PLANNING AND DESIGN OF WATER

CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

RAJEEVA KUMAR
DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER
(DESIGN & ENGINEERING)
GVK POWER & INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.
1
Water Conductor System
 The water conductor system includes :- Pondage
arrangements including surplus arrangements,
diversion arrangements to divert the water from its
normal course into the power house, a fore bay
reservoir to cater to variations in load, on intake
structure for controlling the flow of water, surge tanks,
steel penstocks / penstock tunnels, draft tube
structure, tail race pool & channel to lead the water
back into the normal course and various gates, hoists
with controls.
 The water conductor system should be such that it
conveys water with minimum loss of head and in a
reliable and safe manner under all conditions while
being economical for execution.
2
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

EL 430.25

TRANSFORMER
CAVERN
20000 APPROX 125000 APPROX 120000 20000 34400 11200 20000 23800 50600 17200

STEEL LINED
PRESSURE SHAFT
7000 Ø

EL 368.20

00
00
R2

35000 20000 APPROX 140000

3
 EL 1376.5

ACCESS TO PRESSURE
SHAFT

NSL

EL 1282.0
RCC LINI NG

DRAINAGE
TEEL GALLARY
NING VENTILATION CUM CABLE
POWER HOUSE
TUNNEL RELAGAD
UCTION ADIT TRANSFORMER
NALLA
SURE SHAFT CAVERN ACCESS TUNNEL

EL 1059.0

TAILRACE TUNNEL EL 1025.0

EL 1021.0

TAILRACE SURGE GALLARY

GURE 6 L-SECTION OF WATER CONDUCTER SYSTEM D/S OF SURGE SHAFT

IGURE 4
Topics of Discussion

 INTAKE STRUCTURE
 DESILTING SYSTEM
 HEAD RACE TUNNEL
(HRT)
 SURGE SHAFT
 PRESSURE SHAFT
 PENSTOCKS
 DRAFT TUBES
 TAIL RACE TUNNEL

5
INTAKE STRUCTURE

 Intake is a hydraulic structure built at the upstream end of

the Head Race Tunnel / Channel for controlling the
discharge and preventing silt, debris and ice from entering .

 Intakes for power generation serve to provide efficient

water inlets to the water passages leading to the
powerhouse.

 The passages may consist of conduits embedded in dams,

excavated as tunnels, constructed as free standing
penstocks, or as short concrete passages between intakes
constructed integrally with the powerhouses.

6
 Intake Structure for hydro-electric schemes may be
broadly classified, depending upon their position in the
reservoir
 1. Low Head Intake
 2. High Head Intake

 The following intake types have been used in

the hydropower developments:-

 1. Intakes integral with powerhouses

 2. Intakes incorporated in concrete dams

 3. Separate intake towers with dams

 4. Separate intake structures built at the power conduit

portals 7
 Type 1 and 2 Intakes are dictated by project concept.Low
level,run-of-river developments dictate the need for an intake
built integrally with the powerhouse.In this case, the intake
also functions as the dam (in narrow valleys) or as a part of
the dam for developments built on streams those are wider
than the powerhouse.
 Type 2 Intake is one of the most economical because it does
not require a special structure, perhaps, for the inlet portion,
which is built integrally with the dam (mostly arch dams).
 Type 3 Intakes are used when the powerhouse is separate
from the dam and located along river bank and when type 4
intake is not feasible.
 Type 4 Intake is preferable to the Type 3 Intake as the power
conduits are shorter and fewer problems in structural design
because the structure may, for substantial part of its height, be
constructed against rock,and,thus,gain lateral support.
8
 Functions of Intake
 Ensure required water intake
 Reduce sediment entry to minimum

 Check trash & debris entry

 Secure entry of water with minimum disturbance so

that head loss is minimum

 Closure of HRT for maintenance

 Design of Intake
 1. Structural Stability
 2. Limitations of entrance velocity

 3. Hydraulic Efficiency

 4. Practicability of operation

9
 Losses in Intakes
 Entrance Loss
 Trash Rack Loss
 Gate groove Loss

An intake must be designed to minimize the hydraulic

entrance loss caused by the acceleration of water and
eddy losses at the trashracks and gate guide recess.This
is achieved by limiting the trashrack velocity based on the
net area (excluding trashrack bars) 0.75m/s (on small
intakes with closely spaced bars) to 1.50m/s (on larger
intakes with wide bar spacing).

10
 TYPICAL INTAKE SECTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT
1
16340
SPILLWAY AXIS 2.8
13165 11675

8500 4665 5105 2290 2280 02

SPILLWAY BLOCK 3805 1300 1190 1100 1080 2000
307 7670 ROAD
8500 FROM CL OF SPILLWAY (REVISED) FOR PRECAST ELEMENTS EL.1351.00
REFER SEPARATE DRAWING

BEGINING OF BELLMOUTH (EL.1315.50)

1000 5670 1000
BEGINING OF 7 SLOPE (EL.1313.00) 2720

500

75
FOR PRECAST ELEMENTS
12000

REFER SEPARATE DRAWING

C.J. ( TYP.)

