Bi l Junction

Bipolar
J
ti Transistor
T
i t
(BJT)
Sub Title :
Transistor Characteristics

Introduction

A bipolar transistor consists of a threelayer "sandwich"

sandwich of doped (extrinsic)
semiconductor materials, either P-N-P
or N
N-P-N.
P N. Each layer forming the
transistor has a specific name, and each
layer is provided with a wire contact for
connection to a circuit.

Introduction

Introduction

The only functional difference between a PNP transistor

and an NPN transistor is the proper biasing (polarity) of
the junctions when operating. For any given state of
operation the current directions and voltage polarities for
operation,
each type of transistor are exactly opposite each other.
Bipolar transistors work as current-controlled current
regulators. In other words, they restrict the amount of
current that can go through them according to a smaller,
controlling current. The main current that is controlled
goes from collector to emitter, or from emitter to
collector depending on the type of transistor it is (PNP or
collector,
NPN, respectively). The small current that controls the
main current goes from base to emitter, or from emitter
to base,, once again
g
depending
p
g on the type
yp of transistor it
is (PNP or NPN, respectively).

Introduction

According to the confusing

standards of semiconductor
symbology, the arrow always
points against
p
g
the direction of
electron flow:
Bipolar transistors are called
bipolar because the main flow
of electrons through them takes
place
l
i
in
t
two
t
types
off
semiconductor material: P and
N, as the main current goes
from emitter to collector (or vice
versa). In other words, two
types of charge carriers {
electrons and holes { comprise
this main current through the
transistor.

Transistor as A Switch

Because a transistor's collector

current is proportionally limited by
its base current, it can be used as
a sortt off current-controlled
t
t ll d switch.
it h
A relatively small flow of electrons
sent through the base of the
transistor has the ability to exert
control over a much larger flow of
electrons through the collector.
Suppose we had a lamp that we
wanted to turn on and or by means
of a switch. Such a circuit would be
extremely simple:

Transistor as A Switch

For the sake of illustration, let's insert

a transistor in place of the switch to
show how it can control the flow of
electrons
l t
th
through
h
th
the
l
lamp.
Remember that the controlled
current through a transistor must go
between collector and emitter. Since
it's the current through the lamp that
we want to control, we must position
the collector and emitter of our
transistor where the two contacts of
the switch are now.

Transistor as A Switch

In
this
example
I
happened to choose an
NPN transistor. A PNP
transistor could also have
b
been
chosen
h
f the
for
th job,
j b
and its application would
look like this:

Transistor as A Switch

Going back to the NPN transistor in our

example circuit, we are faced with the
need to add something more so that
we can have base current.
current Without a
connection to the base wire of the
transistor, base current will be zero,
and the transistor cannot turn on,
resulting in a lamp that is always or.
or
Remember that for an NPN transistor,
base current must consist of electrons
flowing from emitter to base (against
the emitter arrow symbol,
symbol just like the
lamp current). Perhaps the simplest
thing to do would be to connect a
switch between the base and collector
wires of the transistor like this:

Transistor as A Switch

If the switch is open, the base wire of the transistor

will be left floating" (not connected to anything) and
there will be no current through it.
it In this state,
state the
transistor is said to be cutoff. If the switch is closed,
however, electrons will be able to flow from the
emitter through to the base of the transistor,
transistor through
the switch and up to the left side of the lamp, back
to the positive side of the battery. This base current
will enable a much larger flow of electrons from the
emitter through to the collector, thus lighting up the
lamp. In this state of maximum circuit current, the
transistor is said to be saturated.
saturated

Biasing Transistor

Biasing Transistor

Forward Forward
Forward Reverse
Reverse Reverse
Reverse - Forward
d

Biasing Transistor

Forward - Forward

Biasing Transistor

Forward - Reverse

Biasing Transistor

Reverse - Reverse

Biasing Transistor

Reverse - Forward

Essential Characteristics

Output Characteristic
Vcc I C RC VCE I E RE = 0
I C RC = Vcc
V VCE I E RE
Vcc VCE I E RE
IC =
RC
atau
VCE = Vcc I C RC I E RE

Input Characteristic
VBB I B RB VBE I E RE = 0
I B RB = VBB VBE I E RE
VBB VBE I E RE
IB =
RB

Current Ratio Characteristic

IC
=
IB
IC
=
IE

Final Characteristics
Ic
Rasio
Penguatan Arus

Karakteristik
Output
Ib4
Ib3
Ib2
Ib1
Vce

Ib

Karakteristik
Input

Vb
Vbe