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66 views22 pagesTrigonometry
trigonometri
Uploaded by
Putra YswCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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TRIGONOMETRY |
Radian Measure
In more advanced trigonometry, and always in calculus, angles are measured in radians,
‘One radian is the measure of the VN
angle at the centre of a circle sub-
tended by an arc equal in length to
the radius of the eircle.
Note: Radians are often called ‘eireular measure’ and are denoted by rads.
‘The number of radians in one complete revolution is given by the ratio:
circumference of acircle _2ar
Gircumference of acirele | 227 95 ead
ineniofinameret na
Relationship between radians and degrees
‘One complete revolution = 2 radians = 360°, thus:
2 radians = 360°
Note: Very often the word radian is not used, thus we can write «= 180°, where x means ‘a radians’
(or+ 180°).
‘The more common angles used are given in the following table:
Degrees | 0 | 30°] 45° | 60° | 90° | 120° | 150° | 180° | 270° | 360° |
* 7 © a o Qn ‘Sn ‘Sa
Redions | 0 | GLa | a LaLa toe 1 * 12 |”
‘These can be calculated from the equation 3 radians = 180°.
Note: 1 radian = 180 » 57.3° (correct to one decimal places). Convert: (225° toradians (i) radians to degrees.
Solution:
(i) 180° =z radians Gi) & radians
eat
1 = {89 dians io
225° = 225 x7 radians (put in.x = 180°)
Sa = 300°
225° = re radians
‘The diagram shows a sector of a circle of radius r, angle
6, arc length I and arca A.
The length of the arc / and the area of the sector A may be
found by multiplying the length of the circumference and
the area of the circle by =
Note: isthe faction ofthe ec require.
6
Length of are, '= 5 ar =70
@
Area of sector, A= 7x1? = 478
ac lengh 18 ry
‘Area of sector, A= jy? (e) )
(@ in radians)
‘These formulas are on page 9 of the tables.
Each formula contains three variables and we arc usually given two of these variables and asked to find
the third one. (The radius of a circle is 20 om. Find the angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length
8xem.
Gi) The area of a sector ofa circle of radius r is 30 em?. Ifthe angle subtended at the centre of
the circle by this sector is § radians, calculate r.
Solution:
() Given: r=20, |= 81, find 8.
I=r6
80 = 208
20 \
20
_|
‘Express each of the following number of radians in degrees:
x 7 Qa 3x
La 2 6 x — 4 7 5. zs
Sa 4x Sa lin
er ey iB near
Express each of the following angles in radians, leaving = in your answers:
1. 30° 12. 45° 13. 60° 14. 90° 15. 120°
16. 150° 17, 210° 18. 240° 19. 135° 20. 450°
21. 390° 22, 72° 23. 288° 24, 105° 25. 223° In each of the following find
(the length of the minor arc pq (ii) the area of the corresponding minor sector opq
P 28.
p
A aA __\,
a
(@ _ the area of the shaded region
(ii). the perimeter of the shaded region.
27.
In each case below, find:
29. 30.
7 AD)
31. ‘The radius of a circle is 12 em. Find the angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length 16xr cm.
Qn
32, Find the area of a sector of a circle of radius 20 cm if the arc of the sector subtends an angle of —
at the centre.
33. The area of a sector of a circle, of radius r, is 24x cm”. If the angle subtended at the centre of the
circle by this sector is = calculate r, the radius of the circle. Trigonometric Ratios
‘The six basic trigonometric ratios (or fractions) for a right-angled triangle are defined as follows for all
angles 0°< 6 < 90° (er0<0<5}
sec @=——
A
cot=
tan(90° ~ 0) = cot @
HH.
i ‘Note: These ratios hold for all values of @ € R, not just for 0 <9 < 90°.
: sec, cosec, cot are short for secant, cosecant and cotangent, respectively.
i Special Angles: (7) {3} oo?)
ie ‘There are three special angles whose sine, cosine and tangent ratios can be expressed as simple fractions
or surds. ys for all
Trigonometric Ratios
for Any Angle
The Unit Circle
‘The unit circle has its centre at the origin (0, 0) and
the length of the radius is 1.