(TYP.)
2000
C
L SPILLWAY
0

2 2
X Y INTAKE 1 INTAKE TUNNEL 1
+ =1
20000

( 6947 )2 ( 3800) 2

36 Ø ROCK ANCHORS INSTALLED

DURING EXCAVATION TO BE
EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE
7500 02
859
HOLLOW
X
Y 250

1500 1000
8000

3800
L POWER INTAKE-1

EL.1336.00
6807
3541

7°
C

EL.1333.50
A 1500
9769 200 Ø PIPE ROCK REINFORCEMENT
INSTALLED DURING EXCAVATION
1208 TO BE EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE
6300

1000 1500
7000 100
2 2
X Y
+ =1 EL.1328.00
( 6395 )2 ( 2000) 2 EL.1327.50 510

470
4130 2500 4500
3700

EXPANSION JOINT 1000

600
MIN. 36 Ø ROCK ANCHORS INSTALLED EL.1325.02 EL 1325.00
DURING EXCAVATION TO BE EL.1324.50
500

EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE X

200
20000

250
1750
2000
15340
900
CURVE CORRESPONDING
3700

7500 6807
TO EL. 1315.50 Y

600
907

L OF INTAKE
2 2
X Y
+ =1

10000
2 2
(7500) (3800)
EL.1320.00

5000
EL.1319.947
X
1200
TRANSITION DETAILS AS PER

C
Y Y

500
3800

2 2
DRAWING NO NHDG-1L03-41-DD-308 X Y
+ = 1 7807 FROM REFERENCE LINE 500
( 7500 )
2
( 2000) 2 EL.1317.50
L POWER INTAKE-2

6700

1250

1500
6300

1500
2000

1000
MIN.
307

250
EL.1316.00
2 2 EL.1315.50 X
X Y
250

+ =1 4500
( 900 ) 2 ( 300) 2
5000
C

EL.1313.00 1 4
600

900 POWER INTAKE INTAKE TUNNEL

250

6500
6300

36 Ø ROCK ANCHORS, 6000 INTO ROCK, TO BE INSTALLED

1250

1500

EL.1310.00 AND EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE AS SHOWN

5000

ROCK REINFORCEMENT TO BE
3 C.J. (TYP.) INSTALLED DURING EXCAVATION
0
2000

TO BE EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE

50

907
(TYP.)
2000

INTAKE 2 INTAKE TUNNEL 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 METRES

10
MI 0 0
N. 36 Ø ROCK ANCHORS INSTALLED
45°
DURING EXCAVATION TO BE
EXTENDED INTO CONCRETE

EL.1301.50
EL.1301.00
VARIES
EL.1300.00

1000

11
DESILTING CHAMBERS / BASIN
 SILTING TANKS
 SETTLING BASIN
 VORTEX TYPE SETTLING BASIN

 Silting Tanks are large storage ponds created by

providing high portion embankments around the periphery
of low lying area along the channel.
 Settling Basin consists of oversized section of channel in
which the velocity is low enough to permit suspended
particles to settle out.

12
DESILTING BASIN
 For hydro-power schemes, the size of sediment
particle to be excluded depends on water head
available for power generation, petrographic nature
and concentration of sediment, metallurgy of
turbine blades etc.
 The max. size of the particles that can be safely
permitted to enter the turbine is the basic
parameter which governs the design of desilting
chamber.
 The desilting chambers are dimensioned on the
principle of fall velocity of sediment particles.

13
 DESILTING BASIN – PLAN AND LONGITUDINAL SECTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT

22400 282000 10000

U/S TRANSITION PART CENTRAL PART D/S
A B TRANSITION PART
1L05 ACCESS GALLERY
1L05
206 206 SEE DRG. NO.
300

NHDG-1LO5-41-DD-205

300
SEE TABLE FOR DETAIL OF OPENING

750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 6500 6500 6500 6625 6625

13000
13000

2000

SEE DRG. NO.

NHDG-1L105-41-DD-204
SEE DRG. NO. 2
NHDG-1L105-41-DD-202

50
300
SECTION
300

C
PLAN 1L05
206

22400 282000 10000

U/S TRANSITION PART CENTRAL PART D/S
TRANSITION PART
S.NOS OPENINGS.
( MM )

1. Ist OPENING

EL 1322.1
2.
EL 1322.10

3.

4.

EL 1316.5 5. LAST OPENING

EL 1308.9 4

7.
EL 1305.3 EL 1305.3

750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 OPENING 300 Ø 8.

2500
6500 6500 6500 6625
1500 500

1020
1500
EL 1302.1
SLOPE 0.645 %

14
6625

1500
SLOPE 0.645 % MAN HOLE 600 (W) X 1000 (L)
500

9937

500
300 282000 300
DESILTING BASIN CROSS SECTIONS
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT

300 300 300 300

13000 13000

EL 1322.10 EL 1322.10

4402
EL 1317.698 EL 1317.698

8798
EL 1308.90 EL 1308.90

3600
2000

600

600
600 EL 1305.30 EL 1305.30

600
3200
1500

1500

500
500

EL 1302.10 EL 1302.10
500

500
670
3000
54000

300 300 300 300

13000 13000

EL 1322.10 EL 1322.10

4402
EL 1317.698 EL 1317.698
8798

EL 1308.90 EL 1308.90
36 00

2000 2000
1200 TO 2500
1200 TO 2500

EL 1305.30 EL 1305.30
V ARIES
VARIES
600

32 00 TO 5020

670 670

500 TO 1020
50 0 TO 1020

600
VARIES

V AR IES
V ARIES

1500
1500

EL VARIES EL VARIES

VARIES 670 TO 2000 VARIES 670 TO 2000

3000 3000
54000

15
 HEAD RACE TUNNEL
 Headrace is that portion of the power canal which extends
from the intake works to the power house.

 Planning & Design of HRT

 The main question arises as to whether the waterway i.e.

the HRT and the TRT, the pressure shaft and the surge
tank, should be concrete lined or not.
 For the pressurised part of the waterway, i.e the
downstream part of the HRT, it is a question as to whether a
steel liner is needed or not.

