BIO-MEDICAL

INSTRUMENTATION

(TIC 701)

PRERARED BY
ANUJ BHARDWAJ
Lect….(H.C.S.T.Mathura)
 BIO-MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-I

INTRODUCTION
 Bio-medical
 Diagnosis and therapy depend heavily
on the use of medical instrumentation.
 Medical procedures:
Medicine can be defined as a multistep
procedure on an individual by a
physician, group of physician, or an
institute, repeated until the symptoms
disappear
The Importance of Bio-medical
Instrumentation
 Medical procedure
 1) Collection of data - qualitative and/or
quantitative
 2) Analysis of data
 3) Decision making
 4) Treatment planning based on the
decision
Biomedical Instrumentation
System

 All biomedical instruments must interface

with biological materials. That interface can
by direct contact or by indirect contact
Questions
 What is the bio-medical science?
 What is Medical procedures ?
 Draw a block of Biomedical
Instrumentation System?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture - Bio-medical Instrumentation System
Unit  I Topic Instrumentation   Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Reference Books
 Basic Concepts of Medical
Instrumentation Medical
Instrumentation: Application and Design
Third Edition
John G. Webster, Editor

Cromwell- Biomedical
Instrumentation and
Measurements- PHI
Components Biomedical
Instrumentation System
 A sensor
Detect biochemical, bioelectrical, or
biophysical parameters
Provide a safe interface with biological
materials
Components Biomedical
Instrumentation System
 An actuator
Deliver external agents via direct or
indirect
contact
Control biochemical, bioelectrical, or
biophysical parameters
Provide a safe interface with biologic
materials
Components Biomedical
Instrumentation System
 The electronics interface
 Match electrical characteristics of the sensor/actuator
with computation unit
 Preserve signal to noise ratio of sensor
 Preserve efficiency of actuator
 Preserve bandwidth (i.e., time response) of
sensor/actuator
 Provide a safe interface with the sensor/actuator
 Provide a safe interface with the computation unit
 Provide secondary signal processing functions for the
system
Components Biomedical
Instrumentation System
 The computation unit
 provide primary user interface
 provide primary control for the overall
system
 provide data storage for the system
 provide primary signal processing
functions for the system
 maintain safe operation of the overall
system
Classifications of Biomedical
Instruments

 The sensed quantity

 The principle of transduction
 The organ system for measurement
 The clinical medicine specialities
Classifications of Biomedical
Instruments
 Based on the activities involved in the
medical care, medical instrumentation
may be divided into three categories:
 Diagnostic devices
 Therapeutic devices
 Monitoring devices
Reference Books
 Basic Concepts of Medical
Instrumentation Medical
Instrumentation: Application and Design
Third Edition
John G. Webster, Editor
 Medical instrumentation application and
design contributing
authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] .
Webster, John G
General Medical Instrumentation
System

 Sensors such as electrodes, pressure

transducer
 Instrumentation: amplifier, filter, signal
conditioning
 Microprocessor, telemetry, Internet interface
 Case study (student project)
Man-Instrumentation system
 Reference
 Medical instrumentation
application and design
contributing
authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.]
. Webster, John G
Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria
 Man-Instrumentation system
Components

 Measurand
 Sensor
 Signal conditioning
 Output display
 Auxiliary elements
Problems Encountered in
Measuring a Living System
 Many crucial variables in living systems are
inaccessible.
 Variables measured are seldom deterministic.
 Nearly all biomedical measurements depend
on the energy.
 Operation of instruments in the medical
environment imposes important additional
constraints.
Questions
 What is the General Medical Instrumentation
System?
 What is Man-Instrumentation system ?
 Draw a block of Man-Instrumentation
system?
 What are the Classifications of Biomedical
Instruments ?
 Explain Components Biomedical
Instrumentation System?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  I Topic  Man-Instrumentation system Sub-Topic  Problems Encountered

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml;jsessionid=
FSDQY0VWDWIEECQFCXPSCZQ?
q=&identifier=10000015&submit.x=36&submit.y=11

Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

Bioelectric potentials
 RESTING POTENTIAL
BASIC CONCEPT-
Cell membranes are typically permeable to only a subset of
ionic species like pottasium(K+),Chloride(Cl-) & effectively
blocks the entry of sodium(Na+) ions.
The various ions seeks a balance between inside & outside
the cell according to concentration & electric charge.
Two effects result from inability of Na+ ions to penetrate
membrane-
Concentration of Na+ ions inside cell is much lower than
outside. Hence,outside of cell becomes more positive
than inside.
In an attempt to to balance electric charge,additional K+
ions enters the cell,causing higher concentration of K+ ion
inside the cell.
Charge balance can never be reached.

Equilibrium is reached with a

potential difference across the
membrane ,negative on inside and
positive on outside called Resting
Potential.
Polarized Cell during RP
RESTING POTENTIAL IN NERVE CELL

A nerve cell has an electrical potential, or voltage, across

its cell membrane of approximately 70 millivolts (mV). This
means that this tiny cell produces a voltage roughly equal
to 1/20th that of a flashlight battery (1.5 volts).
The potential is produced by the actions of a cell
membrane pump, powered by the energy of ATP.
As shown in Figure, this membrane protein forces
sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, and pumps potassium
ions (K+) in. As a result of this active transport, the
cytoplasm of the neuron contains more K+ ions and fewer
Na+ ions than the surrounding medium. However, the
neuron cell membrane is much leakier to K+ than it is to
Na+. As a result, K+ ions leak out of the cell to produce a
negative charge on the inside of the membrane.
This charge difference is known as the Resting Potential
of the neuron. The neuron, of course, is not actually
"resting" because it must produce a constant supply of ATP
to fuel active transport.
 RESTING POTENTIAL PROPOGATION
OUTSIDE Na+ Cl-
K+

Electrostatic Force Force of Diffusion

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

open Closed 3Na/2K no open

channel channel pump channel channel

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -

Force of Diffusion Electrostatic Force

INSIDE K +
Na
+ Cl-

- 65 mV
Pr-
27
K = Potassium; Na = Sodium; Cl = Chloride; Pr = proteins
+ + - -
 ACTION POTENTIAL
BASIC CONCEPT-
When section of cell membrane is excited by
some form of externally applied energy ,membrane
characteristics changes & begins to allow some
sodium ions to enter.

This movement of Na+ ions constitutes an ionic

current that further reduces the barrier of the
membrane to Na+ ions.

Result-Avalanche effect ,Na+ ions rush into the

cell to balance with the ions outside .