Take any point p(x, y) on the circle, making an angle
of 8, from the centre.
cos 6 =
sing=2y
x
bens dee P (60s 6, sin 4)
‘This very important result indicates that the coordi~ Y bho
nates of any point on the unit cirele ean be repre- Aa
sented by p(cos 8, sin 6), where 0 is any angle.
As the point p rotates, @ changes. These definitions of cos 0 and sin @ in terms of the coordinates of a
point rotating around the unit circle apply for all values of the angle 6°
Memory Aid: (christian name, sumame) = (cos 6, sin @) = (x,y)
Note: Using Pythagoras's theorem: cos? @ + sin? @= 1
‘Values of sin, cos and tan for 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° and 360°
Both diagrams below represent the unit circle but using two different notations to describe any point p
on the circle,
(€08 90° sin 90")
(00s 180’, sin 180°),
(cos 270% sin 270°)
By comparing corresponding points on both unit circles, the values of sin, cos and tan for 0*, 90°, 180°,
270° and 360°, can be read directly. ‘0s 0° = cos 360°= 1
(cos 90°, sin 90°) = (0, 1) |
cos 90
sin 90°
tan 90° = j (undefined)
‘cos 180° =-1
sin 180° = 0
tan 180°= 4 =0
Note: Division by zero is undefined.
‘The x and y axes divide the plane into four quadrants.
Consider the unit circle on the right:
cos =x sin O=y
sin @
tan =
cos
x
By examining the signs of x and y in the four quadrants,
the signs of sin 6, cos 0, and tan 0 for any value of @ can
bbe found.
Summary of signs
Ist quadrant: sin, cos and tan are all positive.
2nd quadrant: sin is positive, cos and tan are negative.
3rd quadrant: tan is positive, sin and cos are negative,
4th quadrant: cos is positive, sin and tan are negative.
‘A very useful memory aid, CAST, in the diagram on the
right, show the ratios that are positive for the angles
between 0° and 360°.
‘Negative angles
Consider the unit circle showing angles @ and ~6.
cos 8 =x sin 0=y
cos (-#)=x sin (-8)
‘Thus,
cos(-0) = cos
sin(-6) = sin 6
(cos 270°, sin 270°) = (0, -1)
cos 270° =0
sin 270° =-1
tan 270° = 3} (undefined)
tan(—@) =-tan 0
Method for finding the trigonometric ratio for any angle between 0° and 360°:
1. Draw a rough diagram of the angle.
2. Determine in which quadrant the angle lies and use Ga) to find its sign.
3. Find its related angle (acute angle to nearest horizontal).
4. Use the trigonometric ratio of the related angle with the sign in step 2. Example =
Solution:
‘Surd form,
1. The diagram shows the angle 210°.
cannot use calculator.
fae teeteat
2, 210° is in the 3rd quadrant.
cos is negative in the 3rd quadrant.
3. Related angle is 30°
4. cos 210°
==cos 30°
as
2
(or use tables page 9)
Find cos 210°, leaving your answer in surd form.
Note: sin? = (sin A)’, cot?A = (cot A)?, etc.
Exercise 7.2~
Evaluate each of the following, answering in-surd form where necessary:
(ii) If 0°
: 16, In the given diagram, pq qs,
j (eq =A ana | h
Show that x= Se
‘When tackling problems in three dimensions itis good practice to redraw each triangle separately and
i apply the sine and cosine rule to these triangles. Watch for common sides which link the triangles. We
can carry common values from one triangle to another triangle,
‘p,q and r are points on level ground. [sr] is a vertical tower
‘of height h, The angles of elevation of the top of the tower
from p and q are a and f, respectively.
GI fa} =60° and || =30%, express [pr| and | gr| in
terms of h. I"
(i) Find | gp in terms of h, if tan arp =N8. Solution:
Redraw right-angled triangles prs and qrs separately.
@ s
é h
Bs 7 ,
(ii) Redraw triangle apr separately.