16
 HRT - SETTING OUT PLAN
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT
TO DHARCHULA

CONTRACTS
LIMIT OF

HRT CONSTRUCTION ADIT NO.2 KA

6500 Ø D-SHAPED LI
RIV
SILT FLUSHING TUNNEL ER
SF1 2000X3500 D SHAPE

LOT 1 LOT 2

CONSTRUCTION ADIT NO.1

6500 DIA D-SHAPE
HEADRACE TUNNEL
DETAIL A 6500 DIA
CA1 HORSE SHOE SHAPE

HR2 HR3 HR5

BH6 / HR1
HR4

APPROACH ADIT 1000000 2344358

6500 DIA D SHAPE
GATE CHAMBER SWITCH YARD
63000 X 20500
TAIL RACE SURGE
GALLERY 6000 Ø
D-SHAPED ACCESS TUNNEL
8000X6500 AT
1
DESILTING BASIN HRC 1 D-SHAPED
VT1
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
13000X16200 PRESSURE SHAFT
6000 Ø D-SHAPED

IT1
1839 TRANSFORMER HALL
742 103000X12000/10000X10000
IT2 HEADRACE TUNNEL
6500 Ø HORSE-SHOE POWER HOUSE TR
INTAKE TUNNELS 103000X16500X39000

TAILRACE TUNNEL
P2 6500 Ø H.S.SHAPED

VENTILATION CUM CABLE

HR6
HR8
PS
1
P3
P1
TUNNEL 6000 Ø D-SHAPED REL
DIVERSION TUNNEL
PS
10000 DIA HR7 SS 6 ACCESS TO PRESSURE SHAFT
SURGE SHAFT
HORSE SHOE SHAPE 15000 Ø 6500 Ø D-SHAPED
AS
1
ADIT TO SURGE SHAFT

1750
6500 Ø D-SHAPED

1700

1100
1700
1500

1600

1800

1900

2000

2200

2500

2600

2700

2700

2600

2500

2300

2200

2100

2000
1400

1700

2100

2300

2400

2400

13°

1900

1800

1700
1600

1200
1400

1300
1500
1650

1600
11500
12000

11000

10500
16000

13000
15500

13500

12500
16500

15000

14500

14000

13000

17
 HRT- LONGITUDINAL SECTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT

NSL
CONTRACT
LIMITS OF

LOT-1 LOT-2

SURGE SH

0
CONSTRUCTION ADIT NO 2
HR1 HR2
HR3 HR5 SS
HR6
HR4
HR7 HR8

DESILTING BASIN
PRESSURE SHAFT

NATURAL SURFACE LEVEL

1570.00 1740.00 1530.0 1477.0 1380.00

TUNNEL INVERT LEVEL 1275.967

1313.594 1305.260 1276.184
1285.728 1285.309 1275.90

1839742 14850
PARTIAL LENGTHS 1000000 2344358 43830
50296
5278226
CUMULATIVE LENGTH
0 1000000 5234396
3344358 3394654 5293076
SLOPE 0.833% 0.496%

CURVE DATA
R=200000 R=200000

ANTICIPATED GEOLOGY WIDELY TO MODERATELY JOINTED BIOTITE GNEISS WITH SMALL BENDS OF MICASCHIST

PROJECTED ROCK CLASSIFICATION CLASS I 5% ; CLASS II 55% ; CLASS III 20% ; CLASS IV 15% ; CLASS V 5%

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

18
 Geometric Design

 Following Shapes are generally used for tunnel

cross sections:
 Circular Section
 D – Section

 Horse shoe section

 Modified Horse-shoe section

 Egg.Shaped section

19
HRT CROSS SECTIONS
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

81000

'B' LINE C
L HEAD RACE TUNNEL - 1 C
L HEAD RACE TUNNEL - 2 C
L HEAD RACE TUNNEL - 3 C
L HEAD RACE TUNNEL - 4
'A' LINE
600 TH. CONCRETE LINING
( TYP.)
0

R3

R3

R3
75
R7500

100 TH. SHOTCRETE

75

75

75
R3

0
WITH WIREMESH

0 R750
R750 0

17900

27000 27000 27000

CROSS SECTION SHOWING HEAD RACE TUNNELS

'B' LINE 'B' LINE
'A' LINE 'A' LINE 0 1 2 3 4 5 METERS
'B' LINE WELDED WIREMESH 'B' LINE WELDED WIREMESH
SHOTCRETE SHOTCRETE
SHOTCRETE SHOTCRETE 'A' LINE 'A' LINE
ISHB 200 @ 1000 C/C ISHB 200 @ 750 C/C

100

100
0

0
10

10

200

200
R=4350

R=4350

R=4350
R=4350

100
100
WELDED WIREMESH
50

0
10

DETAIL 3
1 DETAIL 4
DETAIL 2 25 Ø 4000 LONG ROCK 25 Ø 4000 LONG ROCK
DETAIL
ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C
25 Ø 4000 LONG ROCK 25 Ø 4000 LONG ROCK 'B' LINE BOTHWAYS 'B' LINE BOTHWAYS
'B' LINE 'B' LINE
ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C
'A' LINE 'A' LINE
'A' LINE BOTHWAYS 'A' LINE BOTHWAYS
3 4
1 2 ISHB 200 @ 1000 C/C ISHB 200 @ 750 C/C

0
435

435
100 TH. SHOTCRETE 100 TH. SHOTCRETE
50 TH. SHOTCRETE 100 TH. SHOTCRETE
WITH WIREMESH WITH WIREMESH
350 350 WITH WIREMESH
R4 R4

R870 8700 8700

0 R870 0
R870 0 R870 0

RIBS IF
REQUIRED
ROCK SUPPORT ROCK SUPPORT
( CLASS - II ) ( CLASS - III ) ROCK SUPPORT ROCK SUPPORT
( CLASS - IV ) ( CLASS - V )

