.play( ) only calls the function in derived class, instead of the function in base class.
Ball &b is an argument which receives the parameter v or f, then decides which
function in derived class will be called.

Inline Function
The inline functions can increase the execution efficiency of a program. Whenever the
inline function is called, the compiler will replace the function call with the actual code
from the function. The syntax looks like this:
inline dataType functionName( );


Example b3
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline int sum(int n); //define an inline function
int main( ){
int number;
cout << Please enter a number: ;
cin >> number;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
}
int sum(int n){
return n + n;
}

Output:
Please enter a number: 3
Result: 6
Result: 12
Result: 24

Explanation:
inline int sum(int n); defines an inline function.
Each assignment to the variable number has been compiled as number = number +
number.

Function Template
One function template can substitute several functions code.
If several function bodies are the same, only data types are different, you can use Function
Template.
template <typename T> dataType functionName( T
a, T b)
T is a type parameter. It stands for different data type.

Example b4
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template <typename T> T min(T a, T b, T c){
if ( b < a ) a = b;
if ( c < a ) a = c;
return a;
}
int main( ){
int n, n1 = 10, n2 = 20, n3 = 30;
double d, d1 = 10.01, d2 = 10.02, d3 = 10.03;
long g, g1= 67891, g2 = 67892, g3 = 67893;
n = min( n1, n2, n3 );
d = min( d1, d2, d3 );
g = min( g1, g2, g3 );
cout << n << endl;
cout << d << endl;
cout << g << endl;
return n + n;
}
Output:
10
10.01
67891

Explanation:
T min(T a, T b, T c) defines a function template min( ).
T can be various data type. It can be int, double, long.
return a can return different value with different data type.
n = min( n1, n2, n3 ); calls function template min( ), the int substitutes the T.

Class Template
One class template can substitute several classes code.
If several class bodies are the same, only data types are different, you can use Class
Template.
template <class T> // define a class template
class templateName{ class body };
The syntax to create class template object looks like this:
templateName <dataType>object;


Example b5
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template< class T> // define a class template
class Contrast{ //class template
public:
Contrast(T a, T b) //constructor
{ x = a; y = b;}
T max( ) // T may be a different data type.
{ return (x > y) ? x : y;}
private:
T x, y; // T may be a different data type.
};
int main( ){
Contrast <int>con1( 10, 20); // create an object con1
cout << con1.max( ) << endl; // data type is int
Contrast <float>con2( 20.01, 20.02 ); // create con2
cout << con2.max( ) << endl; // data type is float
Contrast <long> con3( 67891, 67892 ); // create con3
cout << con3.max( ) << endl; // data type is long
return 0;
}
Output:
20
20.02
67892

Explanation:
template< class T> class Contrast defines a class template Contrast.
Contrast <int>con1( 10, 20); creates an object con1 and use class template
Contrast.

Macros Definition

(1)
#define identifier string
#define identifier string is a macros definition, which is used to substitute string with
the identifier.

Example b6
#define PI 3.1415926
Explanation:
Define PI as 3.1415926, therefore, PI can substitute 3.1415926.



(2)
#define macrosName(parameters) expression
#define macrosName(parameters) expression is a macros definition, which is used to
substitutes expression with macrosName(parameters).

Example b7
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define Multiply(x,y) x*y // macro definition
int main( ){
double area = Multiply(10, 20); // Namely area=x*y;
cout << area << endl;
}



Output:
200


Explanation:
#define Multiply(x,y) x*y is a macro definition. It defines Multiply(x,y) as x*y.
Therefore, Multiply(x,y) can substitute x*y.

Conditional Compiling (1)

Part of the C++ program will be compiled if the condition test is true, it will not be
compiled if the condition test is false.

#if expression
compile code1 //if true, compile this.
#else
compile code2 //if false, compile this.
#endif


Example b8
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#define ID 100
int main( ){
#if ID > 0
cout<< ID>0 << endl;
#else
cout<< ID<0 << endl;
#endif
return 0;
}

Output:
ID>0


Explanation:
Because ID>0, only the command cout<< ID>0 <<endl;can be compiled.

Conditional Compiling (2)

Part of the C++ program will be compiled if the string has been defined previously, it will
not be compiled if the string has not been defined.

#ifdef identifier
compile code1 //if defined, compile this.
#else
compile code2 //if not defined, compile this.
#endif


Example b9
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

#define VARIABLE This is a string.
int main( ){
#ifdef VARIABLE
cout<< VARIABLE has been defined <<endl;
#else
cout<< VARIABLE has not been defined << endl;
#endif
return 0;
}

Output:
VARIABLE has been defined.


Explanation:
Because VARIABLE has been defined previously, the command cout<< VARIABLE
has been defined <<endl; can be compiled.

Exercises


Inline Function
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline int sum(int n); //define an inline function
int main( ){
int number;
cout << Please enter a number: ;
cin >> number;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
number = sum(number);
cout << Result: << number << endl;
}
int sum(int n){
return n + n;
}


Save, Compile and Run the Program


Output:
Please enter a number: 3
Result: 6
Result: 12
Result: 24

Exercises


Macro Definition
Write C++ codes to your favorite editor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define Multiply(x,y) x*y // macro definition
int main( ){
double area = Multiply(10, 20); // Namely area=x*y;
cout << area << endl;
}

Save, Compile and Run the Program


Output:
200

How time flies! It is time to say good-bye.

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