At the same time K+ ions which were in higher

concentration inside the cell during resting state,try
to leave the cell but are unable to move as rapidly
as Na+ ions.

As a result the cell has slightly positive potential on

inside due to imbalance of K+ ions.
.
This potential is called as Action Potential .

Depolarized cell during AP

 WAVEFORM SHOWING
.
DEPOLARIZATION &REPOLARIZATION
IN ACTION POTENTIAL
The cell that displays an action
Potential is said to be
depolarized; the process of
changing from resting state to
action potential is called
Depolarization.

Once the rush of Na+ ions

through the cell membrane has
stopped .the membrane reverts
back to its original condition
wherein the passage of Na+ ions
from outside to inside is blocked
This process is called
Repolarization.
 ACTION POTENTIAL
PROPOGATION
It “travels” down the axon (Actually, it does not
move. Rather the potential change resulting from
Na+ influx disperses to the next voltage-gated
channel, triggering another action potential there).
 PROPOGATION OF POTENTIALS IN NERVE IMPULSE
The Moving Impulse An impulse begins when a
neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by the
environment. Once it begins, the impulse travels rapidly
down the axon away from the cell body and towards the
axon terminals.
As Figure shows, an impulse is a sudden reversal of
the membrane potential. What causes the reversal? The
neuron membrane contains thousands of protein channels
or gates, that allow ions to pass through. Generally, these
gates are closed. At the leading edge of an impulse,
however, sodium gates open, allowing positively charged
Na+ ions to flow inside. The inside of the membrane
temporarily becomes more positive than the outside,
reversing the resting potential. This reversal of charges is
called an Action Potential. As the action potential,
potassium gates open, allowing positively charged K+ ions
to flow out. This restores the Resting Potential so that the
neuron is once again negatively charged on the inside of
the cell membrane and positively charged on the outside.
A nerve impulse is self-propagating. That is, an
impulse at any point on the membrane causes an impulse
at the next point along the membrane. We might compare
the flow of an impulse to the fall of a row of dominoes. As
each domino falls, it causes its neighbor to fall. Then, as
the impulse passes, the dominoes set themselves up
again, ready for another Action Potential.
 Questions
• What is the Bioelectric potentials?
• What is ACTION POTENTIAL ?
• Draw a graph of DEPOLARIZATION &
REPOLARIZATION?
• What are the RESTING POTENTIAL ?
• Explain PROPOGATION OF POTENTIALS ?
 SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  I Topic   Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
Medical instrumentation application and design contributing
authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G

Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design Third Edition
John G. Webster, Editor

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT
Resting and action potentials

The resting potential is the result of an

unequal distribution of ions across the
membrane.

 The resting potential is sensitive to ions

in proportion to their ability to permeate
the membrane.
Resting potentials
 Forget the membrane and consider
what factors determine the movement
of ions in solution.

Aqueous diffusion

-and-

Electrophoretic movement
Resting potentials

0 mV
Resting potentials

0 mV
Resting potentials

-80 mV
Resting potentials

+ + +
+
+
-
- +
-

+
-

-80 mV -

-
Resting potentials
[K+] = 2.5
[Na+] = 125
[Cl-] = 130
+
A-
+ +
+
+
-
- +
-

+
[K+] = 135
-

-80 mV [Na+] = 7 -

[Cl-] = 11
A- -
Resting potentials

Resting membrane potential is

independent of external Na+
concentration
 Resting membrane potential
strongly depends upon the external
K+ concentration
Summary
 The membrane conducts ions very poorly and allows
the separation of ionic species. This results is a
potential difference between the outside and the
inside of the membrane.
 The magnitude of the resting potential is determined
by the selective permeability of the membrane to
ionic species.
 We can quantify the the magnitude of the resting
potential by considering both the diffusive and
electrophoretic properties.
 In order to understand the time dependence and
individual contributions of ionic species to the
membrane potential it is convenient to use an
electrical equivalent circuit.
 Reference

Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

 Resting Membrane Potential
outside Na +
K +
Cl -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Membrane
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

K
inside
+
A - Na+ Cl-
Membrane is polarized
 more negative particles in than out
 Bioelectric Potential
 like a battery
 Potential for ion movement
 current ~
 Bioelectric Potential
OUTSIDE

POS

INSIDE
NEG
Questions
 What is the Bioelectric potentials?
 What is Membrane is polarization?
 Draw a graph of Resting membrane
potential ?
 What are Resting Membrane Potential?
 Explain PROPOGATION OF POTENTIALS ?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  I Topic  Bioelectric potentials Sub-Topic  Resting and action potentials

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Biopotentials
 ECG
 EEG
 EMG
 ERG…
Frequencies of Biopotentials
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Recording System EEG
 EEG recording is
done using a
standard lead
system called 10-20
system
 Recall dipole
concept to identify
source of brain
activity
Electromyogram (EMG)
 Measures muscle activity
 Recordintramuscularly through needle
electrodes
 Record surface EMG using electrodes on
biceps,triceps…
 Use in muscular disorders,muscle based
prosthesis –prosthetic arm, leg
Electroretinogram
Electroretinogram (ERG)
 Biopotential of the eye (retina)
 Indicator of retinal diseases such as
retinal degenration, macular
degernation
 Invasive recording
Questions
 What is Electroretinogram
Electroretinogram ?
 What is EEG?
 Draw a graph of Resting membrane
potential ?
 What are the Frequencies of
Biopotentials?
 Explain EMG
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  I Topic  Biopotentials Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

• IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT.

• Medical instrumentation application and design contributing

authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G
KINDS OF ELECTRODES
ELECTRODES
 Reference

Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation

Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design Third Edition
John G. Webster, Editor

Biomedical Instrumentation & Design

Matt O’Donnell
Figure A disposable surface electrode. A typical surface electrode used for ECG
recording is made of Ag/AgCl. The electrodes are attached to the patients’ skin
and can be easily removed.
 SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL

sensor

Actuators

Displays

May include
POWER/PRESSURE
– sensors (for measurement)
– actuators (for doing work)
– displays
Transducer Systems

Control
Sensors Interface and
Actuators Circuits Processing
Circuits

Power I/O Channel

Supply /USER
 Classification of Transducers

Transducers

On The Basis of Transducers/

Active/Passive Primary/Secondary Analogue/Digital Inverse Transducers
principle Used

Capacitive
Transducers may be classified
Inductive according to their application, method of
energy conversion, nature of the output
signal, and so on.
Resistive
Questions
 What is bio-potential ELECTRODES?
 What Transducer Systems?
 What are the KINDS OF ELECTRODES?
 Explain Classification of Transducers
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -  SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL
Unit  I Topic  Transducer Systems Sub-Topic