20
Hydraulic Design
For Hydraulic Design the following factors are taken
into consideration:-

 General

 Hydraulic gradient
 Transient conditions like water hammer,surges
 Maximum & Minimum levels at the head & tail end.
 Pulsating conditions are to be avoided
 Negative pressure should be avoided

21
 Pressure Flow Losses

 Friction Losses
 Trash Rack Losses

 Entrance Losses

 Bend Losses

 Gate Loss in Pressure Conduit

 Exit Losses

22
Reasons For Concrete Lining in HRT
 The tunnel alignment if passes through zones of weak
rock or fault zones the reinforced concrete lining in
addition to rockbolts or steel supports may be required for
long term stability.
 Where external groundwater pressure exceeds internal
water pressure, external pressure washes joint fill
material and fault gouge into the tunnel creating instability
of jointed rock around tunnel periphery- a concrete liner
should be considered.
 To ensure long term stability of the tunnel and prevent
rock erosion and washing out of joint fillings.
 To prevent or reduce seepage flow
23
 SURGE TANK / CHAMBER / BASIN

 It is a hydraulic structure erected in the power conduit of high

head developments between the pressure tunnel and the
penstock (or pressure shaft) to protect the pressure tunnel from
water hammer effect.
 They promote regulation and allow rapid load changes,especially
load pick-up.
 They prevent high-pressure waves generated by the valve and
turbine movements from being transmitted into the tunnel.

24
 Surge Shaft – General Arrangement
Chemara-III H.E. Project

N.S.L
2000 THK. AIR VENT PIPE 300Ø
SLAB

Ø18
1

00
4

0
2000
EL 1435.00
18000 A

6000
EL 1430.00 EL
1327.00
3000
COMPACTED
BACK FILL

D
EL 1416.50

6500 D-SHAPED
UPPER EXPANSION 750 THICK R.C.C
GALLERY LINING (M-25)

EL 1408.290

B B
SECTION
( SCALE - 1:100 )

EL 1342.50

7500 D-SHAPED
LOWER EXPANSION
GALLERY
GATE GROOVE

EL 1333.089
AIR VENT PIPE 300Ø
2000

EL 1327.00

1000
500

500
C SLOPE 1 IN
6500

6500

10

EL 1318.50
SS
6500

6000
500

6500 Ø 10000 9000 10000

HEAD RACE TUNNEL 6500 Ø PRESSURE SHAFT

SECTION
A
500

Ø18
1000

0 00
6500 Ø HEAD RACE TUNNEL
6500 Ø PRESSURE SHAFT

C
SECTION
( SCALE - 1:100 )

25
 Functions Of Surge Tank
 Provides a free reservoir close to the discharge
regulation mechanism.
 Supplies additional water required by the turbine
during load demand until the conduit velocity
accelerates to a new steady state value.
 Stores water during load rejection until the
conduit velocity decelerates to a new steady
state value.

26
 Types Of Surge Tanks

1. According to their position relative to the power house

 Upstream Surge Tank on HRT

 Downstream Surge Tank on TRT

2. According to the hydraulic design

 Simple Surge Tank

 Restricted Orifice type Surge Tank

 Differential Surge Tank

 Surge Tank with expansion chambers

 Multiple Surge Tank

 Spilling Surge Tank

27
 PRESSURE SHAFT
 It is a vertical or inclined pressure conduit excavated in the rock,
in most cases having a steel lining , may or may not supported
by the surrounding rock , to convey water in high head
developments from the head pond or the surge tank to the
power house.

28
PRESSURE SHAFT - PLAN & SECTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT
AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø
L4

STEEL LINER
L4
AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø
STEEL LINER
L4
L4
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

R4
9
73
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

73
R4

9
VARIES FROM 7300 TO 5000

VARIES FROM 7300 TO 5600

VARIES 3600 TO 0
VARIES 3600 TO 0
V
R AR

R
VA O
0
0 IE

RIE 20 0
75

T
00 TO S

S 0
20
0 0

VA 0 T
TR
21 ANS 400 0

R
RI O
R

ES 20
9

VA O
ITIO

0
RIE 20 0
N

T
11

S 0
(ST 3 42

00
SS EE
C LL
INE
L4 R)
SS'
41
18

AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø

L4
00
36

(ST 80
7500

EE 0 0 VARIES 3600 TO 0 VARIES 3600 TO 0

00

M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. LL

INE
13

L4 R)

0
VARIES 6741 TO 5600 VARIES VARIES 6741 TO 5600

80
D
00
40

1841 1300 28
00
3600
00

C
40

50
00 C
219

TRANSITION

SECTION 2L10
202
(STEEL LINER)

PS1
0
80
5000

4000

6000

4000 L4
8860

PS3

4000
AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø
801 658 M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

00
L4
B

56
2L10
202
PS 2 STEEL LINER

4000
500 500

4000Ø PRESSURE SHAFT

0
5 00 M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
R2
202
M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING

800

500
E
M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING

2000

2000
00
0
22

R2
99
9

0
50

2000

2000
(S 10
TE 0 00
EL
LIN
L4 ER

500
)
00

800
40

PS4

1°
.7 1
0

52 500
80

500
0
50

PS6
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. 800 2000 2000 800 2000 2000
00
40

D
D 2L10
SECTION E
0
80

E 2L10
36
50
SECTION
202

80
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. 00
00
56

A
2L10
202
28
00
STEEL LINER 4000Ø PRESSURE SHAFT

29
PRESSURE SHAFT - UPPER HORIZONTAL PORTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT
300 THK. CONC. LINING

REFER SEPARATE DRG.