‘Using the cosine rule on triangle qpr: NTh
2 a ‘
lap P=lar?+|pr[?-214r|-|pr|cos arp
ny AY
P= (3K)? + {=} - 20830)
lap = 3K)? + BIG 7 A
laptt=30+ 2h
one Das nial ee ost 7,
ae 3
2. Given: tan Zqrp= V8: 3 Ve
lapP=—- Using Pythagoras's theorem, | gr |=3
er _ [8 cos Larp= 4
lal= Jy-= ya" hs
Exercise 7.4 we
1. p,qand r are points on horizontal ground.
gs] represents a vertical pole of height 8 m.
If | Zpqr| = 120°, |ps |= 10 m and |rs |= 2V4Im, find:
@ Ipaq] Gi lar| Gi) [pr]
Calculate the area of triangle pgr. Express your answer in the
form ab m?, where b is prime, 2. Points a, b and c are on horizontal ground. 4
[ad] represents a vertical pole.
Jac|=15 m,|be|=8 m, | Zacb | = 60° and | Zabd | = 30°.
Calculate: al >
@ aol -
Gi | adh giving your answer inthe form B :
3, The diagram shows a river with parallel banks, r
metres apart.
po! ‘A tree, of height h metres, is directly opposite from
a a point p, as shown,
' ‘A woman wants to measure the height of the tree.
e! From p the angle of elevation of the top of the tree
: is 45°, She then walks to a point q, 50 metres down-
stream, so that the horizontal distance from q to the
base of the tree is t metres. From q the angle of ele-
vation of the top of the tree is 30°.
(Express r and rin terms of h.
(ii) Write down an equation involving r and 1.
Gii) Hence, calculate (a) h (b) 1, correct 10 one
place of decimals.
4, a,b and c are points on level ground,
[ad] represents a vertical pole.
rab
=
lab] =x,|ac
(Express | ad] in terms of x.
(i) Wf Zacd= tank, KEN,
find the value of k.
| 5. Points p, q, rare on the horizontal.
\pq|=5,|ar|=3 and |par |=
(Calculate |pr|.
(i) {pd) represents a vertical mast, The angle of
elevation of d from r is §, Find |dg|, giving
t your answer in the form 2V/a and calculate the
measure of Zpqd, correct to one place of
decimals. 6. [sp], [1g] are vertical poles each of height 10m, p, g, r are 5 '
points on level ground. Two wires of equal length join s and
ttor, ie. |sr|=|tr].
If |pr|=8 mand | Zprq| = 120°, calculate: 10m) 10m
@_ |pr| in the form ab, where b is prime.
(i)_|sr| in the form Vc. ea
(iii) | Zsrt| to the nearest degree. r
Identities involving the Sine and Cosine Rules
We often have to prove identities involving the usual notation for a triangle using the sine and cosine
rules. This usually involves rearranging the sine or cosine rule and substituting the rearranged expres-
sion to prove the required identity.
Cosine rule Sine rule
a=? 4c? 2be cos A sinA_ sin B
B+ct—a? a b
then cos in 4 2 5108
then sinA=
Similarly for B and C. b
_y_bsind
or sin B=
Using the usual notation for a triangle, prove that c(b cos A ~ a cos B) = b? — a’.
Solution:
From the cosine rule,
Bech
cos A= and
e(b cos Aa cos B)
=e cos A—ac cos B
[this is the substitution)
(P+ c2—a)_ (a +c?
2 z
@+=a)-@ 42-0)
Lbs Ose Prove each of the following identities using the usual notation for a triangle:
1. bsinC=c sinB 2. boos C +ccosB=a
3. bc cos A +ac cos B= c* 4, a(b cos C - ¢ cos B) = b?~c?
es 1 a 6, S08, 2088, 608 € @ebeac®
ceosB-beosC =F ab
7. a(sin B = sin C) + B(sin C~ sin A) + (sin A — sin B) = 0
__asin€ 9, 228 sin B=sin€
b-acosC bee sinBs sinc
10. () c=acosB +b cos A.
(ii) a@+b40= (b+ cleos A + (a+ c)cos B+ (a+ boos C
cosB cosC_ c= bP
Me abe
12, a? +b? 4.c2=2(be cos A+ ac cos B+ ab cos C)
8. tan A
13. What can you deduce about angle A in triangle abe, using the usual notation? ~ if:
@ @>bac i) ab ee? (il) a