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
Webster,j.g. –Bio- Instrumentation ,Wiley (2004)

E.M.M.I by…. A.K.Sahani

SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OF
SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
 Appliances for diagnosis: measuring or
mapping a parameter at a given time
 Monitoring devices for measuring
parameters within a given period
 Built-in controlling units containing not
only sensors but also actuators
PASSIVE TRANSDUCERS
ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS
Reference
E.M.M.I by…. A.K.Sahani
Selecting a Transducer
 What is the physical quantity to be measured?
 Which transducer principle can best be used to measure this
quantity?
 What accuracy is required for this measurement?
 Fundamental transducer parameters
 Physical conditions
 Environmental conditions
 Compatibility of the associated equipment
 Reducing the total measurement error :
 Using in-place system calibration with corrections performed in the
data reduction
 Artificially controlling the environment to minimize possible errors
 Measuring Core Temperature

Because skin temperature cannot directly be correlated with interior

body temperature, body (core) temperature measurement is
traditionally performed inside a body cavity

An old and traditional device used for body temperature

measurement is the mercury thermometer that does not contain
sensors Its drawbacks are slow operation and difficult reading and
registration of the result
 Electronic thermometers

They generally contain diodes as temperature-sensing elements

with a special package design that can assure small therm
alcapacity and good thermal conductivity to the environment. They
have relatively short response times and good visible display units

Structure of a disposable oral thermometer.

Questions
 What is ACTIVE TRANSDUCERS?
 What is Electronic thermometers?
 What is passive TRANSDUCERS?
 What are the APPLICATIONS of
SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL?
 Explain the process of Measuring
Core Temperature
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -  SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL
Unit  I Topic APPLICATIONS Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT

nptel.iitm.ac.in

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering
Radiation Ear Thermometer

This version is based on a pyroelectric sensor. Thermal radiation flux from the
auditory canal is channeled by the optical waveguide toward the pyroelectric
sensor. When pressing the start button, the shutter opens momentarily,
exposing the sensor to thermal radiation and replacing the radiation coming
from the shutter itself. An ambient temperature sensor element is behind the
shutter. The radiation reaches the sensor where it is converted into electric
current impulse due to the pyroelectric effect
 Skin Blood-Flow Sensor

Skin blood flow (SBF) or skin perfusion is a complex phenomenon that occurs
in capillaries. In perfused tissue, thermal conductivity depends not only
on the thermal conductivity of the tissue materials, but also on the heat
convection transferred by the blood flow in capillaries. Thus, thermal
conductivity of the skin can vary within a wide range; its minimum value, 2.5
mW/cm°C

A Thermal Conductivity
Sensor for the Measurement
of Skin Blood Flow
 Sensors for Pressure Pulses
and Movement

Pulse sensing is a convenient and efficient way of acquiring important

physiological information concerning the cardiovascular system. Finger
pulse pickups can be employed in systems that measure blood pressure,
heart rate, and blood flow

The pulse-wave signal is sent through the buffer to the

signal-processing electronics. The PVDF film is in direct contact with the
finger therefore, its metallized surfaces have to be shielded on both
sides with thin metallized protecting polymer films and sealed with highly
insulating silicone rubber to avoid damage to the surface electrodes
SENSORS IN ULTRASOUND
IMAGING

The first and simplest ultrasound imaging systems applied the A-

mode (amplitude modulation) imaging illustrated in Figure
 ULTRASOUND IMAGING
In B-mode (brightness modulation) imaging, all echo impulses are represented
by a pixel on the display, and the brightness corresponds to the amplitude of the
echo. To get a two-dimensional cross-sectional image, an appropriate scanning
of the desired cross section is necessary

Scanning methods in
B-mode ultrasound
imaging: (a)
sequential linear array
scanner, (b)
mechanical sector
scanner, and (c)
phased array sector
scanne
The Doppler blood-flow
measurement

Doppler blood flow detectors operate by means of continuous

sinusoidal excitation. The frequency difference calibrated for flow
velocity can be displayed or transformed by a loudspeaker into an
audio output.
 X-ray imaging system

In optically coupled CCD X-ray imaging system, X rays are

impinged into a fluorescent screen and the image produced is
then transferred onto the surface of an individual CCD by optical
lenses
 optical coherence
tomography

The technique of optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides a

micronscale resolution cross-sectional image from the overall eyeball,
not only from the retina. OCT is similar to B-scan ultrasonic imaging

Schematic
diagram of
optical
coherence
tomography
instrumentation
Questions
 What is The Doppler blood-flow
measurement?
 What is ULTRASOUND IMAGING??
 What are the APPLICATIONS of
SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL?
 Explain the use of Sensors for
Pressure Pulses
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -  SENSOR IN BIOMEDICAL
Unit  I Topic APPLICATIONS Sub-Topic  SENSOR APPLICATIONS

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Reference

SENSORS in BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
Edited by
GÁBOR HARSÁNYI(CRC PRESS

nptel.iitm.ac.in
Anatomy and Physiology
of the body
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Location of Heart Valves
THE DOUBLE PUMP
 D e o x y g e n a te d O x y g e n a te d
b lo o d b lo o d
U pper body

Lung
R ig h t L e ft
a tr iu m a t r iu m

R ig h t L e ft
v e n t r ic le v e n t r ic le

Lower body

Figure The simplified circulatory system. The blood is delivered from the right ventricle
to the lung. The oxygenated blood from the lung is then returned to the left atrium before
being sent throughout the body from the left ventricle. Deoxygenated blood from the body
flows back to the right atrium and the cycle repeats.
CONDUCTION SYSTEM
OF THE HEART

Heart contracts as a unit

Atrial and ventricular

syncytia help conduct
electrical signals
through the heart

Sinoatrial (S-A) node is

continuous with atrial
syncytium

S-A node cells can initiate

impulses on their
own; activity is
rhythmic
CARDIOVASCULAR
CIRCULATION
 The cardiac cycle is
regulated by the
cardiac
center in the medulla
oblongata which
regulates sympathetic
and parasympathetic
input
Questions
 What is CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM?
 Give the detail study of Anatomy and
Physiology of the body?
 Explain the CARDIOVASCULAR CIRCULATION?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -  Anatomy and Physiology of the
Unit  I Topic body Sub-Topic  CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Reference
Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

www.hartnell.edu/faculty/awright/powerpoint/cardiovascular%20system.ppt -

Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical engineering

second edition,Volume1
Edited by
gary e. Wnek, gary l. BoWlin

www.knowitall.org/educatorplus/files/vsi/resources/ The%20Cardiovascular
%20System.ppt -
Functions of the Heart
 Generating blood pressure
 Routing blood
 Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
 Ensuring one-way blood flow
 Heart valves ensure one-way flow
 Regulating blood supply
 Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs
Size, Shape, Location
of the Heart
 Size of a closed fist
 Shape
 Apex: Blunt rounded
point of cone
 Base: Flat part at
opposite of end of cone
 Located in thoracic
cavity in mediastinum
Blood Flow Through Heart
Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation
Cardiac Cycle