CL OF GATE GROOVE ACCESS TO
SURGE SHAFT EL 1288.50 PRESSURE SHAFT TOP
AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø
L4

6000 X
(STEEL LINER)
L4 AIRVENT PIPE 300 Ø 10000
(STEEL LINER)
L4
EL. 1282.10 M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. L4 EL 1282.00 EL 1281.70
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
EL. 1280.75

500

800
2000
CL OF HEADRACE TUNNEL TIGHT STEEL COVER
L4
PS 2 PS 4 PS 6 EL 1277.90

4000

4000
3600
3600
EL. 1275.90
1200

SS SS' EL 1275.90

800
MAN HOLE
EL 1274.80

500
5000 2500 M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
STEEL LINER
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
L4
7500 5000 3149 22999 3650

711 00
C E 80 M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
R=
2L10 2L10 EL 1269.90
201 201 800
PS 8
800
4000
D
EL 1268.00
2L10
201
A
SECTION 2L10
201
8000 2000

800

X
DETAIL
SCALE (1 : 5)

SURGE SHAFT
300 THK. CONC. LINING
REFER SEPARATE DRG.

CL OF GATE GROOVE ACCESS TO

EL 1288.50 PRESSURE SHAFT TOP
AIRVENT PIPE 300Ø
L4 R3
25
0

16mm THK. PLATE19342

X

(STEEL LINER)
L4
EL. 1282.10 AIRVENT PIPE 300 Ø EL 1282.00
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. EL 1281.70
L4
EL. 1280.75
800

2000
CL OF HEADRACE TUNNEL TIGHT STEEL COVER
L4
PS1 EL 1277.90
4000
3600

EL. 1275.90
1200

SS SS' EL 1275.90
MAN HOLE
EL 1274.80
800

3166
5000 2500
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. STEEL LINER
7500 5000 1800 4542 L4

C D 00 M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

2L10 2L10 80
R=
201 201 EL 1269.90
800 PS 3 800

30
4000
EL 1268.00
B
SECTION 2L10
201
 PRESSURE SHAFT - VERTICAL PORTION
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT
M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING

STEEL LINER STEEL LINER

500
L4 L4

PS 3 EL 1269.90 PS 8 EL 1269.90
800 800 800 800
4000 4000

4000
0
00
EL 1268.00 EL 1268.00 Ø4

500
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC. M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

C C
_ _ 4000

500 500
4000 4000
C
500 500 500 500 SECTION _

M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING M25/A40 REINFORCED CONC LINING

118000

118000
STEEL LINER
L4
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

800
4000 4000

500 500 500 500

4000
0
00
Ø4

800
EL 1150.00 EL 1150.00

STEEL LINER STEEL LINER 4000

L4 L4
800 800
4000 4000
D
800 800 800 800 SECTION _
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.
114000

114000
STEEL LINER
L4
M20/A40 BACKFILL CONC.

800
4000

D D
_ _
800 800 800 800

4000
0
4000 4000 00
Ø4

800
E 00
E
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
_
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
45° 80 _
45°
00

TO PRESSURE SHAFT TO PRESSURE SHAFT R=

80
R=

7200 3000 4000

4000 3000

800 800
8000

8000
1150

1150
800

E
R
30
00
R
30
00
SECTION _

PS 7 PS12
EL 1028.00 EL 1028.00
4000

4000

4000
PS 5 PS 10

EL 1026.00 EL 1026.00 EL 1026.00 EL 1026.00

300

300

5200 5600 5200 5600

800

1150

1150

3000 8000 8000 7000

3000 8000 8000 10200

31
PENSTOCK
Penstock is a pressure pipe line conveying the water in
high-head developments from the reservoir/ head pond or
the surge tank to the power house.

 Penstocks carry the water to the turbines with least

possible loss of head.

 Steel Penstocks are used at high head power plants,

located at the Dam toe.

 In underground power development, the penstocks meet

the spiral case which supply the water to the machine.

32
 TYPES OF PENSTOCK

1. According to the location of Penstock

 Burried Penstock
 Exposed Penstock
 Partly Burried & Partly Exposed Penstock

2. According to Rigidity of Supports

 Rigid pipe lines with anchors

 Flexible pipe lines – use of expansion joint or flexible

coupling
 Semi rigid pipe lines – with expansion joint between

each adjacent section either continuously supported or

fixed.

33
DRAFT TUBE
 Draft tube may be defined as a diverging passage
connecting the runner to the tail race.
 Draft tubes are either straight conical draft tubes with a
circular section or they are elbow-shaped tubes with
gradually increasing area, the shape changing from
circular at the runner section to rectangular at the outlet
section.
 Draft tubes are needed for Francis & Kaplan turbines.
 The provision of draft tube increases the efficiency of
the plant.
 It enables the utilisation of static head between the
bottom of the runner and the tail race when runner is
placed above the tail water, and the dynamic head in
the water at the turbine exit due to high velocity of flow.
34
DRAFT TUBE – LONG. SECTION
Dhauliganga H.E. Project

5200 8300 3000

3800 4500
EL. 1029.50

EL. 1028.00
1027.25
1800

500
1375.3

3000
EL. VARIES

500
EL 1019.50
EL. VARIES

35
DRAFT TUBE MANIFOLD – PLAN
Dhauliganga H.E. Project
POWER HOUSE AXIS TRANSFORMER CAVARN AXIS
A B C D
TURBINE AXIS H 2L13 2L13 2L13 2L13
2L13 01 202 202 202 202
202
750 7900 46284
9729
5000 1000 131
SEWERAGE 85
OUTLET PIPE 500 THK. LINING
01
300 THK. LINING

SEWERAGE
U1 OUTLET PIPE
EL

3622

3800

3500
1021.00
D1 1 DG 1 D1 01
2
200 Ø POTABLE
INLET PIPE
01
28000 5000 2000 5000 6284
0
50

D13
15000

50.3
61

R13250
°

19
4
78
0
50

44
0
500 THK. LINING

8
R2
00 0 E
U2 EL 2L13
1021.00 202
3622

3500
SEE DRAWING NO. NHDG-2L11-41-DD-228

D2 DG D2 2
1 2
500 THK. LINING
300 THK. LINING

0
28000 5000 2000 5000 17636

50
10
86
1021 6
15000

D23

R12000
51.8
79°

19
47
8
46
P3

69
500 THK. LINING

300
R2 F
00
3770

0
2L13
U3
202
3622

3500
EL
D3 DG 1021.00 D3
1 3 2

300 THK. LINING

28000 5000 2000 5000 29406

0
108

50
66
1021
D33
15000

R12000
1 51.8

19
79°

475
46
96
R20
00 EL
1021.00
U4 3500
3622

EL
1021.00
D41 DG 4 D4
2 G
2L13
9729 500 THK. LINING 202 TAIL RACE

500
300 THK. LINING
750 7900 28000 5000 2000 5000 41177 SURGE GALLERY
105
48
1026
TR1

R12000
50.3
61°

18
03
TO TAILRACE OUTLET

NOTES :- TAIL RACE TUNNEL

1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS AND LEVELS IN METERS.

2. UNLESS STATED OTHERWISE M 25 / A 40 GRADE OF CONCRETE 00

65
CONFORMING TO SEC. B-9 OF TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
PLAN SHALL BE USED FOR LINING.

3. FOR SETTING OUT REFER DRAWING NO. NHDG-2L13-41-DD-002 & 003. SCALE :-
4. FOR REINFORCEMENT REFER SEPARATE DRAWING. 0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 METERS

5. THIS DRAWING SHOWS Ist STAGE BLOCK OUT IN CONCRETE

36
DRAFT TUBE - SECTIONS
Dhauliganga H.E. Project

500 TO 1000

500 TO 1000
VARIES
VARIES
500

0 TO 1375
VARIES
VARIES VARIES
18 VA 17 VA
1375

0 TO 3800 0 TO 3800
80 RIE 50 RIE
TO S TO S
0

0 TO 3000

0 TO 3000
0 TO 3000
88 0

VARIES
0

VARIES
VARIES
R1

S
RIE
VA TO 0

350
VA T O
0
350

RIE 0
1625

1625

0
200 Ø POTABLE 200 Ø POTABLE 200 Ø POTABLE

S
WATER INLET PIPE WATER INLET PIPE VARIES WATER INLET PIPE
0 TO 3800
01 01
01
500

500 TO 1000
500 TO 1000
VARIES

VARIES
SEWERAGE SEWERAGE SEWERAGE
OUTLET PIPE OUTLET PIPE OUTLET PIPE
500 3622 01 500 01 VARIES 01 VARIES
VARIES VARIES
3622 TO 3800 500 TO 1200 0 TO 3800 500 TO 1200
VARIES VARIES
500 TO 1200 500 TO 1200

A B C
SECTION 2L13 SECTION 2L13 SECTION 2L13
201 201 201
300

500
0
0 25

00
75 R2
0

R1

R45
R350

0
88
3500

4500

R1
500
00
R35
R450
0 PVC WATER STOP
3622

SEWERAGE
300

OUTLET PIPE SEWERAGE

OUTLET PIPE
01 4622

500
SEWERAGE
300 3500 300 OUTLET PIPE

500 4500 01 500

D H
SECTION 2L13 E SECTION 2L13
201 201
SECTION 2L13 01
201
500

500

D/S SURGE GALLERY

REFER DRAWING NO.

R3
NHDG-2L13-41-DD-101

25
0

0
75
R2
0
R550

5500

6500

6000
R550
0 00
R65

200
500

SEWERAGE
500

OUTLET PIPE
SEWERAGE
500 01 500
5500 OUTLET PIPE
500 6500 01 500

G
F
SECTION 2L13
SECTION 2L13
201
201

37
TAIL RACE

 Tailrace is that portion of the Water Conductor

System which extends from the Draft tubes to the
recipient water course.

 It conducts water away from a power plant after it

has passed through it.

38
POWERHOUSE COMPLEX - LAYOUT PLAN
DHAULIGANGA H.E.PROJECT

12
00
EL
1055.00

10800
12
25

EL
AT1 1060.60
10800 10800
TAIL RACE SURGE 1050
GALLERY 6000 Ø
D-SHAPED SWITCH YARD
63000 X 20500

VT1

ACCESS TUNNEL
8000X6500 E
D-SHAPED 106 L
4.00
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
PRESSURE SHAFT RO
AD
6000 Ø D-SHAPED TO
A CC
ESS
TUN
NE
L
12 VENTILATION CUM CABLE
75 TUNNEL 6000 Ø D-SHAPED TR
10700 10700

TRANSFORMER HALL
103000X12000/10000X10000
13
00

POWER HOUSE
13 103000X16500X39000
25 TAILRACE TUNNEL
6500 Ø H.S.SHAPED
BUS DUCT
4000 X 5000

11 4 NOS.PENSTOCKS
35 2400 Ø
0
P2

CABLE TUNNEL
13 DRAINAGE GALLERY
75 3000 Ø D SHAPED
10600 3000 D - SHAPED

14 P3
00
DRAFT TUBE
SURGE SHAFT
3800X3000 VENTILATION EQUIPMENT
PS
1
P1 NITCH 6000X6000
1100
14
25
SS
PS
6 2 NOS PRESSURE
SHAFTS 4000 Ø