 Heart is two pumps that work together,

right and left half
 Repetitive contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
 Blood moves through circulatory system
from areas of higher to lower pressure.
 Contraction of heart produces the pressure
Cardiac Cycle
*Parasympathetic: from medulla oblongata
(vagus nerve)
*Nerve branches to S-A and A-V nodes, and
secretes acetylcholine (slows rate)
*Parasympathetic activity can increase (slow
heart rate) or decrease (increase heart
rate)
*Sympathetic nervous system through celiac
plexus to heart secretes norepinephrine
increases force of contractions
*Cardiac control center in medulla oblongata
maintains balance between the two
*Normally both sympathetic and
parasympathetic
function at a steady background level
Questions
 What is Pulmonary Circulation?
 How the Blood Flow Through Heart?
 What are the Functions of the Heart?
 Explain the Cardiac Cycle?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  I Topic  Functions of the Heart Sub-Topic  Cardiac Cycle

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

www.hartnell.edu/faculty/awright/powerpoint/cardiovascular%20system.ppt -

Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical engineering

second edition,Volume1
Edited by
gary e. Wnek, gary l. BoWlin

www.knowitall.org/educatorplus/files/vsi/resources/ The
%20Cardiovascular%20System.ppt -
 BIO-MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-2
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Dipole Model
 Dipole represents electric activity of the heart
Changes in the dipole magnitude and
orientation cause detectable changes in the
electric field
Vector Algebra
ECG: ECG: Einthoven’s Triangle

Leads I, II, III

ECG: Electrode Placement

Augmented
leads:
aVR, aVL, aVF
Right, left, foot
With respect to
central terminal
ECG Wave
 Components of ECG Wave

Ventricular Repolarization and the T Wave

The T wave is a manifestation of ventricular repolarization.
In most leads, the T wave is an upward
deflection in the range of 0 to 0.8mV with a duration
of 0.1 to 0.25 seconds.[6]

Atrial Repolarization
The atrial repolarization wave is normally not seen in
the ECG because it coincides with and is obscured by
the electrically dominant QRS complex.
 Components of ECG Wave

The U Wave
The U wave is a rare occurrence in some ECGs immediately
after the T wave, with a similar shape and
size but an amplitude that is 5 to 20% of the T wave.
It is believed to be caused by the repolarization of the
papillary muscles.[4]

The S-T Segment

This is a flat segment from the end of the QRS complex
to the beginning of the T wave
 ECG AMPLIFIER

a difference amplifier (also called a differential amplifier) must be

used.Because the difference amplifier amplifies the difference
between two input quantities, the electrode potentials, if equal in
magnitude and phase, will cancel each other out. In reality,
however, small differences in the surface characteristics—such as
motion artifact—will cause wild swings of the amplified signal.

Another important advantage of the difference

amplifier is the rejection of common mode inputs
such as 60 and 120 Hz noise from the surrounding
environment.
Difference Amplifier
 ECG AMPLIFIER

Partial Parts List

Special components

INA114 Instrumentation amplifier

ISO122 Isolation amplifier
AEE00-12Vin DC/DC converter

Commercial instrumentation amplifiers with common

mode rejection ratios (CMRR) of W100 db are readily
available and provide a good rejection of 60 and
120 Hz noise.
 Circuit diagram for a practical ECG
amplifier

Ref..
Biomedical Instrumentation & Design
Matt O’Donnell
Questions
 What is Einthoven’s Triangle?
 What is Difference Amplifier and how it
is used in BMI?
 What are the Components of ECG
Wave?
 Explain the Circuit diagram for a
practical ECG amplifier?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -  ECG AMPLIFIER, ECG Wave, Electrode
Unit  II Topic  Electrocardiogram (ECG) Sub-Topic Placement

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Biomedical Instrumentation & Design

Matt O’Donnell

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT
 ECG Paper

The conventional recording devices plot the ECG onto

a special paper strip that has major gridlines (5 mm)
and minor gridlines (1 mm). In the horizontal axis
(time), each 1mm represents 0.04 sec and each 5mm
(major grid) represents 0.2 sec. On the vertical axis
(volts), each major gridline represents 0.5 mV.
Three Augmented Limb Leads
ECG
Questions
 What kind of ECG Paper used in BMI?
 What are Three Augmented Limb
Leads?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  II Topic  ECG Sub-Topic ECG CONNECTION
 

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Biomedical Instrumentation & Design

Matt O’Donnell

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND

MEASUREMENT
Pacemaker

 When are pacemakers used?

Pacemakers may be prescribed for

a number of conditions, including:

Bradycardia – a condition in which the heart beats too slowly,

causing symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness or fainting spells.
Bradycardia may be caused by the wear and tear of age or by
conditions such as sick sinus syndrome (SSS) or heart block.
Conditions of Pacemaker

Atrial fibrillation – a common heart rhythm disorder in which the

upper chambers of the heart beat rapidly and chaotically.
Sometimes people with atrial fibrillation can also have slow rhythms.
Medicines used to control atrial fibrillation may result in slow
rhythms which are treated by pacemakers.