14 ACCESS TO PRESSURE SHAFT

50
6500 Ø D-SHAPED

10500
LA
D NA
GA

10500
EL
14 A
75
ADIT TO SURGE SHAFT
1275.00
REL SCALE:-
AS
6500 Ø D-SHAPED 1
0 10 20 30 40 50m
15
00

10600
39
GATES ALONG THE WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM

 INTAKE GATES
 SILT FLUSHING TUNNEL GATE
 DESILTING BASIN GATE
 SURGE SHAFT GATE
 MAIN INLET VALVE
 DRAFT TUBE GATE

40
 Head loss calculations
Shape Dia Area Q n L V R Head loss  
m sq.m cumecs m m/sec m m

Circular 5.5 23.74 58.95 0.015 21664 2.482 1.375 19.64695

H = Head Loss = L* ((nV/R)^2/3)^2

L= Length in meters
V= Velocity in m/sec
n= Rugosity Coefficient (0.012 to 0.018 for concrete lined as per
IS:4880-Part III-1976)
A = Area = (3.14*D*D)/4
V = Velocity = Q/A
Q = Discharge
R=Hydraulic radius= 0.25D
D = Diameter
41
 Head loss calculations
Shape Dia Area Q n L V R Head loss  
m sq.m cumecs m m/sec m m

Horse 5.5 25.08 58.95 0.015 21664 2.349 1.395 17.25344

Shoe
H = Head Loss = L* ((Vn/R)^2/3)^2
L= Length in meters
V= Velocity in m/sec
n= Rugosity Coefficient (0.012 to 0.018 for concrete lined as per
IS:4880-Part III-1976)
A = Area = 0.8293 D x D
V = Velocity = Q/A
Q = Discharge
R=Hydraulic radius= 0.2538 D
D = Diameter 42
 KALI RIVER

A RIVER
DHAULIGANG

TAWAGHAT KA
LI
RI
V ER

SILT FLUSHING TUNNEL

HEAD RACE TUNNEL

DAM
TAIL RACE TUNNEL
DESILTING BASINS

SURGE SHAFT POWER HOUSE

A
N AL
D
L AGA
RE

DHAULIGANGA H . E. PROJECT(STAGE-I) – LAYOUT PLAN 43

 DAM AXIS
U/S COFFERDAM
CUTOFF WALL

RI DT OUTLET
VE
R
D/S COFFERDAM
EL
13
01
.0

DT INLET

E
HUT
YC
P I LL WA
S

POWER INTAKE

DIVERSION TUNNEL

DAM AND APPURTENANT STRUCTURES 44

 KALI RIVER

TAILRACE SURGE GALLARY SWITCH YARD

TRANSFORMER HALL
ACCESS TUNNEL

TAILRACE TUNNEL
POWER HOUSE

DRAFT
TUBES VENTILATION TUNNEL
SURGESHAFT

HRT
PRESSURE SHAFTS

LAYOUT OF UNDERGROUND POWER HOUSE COMPLEX

45
HRT – INTAKE & BULKHEAD GATE
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT
GANTRY CRANE

CYLINDER HOIST

200 Ø AIRVENT PIPE

INTAKE GATE

BULK HEAD GATE

BULK HEAD GATES
600

(TYPICAL)

A
7500

_
EL 426.50
EL 426.50
600

KEY PLAN

7000 9000 7000

B
SECTION _
0 4 8 12 M.

EL
426.50

A
SECTION _

46
DIVERSION TUNNEL PLAN
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

47
POWER INTAKE - PLAN & SECTION
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

4000 10000

7500

EL
423.25

7500

27000
2000

(TYP.)
7500
2000

7500

KEY PLAN
7500
2000

100 MM THK. SHOTCRETE

WITH WIREMESH (TYP.) 27000

NSL
7500

25 Ø 6000 LONG GROUTED

ROCK ANCHOR BARS @ 1500 C/C
LINE
BOTHWAYS
EL
423.25
MDDL 450.00
STONE PITCHING

BACKFILL
CONCRETE
M10/A80
6000

27000

2000

1000

500
EL 430.25 A

7500
7500

25 Ø 6000 LONG GROUTED 10000 EL 426.50

ANCHOR BARS @ 3000 C/C
STONE PITCHING
BOTHWAYS
EL 423.25

500
1000
2000
3000
5000
8000

20000
4000 10000 20000
2000

BACKFILL 25 Ø 6000 LONG GROUTED

CONCRETE ANCHOR BARS @ 3000 C/C
M10/A80 BOTHWAYS

B
A SECTION
SECTION

48
PRESSURE SHAFT - GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT LONG @ 1500 C/C BOTH WAYS

STEEL LINER

BACK FILL
CONCRETE

5000 20000

0
100 THK. SHOTCRETE

50
'B'- LINE

R3
WITH WIRE MESH

A 'A'- LINE
BACK FILL CONCRETE
HEADRACE TUNNEL

EL 430.25
7500

7000

SCALE 1: 200

SCALE 1: 200
CONSTRUCTION ADIT

25 Ø ROCK ANCHORS / BOLTS 4000

LONG @ 1500 C/C BOTH WAYS
BACK FILL CONCRETE STEEL LINER

1
B BACK FILL
CONCRETE

'B'- LINE

50
'A'- LINE 100 THICK SHOTCRETE
6000 LONG 25 Ø ROCK 6000 LONG 25 Ø ROCK

32
ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C WITH WIRE MESH

7000 Ø 100 THK. SHOTCRETE

PRESSURE SHAFT WITH WIREMESH

800 THK. BACK FILL

CONCRETE

7000 SCALE 1: 200

STEEL LINER
40000 25600
800 THK. BACK FILL
CONCRETE

C 10000
00
00
R2

4000 LONG 25 Ø ROCK

ANCHORS @ 1500 C/C
25500

POWER HOUSE
CAVERN U/S WALL
6500

49
HEAD RACE TUNNELS
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

10
00
00

49351 130278 20000

9
2451

6
97
83

44361 115000 20000

24519

LIMIT OF H.R.T
PRESSURE SHAFT
8
66
47

50
TAIL RACE TUNNEL PLAN
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

51
TAIL RACE TUNNEL – SECTION
SIANG MIDDLE PROJECT

0
75
R3
10000

0
R750

10000

B
A B

27000 27000 27000

7500 7500

EL 351.00

52
                           
       
WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM
DESIGN DISCHARGE GROSS HEAD CAPACITY DESIGN ENERGY
S.NO. PROJECT DIAMETER LENGTH
(Cumecs) (m) MW (MU) (m) (km)

(A) Operational Projects

1 Baira Suil 88 280 180 750 5m x 4.2 m 7.63
2 Chamera - I 350 207 540 1900 9.5 6.41 + 2.5
3 Salal - I 420 94.5 345 2038 11 m 2.463
4 Tanakpur 565 24 120 460
5 Uri I 226.5 256 480 2663 8.4 10.63
6 Rangit 56 141 60 349 4.5 3
7 Loktak 42 312 105 480 3.81 6.62
(B) Projects under Active Construction
1 Dulhasti 213 228 390 1928 7.46 10.6
2 Chamera - II 142 267 300 1500 7 7.831
3 Dhauliganga 107 311 280 1134 6.5 5.4
4 Teesta - V 292 215 510 2573 9.5 17
5 Parbati - II 116 862 800 3108 6 31.4
(C) New Projects
1 Chamera - III 131 231 231 1104 6.5 16
2 Parbati - III 181 356 520 2074 7.5 7.83
3 Sewa - II 24.25 599 120 539 3.3 10.02
4 Subansari Lower 2579.2 91 2000 7421 9.5 8 Nos 1 km each
5 Uri - II 240 145 280 8.5 2.4
6 Pakal Dul 200 660 1000 7 14.78
7 Bursar 320 460 1020 10.5 4.753
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS
 IS 9761: 1995 – Hydropower Intakes – criteria for
hydraulic design
 IS 11388:1995 – Recommendations for design of
trash racks for intakes
 IS 4880 (PT 1):1987 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 1 General Design
 IS 4880 (PT 2):1976 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 2 Geometric Design
 IS 4880 (PT 3):1976 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 3 Hydraulic Design
 IS 4880 (PT 4):1971 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 4 Structural design of
concrete lining in rock
 IS 4880 (PT 5):1972 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 4 Structural design of
concrete lining in soft strata and soils
 IS 4880 (PT 6):1971 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 6 Tunnel support

54
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS
 IS 4880 (PT 7):1971 – Code of practice for design of tunnels
conveying water:Part 7 Structural design of
steel lining
 IS 5330:1984 – Criteria for Design of anchor blocks for
penstocks with expansion joints
 IS 5878 (PT 1):1971 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 1 Precision survey & setting out
 IS 5878 (PT 2/ – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
SEC 1):1970 water: Part 2 Underground excavation in rock section 1
Drilling & Blasting
 IS 5878 (PT 2/ – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
SEC 2):1971 water: Part 2 Underground excavation in rock section 2
Ventilating,Lighting,Mucking and Dewatering
 IS 5878 (PT 2/ – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
SEC 3):1971 water: Part 3 Tunneling method for steeply inclined
tunnels, shafts and underground power houses
 IS 5878 (PT 3):1972 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 3 Underground excavation in soft strata

55
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS
 IS 5878 (PT 4):1971 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 4 Tunnel supports
 IS 5878 (PT 5):1976 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 5 Concrete lining
 IS 5878 (PT 6):1975 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 6 Steel lining
 IS 5878 (PT 7):1972 – Code of practice for construction of tunnels conveying
water: Part 7 Grouting
 IS 7357:1974 – Code of practice for structural design of surge tanks
 IS 7396 (PT 1):1985 – Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks:Part 1
Simple,restricted orifice and differential surge tanks
 IS 7396 (PT 2):1985 – Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks:Part 2
Tailrace surge tanks
 IS 7396 (PT 3):1990 – Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks:Part 3
Special surge tanks
 IS 7396 (PT 4):1983 – Criteria for hydraulic design of surge tanks:Part 4
Multiple surge tanks
 IS 7563:1985 – Code of practice for structural design of cut and cover
concrete conduits

56
LIST OF INDIAN STANDARDS
 IS 7916:1992 – Code of practice for open power channels
 IS 11105:1984 – Code of practice for design aspect of of tunnel plugs
 IS 11625:1986 – Criteria for hydraulic design of Penstocks
 IS 11639 (PT 1):1986 – Criteria for structural design of Penstocks: Part 1
Surface Penstocks
 IS 11639 (PT 2):1995 – Criteria for structural design of Penstocks: Part 2
Buried/embedded Penstocks
 IS 11639 (PT 3):1996 – Criteria for structural design of Penstocks: Part 3
Specials for Penstocks
 IS 12633:1989 – Guidelines for first filling and emptying of pressure
tunnels
 IS 12967 (PT 1):1990 – Code of practice for analysis of hydraulic transients
in hydro-electric and pumping plants:Part 1 Criteria
for analysis

57
THANK YOU

58