Heart failure – a condition in which the heartbeat is not sufficient

to supply a normal volume of blood and oxygen to the brain and
other parts of the body. A special pacemaker can be carefully
programmed to increase the force of muscle contractions in the
heart. This is called “biventricular pacing” or “resynchronization”
therapy.
 Conditions of Pacemaker

Syncope – a condition best known as the common faint, is usually not

serious. Some patients faint when their heart rhythm becomes very slow.
For a small percentage of people who experience severe and frequent
fainting spells, a pacemaker may prevent the heart rate from slowing to
the point of fainting.
 A practical pacemaker

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

  A practical pacemaker (Medtronic inc., 2001)

  A simplified version of a pacemaker stimulating a load. In this case, the load is simply a
cell membrane

Sensing unit
Lead

Power source

Control
unit
Pulse generator

The pacemaker senses from the heart and applies pulses to the heart
Block diagram of an asynchronous
cardiac pacemaker
A demand-type synchronous pacemaker
Electrodes serve as a means of both applying the
stimulus pulse and detecting the electric signal from
spontaneously occurring ventricular contractions
that are used to inhibit the pacemaker's timing
circuit.
Questions
 What is pacemaker?
 Draw Block diagram of an asynchronous
cardiac pacemaker?
 What are the Conditions of Pacemaker?
 Explain the block diagram for a practical
pacemaker?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit   II Topic  Pacemaker Sub-Topic Block diagram
 

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference
J. G. Webster (ed.), Design of cardiac pacemakers, IEEE Press, 1995

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

 Defibrillation
Defibrillation Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening
cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the
affected heart with a device called a defibrillator. This depolarizes a critical
mass of the heart muscle, terminates the arrhythmia, and allows normal sinus
rhythm to be reestablished by the body's natural pacemaker, in the sinoatrial
node of the heart.
(a) Basic circuit diagram for a capacitive–discharge type
of cardiac defibrillator. (b) A typical waveform of the
discharge pulse. The actual waveshape is strongly
dependent on the values of L, C, and the torso resistance
RL .
Electrodes used in cardiac defibrillation (a) A
spoon-shaped internal electrode that is applied directly
to the heart. (b) A paddle-type electrode that is applied
against the anterior chest wall.
A cardioverter The defibrillation pulse in this case must
be synchronized with the R wave of the ECG so that it is
applied to a patient shortly after the occurrence of the R
wave.
reference
J. G. Webster (ed.), Design of cardiac pacemakers, IEEE Press, 1995.
 Reference
Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

J. G. Webster (ed.), Design of cardiac pacemakers, IEEE Press, 1995

 AC Defibrillator
These early defibrillators used the alternating current from a power socket,
transformed from the 110-240 volts available in the line, up to between
300 and 1000 volts, to the exposed heart by way of 'paddle' type
electrodes. The technique was often ineffective in reverting VF while
morphological studies showed damage to the cells of the heart muscle
post mortem. The nature of the AC machine with a large transformer also
made these units very hard to transport, and they tended to be large units
on wheels.
 Direct Current Defibrillator
In 1959 Bernard Lown commenced research into an alternative technique
which involved charging of a bank of capacitors to approximately 1000 volts
with an energy content of 100-200 joules then delivering the charge through an
inductance such as to produce a heavily damped sinusoidal wave of finite
duration (~5 milliseconds) to the heart by way of 'paddle' electrodes. The work
of Lown was taken to clinical application by engineer Barouh Berkovits with his
"cardioverter".
 

Questions for Pacemakers & Defibrillators.

 

1 State the arrhythmias that require a pacemaker and how to diagnose

  them.

2 Identify the type of pacemaker used for each arrhythmia.

3 Create block diagrams for asynchronous, synchronous, demand, and rate-

adaptive pacemakers.

4 Distinguish types of pacemaker electrodes and leads.

5 Distinguish between defibrillation, cardioversion and tiered therapy.

6 Create block diagrams for defibrillator

7 Given current, duration and resistance, calculate defibrillator energy

delivered.
Questions
 What is Defibrillator?
 What do you understand by the condition
fibrillation?
 What are the Electrodes used in cardiac
defibrillation ?
 Explain the block diagram for a
Defibrillation?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit   II Topic  Defibrillation Sub-Topic  Block diagram,WORKING

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?    √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?    √  

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Blood pressure
measurement
Some definitions
The measure of the force of blood
against the arterial walls

 Expressed in a improper fraction

 Numerator equals systolic or
first sound you will hear.
 Denominator is the diastolic or
change or last sound you hear.
 Systolic is when the ventricles
contract or the greatest
pressure.
 Diastolic is when the ventricles
relax or lowest pressure
Blood pressure
Blood pressure depends on the

 Volume of blood.
 Force of the heartbeat
 Arteries that have lost their elasticity, give more resistance.
 Distance from the heart.
 Would blood pressure in the legs be lower or higher?
Blood pressure
Blood Pressure is elevated by:

 • Sex and age of patient

 • Exercise, eating, emotions
 • Stimulants
 • Obesity, age
 • Arteriosclerosis
 • Elevated cholesterol
 • Diabetes
 • Heredity factors
 • Pain
 • Some drugs
Blood pressure
Blood Pressure is Lowered
by

 • Fasting
 • Rest
 • Depressants
 • Weight loss
 • Emotions (grief)
 • Loss of blood or shock
Blood pressure Measuring
Equipment
Equipment
 • Sphygmomanometer- the
blood pressure measuring
apparatus.
 • Use the proper width cuff
 • Width should be approx. 80%
of arm
 • Stethoscope- magnifies
sounds, consists of bell and
diaphragm.
 • Use the bell (smaller portion)
for taking a blood pressure.
Measuring the blood pressure

 • Readings taken anywhere else

requires Dr’s order.
 • Cuff applied smoothly over
brachial artery (1 inch above the
antecubital area)
 • Place bell over brachial artery.
 • Where is the brachial artery?
 • Inflate the rubber bladder in the
cuff to stop the flow of blood.
 • Release pressure slowly and listen
for sounds of heart valves closing.
 Pressure/mmHg

Figure The sphygmomanometer detects arterial opening and closing that occurs
between systolic and diastolic pressures.
Some more info.

 • Pulse pressure- the difference

between systolic and diastolic
pressure.Approx. 40 millimeters of
mercury.
 • Systolic normal range 90-140mm
 • Diastolic normal range 60-90mm
Questions
 How we can Measure the blood
pressure?

What are the factor that effect the Blood
pressure?
 What are the Blood pressure Measuring
Equipment?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  II Topic  Blood pressure measurement Sub-Topic  Measuring the blood pressure

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

 Heart sound measurement.

Figure In the top figure, the electrocardiogram (ECG) initiates the cardiac cycle. The
cardiac sounds are also shown. The bottom figure shows that ejection occurs when the
pressure in the left ventricle exceeds that in the arteries.
 Heart sound
Sound Origin
1st sound Closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
2nd sound Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
3rd sound Rapid ventricular filling in early diastole
4th sound Ventricular filling due to atrial contraction

Table The heart sounds. The 1st and 2nd heart sounds are most prominent.
Figure A stethoscope with bell and diaphragm modes. (Adapted from Mohrin, C. M., 1995.
Stethoscope. US Patent, 5,389,747. )
Questions
 What is stethoscope ?
 What is the Heart sound
measurement?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  II Topic  Heart sound measurement Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Patient Care & Monitoring
patient monitoring equipment
patient monitoring equipment
 Questions
 What are patient monitoring equipment ?
 Explain the patient monitoring equipment?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit   II Topic  Patient Care & Monitoring Sub-Topic  patient monitoring equipment

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

Medical instrumentation application and design contributing

authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G

www.ieee.or.com/Archive/Welch_Allyn.pdf
Sensor Architecture

Physical sensors are devices that detect and convert

natural physical quantities into analog signals (voltages
and currents).Electrophysiological signals, such as ECG,
EEG, EMG, are sensed directly through contact or
contactless electrodes attached to certain parts of the
human body. Parameters of physical quantities such as
blood pressure, blood glucose level, and body motion
are converted into electrical signals using corresponding
transducer
Computing

They are responsible for coordinating sampling

activities; preprocessing sampled data performing
storage requirements
Monitoring Equipment
Questions
 What do you understand by Monitoring
Equipment?
 Explain the Sensor Architecture?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  II Topic Monitoring Equipment   Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

Medical instrumentation application and design contributing

authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G

www.ieee.or.com/Archive/Welch_Allyn.pdf
 BIO-MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-3
Respiratory System
 Main structures
 Nose and nasal cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs
Conducting Zone
 Nose to bronchioles
 Conduct air
 Warm
 Moisten
 Cleanse
The Pathway

Air enters the nostrils

• passes through the
nasopharynx,
• the oral pharynx
• through the glottis
• into the trachea
• into the right and left
bronchi, which
branches and
rebranches into
• bronchioles, each of
which terminates in a
cluster of
• alveoli
Respiratory zone
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts

 Alveolar sacs

 Respiration

(=exchange of gases)
 Pharynx
 Skeletal muscle
tube
 Respiratory &
digestive systems
Larynx
 C4-C6 vertebral levels
 Attached to hyoid
 Functions
 Speech
 Air pathway
 Swallowing
 Vocal cords
 Vocal folds/cords = vocal ligaments covered
by mucosa
 Trachea
 Larynx to bronchi (C6-T7)
 Air passageway
 Bronchial tree
 1 bronchi
 2 bronchi
 3 bronchi
 ~23 branches
 Bronchioles

 <1 mm diameter
 Terminal bronchioles
 <0.5 mm diameter
 Respiratory bronchioles
 Scattered alveoli
 Alveolar ducts
 Continuous alveoli
 Atrium
 Leads to alveolar sacs
 There are some 300 million alveoli in two
adult lungs. These provide a surface area
of some 160 m2 (almost equal to the
singles area of a tennis court and 80
times the area of our skin!).
 Alveolar wall

 Respiratory membrane
 Note the thinness of the
epithelial cells (EP) that
line the alveoli and
capillary (except where
the nucleus is located). At
the closest point, the
surface of the red blood
cell is only 0.7 µm away
from the air in the
alveolus.
 Composition of atmospheric air and expired air in a typical subject.
Note that only a fraction of the oxygen inhaled is taken up by the
lungs

Atmospheric Air
Component Expired Air (%)
(%)
N2 (plus inert gases) 78.62 74.9
O2 20.85 15.3
CO2 0.03 3.6
H2O 0.5 6.2
  100.0% 100.0%
 Blood supply to the lungs

 Pulmonary arteries
 Deoxygenated blood
from R ventricle
 Pulmonary veins
 Oxygenated blood
to L atrium R L
Questions
 What is Respiratory System?
 What are components Respiratory
zone?
 Explain the anatomy of the lungs?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic anatomy of the lungs   Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Reference

Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI

Medical instrumentation application and design contributing

authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G
Measurement of breathing
Measurement of breathing
Expiration
PRESSURE CYCLE
lung volumes and capacities
lung volumes and capacities
lung volumes and capacities
Dynamic Lung Volumes
Dynamic Lung Volumes
Lung volumes & capacities
depend on
 • Age
 • Body size (height & weight)
 • Gender
 • Pulmonary health
 • Altitude
 • Irritants
Questions
 How we can Measure Lung volumes?

What are lung volumes and capacities?
 Explain the terms
 TV
 IRV
 ERV
 VC
 IC
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic Lung volumes & capacities Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Spirometer

 Apparatus used to measure static & dynamic lung

volumes/capacities using a closed system
 • Registers the amount and rate of air moved into or

out of the lungs

2 main types;
 1. Volume: records the amount of air exhaled or

inhaled within a certain time*

 2. Flow: measures how fast the air flows in or out as

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled increases

Volume Spirometers

 Real time tracings record volume in relation

to time
Spirometers
Advantages – Volume
Spirometers

 • Some are portable versions

 • Leak tests and calibrations are easy to
perform
 • Many can produce flow/volume curves and
loops with the addition of special electronic or
digital circuitry.
 • Volume spirometers hold their calibration
months to years better than flow spirometers
Disadvantages – Volume
Spirometer
 Not practical by hand to determine peak
expiratory flow or instantaneous
volumes,
 • Coughs and submaximal efforts are
not as obvious
 • Some are heavy, cumbersome and
may be prone to fostering mold or
bacterial growth if not cleaned properly
 Questions
 How we can Measure the measure static &
dynamic lung volumes/capacities?

What is Volume Spirometer?
 What are the Advantages – Volume
Spirometers?
 What is Spirometers
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic  SPIRPMERERY Sub-Topic  SPIROMETER

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
 Inhalators
Purpose of inhalers

Delivery of fast-acting medication for conditions such as asthma and COPD

• Rescue medications generally work within 5 to 15 minutes

Local actions of medication

• Problem is in the airways

• Reduce systemic side effects

Patients are rarely prescribed a single

inhaler to manage their respiratory disease(s)

“Next to pills, the inhaler is the most

common medication form in the
world.”
 Inhalators
Metered dose inhaler (MDI)
– Pressurized, hand-held device
– Uses propellants (CFC, HFA) to deliver dose of medication to the
lungs

• Dry powder inhaler (DPI)

– Breath-activated, hand-held device
– Uses force of inhalation to deliver dose of medication to the
lungs
 Using Inhalators

SHAKE UNCAP INHALE

Reference
http://pharmacy.wingate.edu/phideltachi/PDF_Forms/R
espiratory%20Inhalers%20color%20handout.pdf
Questions
 How we can use Inhalators?

What are the Inhalators?
 What are Purpose of inhalers?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic  INHALATOR Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry √    

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Types of Ventilator
 Positive Pressure Ventilators
 Gas blown into lungs
 All Current Itu and Theatre Ventilators
 Unphysiological but practical
 Negative Pressure Ventilators
 “Iron Lung”
 Cuirass (breastplate) ventilators
 Physiological but impractical
History
 Need arose from polio epidemics in
1950s and changes in anaesthetic
techniques (muscle relaxants)
 Originally engineering challenge
 Inflexible
 Classification
 Most classifications obsolete but need to be known
 Based on cycling
 Pressure cycling – cycles when pressure attained in system
 Compensates for leaks
 Vt changes with changes in compliance
 Volume cycling – cycles when preset volume delivered
 Doesn’t compensate for leaks
 Will generally deliver preset volume (unless limit reached)
 Time cycling – cycles after given time
 Unresponsive to leaks or compliance changes
 or Inspiratory flow patterns
 Flow generation
 High powered ventilator can deliver constant flow through inspiration – flow
rate unaffected by patient characteristics
 Pressure generation
Low powered ventilator delivering decreasing flow through inspiration -
Anaesthetic Ventilators
 Need to be capable of being attached to
anaesthetic machine and scavenging
 Less sophisticated / flexible than itu
ventilators
 Nowadays , generally must be usable
with circle
Manley Ventilator

 Minute Volume divider

 Vt set by operator. Rate=FGF/Vt
 Driving Force = Fresh Gas Pressure
Questions
 What is Ventilator?
 What are Classification of Ventilator?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic  VENTILATOR Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry   √   

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Questions
 What is respirator?
 What are Classification of respirator?
 When we use respirator?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  III Topic  RESPIRATOR Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry √    

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Reference
 Reference Books…
 1. Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI
 2. Webster,j.g. –Bio- Instrumentation ,Wiley (2004)
 3. Ananthi,S. –A Text Book of Medical Instruments-2005-New Age International
 4. carr&Brown –Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology – Pearson
 5. Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

 Reference web address..

 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND
 MEASUREMENT
 http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml;jsessionid=FSDQY0VWDWIEECQFCXPSCZQ?
q=&identifier=10000015&submit.x=36&submit.y=11
 Provided by the IEEE-EMBS Buenaventura Chapter
 J. G. Webster (ed.), Design of cardiac pacemakers, IEEE Press, 1995.
 www.hartnell.edu/faculty/awright/powerpoint/cardiovascular%20system.ppt -
 www.ieee.or.com/Archive/Welch_Allyn.pdf

 Reference e-books.
 1-Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical engineering
 second edition,Volume1
 Edited by
 gary e. Wnek, gary l. BoWlin
 2-BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 EDITED BY
 DAVID DAGAN FENG
 3-SENSORS in BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
 Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
 Edited by
 GÁBOR HARSÁNYI(CRC PRESS)
 4- Medical instrumentation application and design contributing
 authors, John W. Clark, Jr... [et al.] . Webster, John G
 5-Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation
 Medical Instrumentation: Application and Design Third Edition
 John G. Webster, Editor
 6- Biomedical Instrumentation & Design
 Matt O’Donnell
 BIO-MEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT-4
The Nervous System

 A network of billions of nerve cells linked

together in a highly organized fashion to
form the rapid control center of the body.
 Functions include:
 Integrating center for homeostasis,
movement, and almost all other body
functions.
 The mysterious source of those traits that we
think of as setting humans apart from animals
Basic Functions of the Nervous System

1. Sensation
 Monitors changes/events occurring in and outside the
body. Such changes are known as stimuli and the cells
that monitor them are receptors.
2. Integration
 The parallel processing and interpretation of sensory
information to determine the appropriate response
3. Reaction
 Motor output.
 The activation of muscles or glands (typically via the
release of neurotransmitters (NTs))
Organization of the
Nervous System

 2 big initial divisions:

1. Central Nervous System
 The brain + the spinal cord
 The center of integration and
control
2. Peripheral Nervous System
 The nervous system outside of
the brain and spinal cord
 Consists of:
 31 Spinal nerves
 Carry info to and from the
spinal cord
 12 Cranial nerves
 Carry info to and from the
brain
 Central Nervous System
(CNS)

 Brain

 Spinal Cord
Questions
 What is Basic Functions of the Nervous
System ?
 What is Central Nervous System
(CNS)?
 Explain the parts of Nervous System?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic EI/2009/VII 
Dept/ Year / Semester Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit IV Topic   The Nervous System Sub-Topic Central Nervous System  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
 Cranial Nerves – emerge through cranial
foramina of the skull
 Spinal Nerves – emerge through
intervertebral foramina
 Ganglia – groups of nerve cell bodies
outside of the brain and spinal chord
 Autonomic Nervous System – innervates
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Nucleus

Cell body

Dendrite

Axon

Schwann cell

Synaptic knobs

Node of Ranvier
Classification of Nerve Cells
(Neurons)
 By # of Processes:
 A. Unipolar – one process
 B. Bipolar – one dendrite and one

axon
 C. Multipolar – branching to

create more
than one of each
99% are
Multipolar
By Function:

A. Sensory (afferent)

B. Motor (efferent)
C. Interneurons–
interposed between
sensory and motor
neurons
Myelinization
 Myelin Sheath – The
specialized glial cells that wrap
around the axon of neurons.
 Within the CNS 

Oligodendrocytes

 Within the PNS  Schwann

Cells
Questions
 What is Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)?
 What are Classification of Nerve Cells ?
 Explain the construction of neuron with
diagram?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit IV Topic   Nervous System Sub-Topic  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Neuronal Communication

 Begins with the stimulation of a neuron.

 One neuron may be stimulated by another, by a receptor
cell, or even by some physical event such as pressure.
 Once stimulated, a neuron will communicate
information about the causative event.
 Such neurons are sensory neurons and they provide info
about both the internal and external environments.
 Sensory neurons (a.k.a. afferent neurons) will send info to
neurons in the brain and spinal cord. There, association
neurons (a.k.a. interneurons) will integrate the information
and then perhaps send commands to motor neurons
(efferent neurons) which synapse with muscles or glands.
Communication

 Thus, neurons need to be able to

conduct information in 2 ways:
1. From one end of a neuron to the other
end.
2. Across the minute space separating one
neuron from another. (What is this
called?)
 The 1st is accomplished electrically via APs.
 The 2nd is accomplished chemically via
neurotransmitters.
Continuous Conduction
 Occurs in unmyelinated axons.
 In this situation, the wave of de- and repolarization
simply travels from one patch of membrane to the next
adjacent
patch.
 APs moved
in this fashion
along the
sarcolemma
of a muscle
fiber as well.
 Analogous to
dominoes
falling.
Saltatory Conduction
 Occurs in myelinated axons.
 Saltare is a Latin word meaning “to leap.”
 Recall that the myelin sheath is not completed. There exist
myelin free regions along the axon, the nodes of Ranvier.
 Now we know how signals get from one end of an axon to the
other, but how exactly do APs send information?
 Info can’t be encoded in AP size, since they’re “all or none.”

In the diagram on
the right, notice
the effect that the
size of the
graded potential
has on the
frequency of AP’s
and on the
quantity of NT
released. The
weak stimulus
resulted in a
small amt of NT
release
compared to the
strong stimulus.
Chemical Signals
 One neuron will transmit info to another neuron or to a
muscle or gland cell by releasing chemicals called
neurotransmitters.
 The site of this chemical interplay is known as the synapse.
 An axon terminal (synaptic knob) will abut another cell, a neuron,
muscle fiber, or gland cell.
 This is the site of transduction – the conversion of an electrical
signal into a chemical signal.
Synaptic
Transmission
 An AP reaches the
axon terminal of the
presynaptic cell and
causes V-gated Ca2+
channels to open.
 Ca2+ rushes in, binds to
regulatory proteins &
initiates NT exocytosis.
 NTs diffuse across the
synaptic cleft and then
bind to receptors on
the postsynaptic
membrane and initiate
some sort of response
on the postsynaptic
cell.
EPSPs & IPSPs
 Typically, a single synaptic
interaction will not create a
graded depolarization
strong enough to migrate
to the axon hillock and
induce the firing of an AP.
 However, a graded depolarization will bring the neuronal VM
closer to threshold. Thus, it’s often referred to as an excitatory
postsynaptic potential or EPSP.
 Graded hyperpolarizations
bring the neuronal VM farther
away from threshold and
thus are referred to as
inhibitory postsynaptic
potentials or IPSPs.
Summation
 One EPSP is usually
not strong enough
to cause an AP.
 However, EPSPs may
be summed.
 Temporal summation
 The same presynaptic
neuron stimulates the
postsynaptic neuron
multiple times in a brief period. The
depolarization resulting from the combination of all the
EPSPs may be able to cause an AP.
 Spatial summation
 Multiple neurons all stimulate a postsynaptic neuron resulting
in a combination of EPSPs which may yield an AP
 Communication btwn
neurons is not typically a
one-to-one event.
 Sometimes a single neuron
branches and its collaterals
synapse on multiple target
neurons. This is known as
divergence.
 A single postsynaptic neuron
may have synapses with as
many as 10,000 postsynaptic
neurons. This is
convergence.
 Can you think of an
advantage to having
convergent and divergent
circuits?
Questions
 Explain the Neuronal
Communication?
 What is EPSPs & IPSPs?
 What is synapse?
SHARDA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Digital Course Content
Check list by Topic
Dept/ Year / Semester EI/2009/VII  Content Creator  ANUJ BHARDWAJ

Subject Code TIC-701  Subject Coordinator  

Subject Description BIO-MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION   Reviewer  

Content Format Digital (Slides in PPT)

Lecture -
Unit  IV Topic Neuronal Communication Sub-Topic Synaptic Transmission  

Fill Up the Following Check List (Should be filled by the Content Creator) Yes No

Did you included the diagrams/references to diagrams related to this topic? (Including flow of Diagram) √
Did you explained the Problem Solving Approach for the Problems related to this topic ?    √  

Did you include Applications related to this topic in the Industry      √

Did you include Current Research and Development initiatives related to this topic?      √
Did you include Reading Assignment from the Reference Text Books?   √  

Did you Include Objective/ Interactive Questions/Answers related to this topic?      √

Did you include short and descriptive questions related to this topic?    √  

Did you include References to the answers for the short and descriptive questions?    √  

Did you include references of the published content in the Web/other resources (if you have referred it)    √  

Dept of Computer Science & Engineering – Hindustan College of Science & Technology
Reference
 Reference Books…
 1. Cromwell- Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements- PHI
 2. Pandey & Kumar-Biomedical Electronics and Instrumentation. – Kataria

 Reference web address..

 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND
 MEASUREMENT

 Provided by the IEEE-EMBS Buenaventura Chapter

 J. G. Webster (ed.), Design of cardiac pacemakers, IEEE Press, 1995.
 www.hartnell.edu/faculty/awright/powerpoint/cardiovascular%20system.ppt -
 www.ieee.or.com/Archive/Welch_Allyn.pdf

 Reference e-books.
 1-Encyclopedia of Biomaterials and Biomedical engineering
 second edition,Volume1
 Edited by
 gary e. Wnek, gary l. BoWlin
 Electroneurogram - ENG

ENG is the response of a (peripheral) nerve cell when it is

stimulated withan electrical shock.

Acquired using needle electrodes

Used to determine the conduction velocity of the nerve

• If the nerve does not respond quickly enough, or does not

respond at all, it signifies a nerve injury.
• The conduction velocity is measured by placing two electrodes at
close-by locations and recording the ENG at both locations. The
temporal difference between the two ENG can then be used to
obtain conduction velocity.
 The Electromyogram -EMG

The EMG is the graphic representation of the electrical activity of the

skeletal muscles – either during resting stage, or in response to stimulation

Unlike AP which is measured on the cellular level, the EMG is a surface

signal obtained through surface and/or needle electrodes

• It is the collection / integration / amalgamation of millions of muscle APs

asmeasured from the skin surface
Practical use…? Not always pleasant!

The EMG is used to determine whether a person’s perceived muscle

weakness is caused by a disease within the muscle or by a problem in a
nerve supplying the muscle. This is an invasive test; it is performed by
inserting needles into muscles and measuring their responsiveness to
electrical stimulation. Risks may include pain during needle insertion,
bleeding, or infection. Bleeding or infection occurs infrequently. The
patient will feel electrical shocks in the muscles that are tested during the
EMG. If the patient understands
the test and wants
A typical EMG lasts between 15 and 90 minutes. (Ouch!)
• The patient is positioned on an exam table with the muscles to be tested at
rest.
• An antiseptic is used to cleanse the skin at the planned needle insertion
points and a metal plate
is positioned under the muscle(s) being tested.
• Several needle electrodes are then inserted through the skin and into the
muscle.
• The muscle’s electrical activity is measured at rest and with voluntary
contraction.
• The electrical activity will be audible over an audio-amplifier. It is also visible
on an oscilloscope
and recorded on graph paper.
• Following the test, the patient may take a mild analgesic and/or apply warm
compresses to the
muscles for soreness. Needle insertion sites should be observed and the
patient’s primary health
care provider notified if bleeding, a hematoma, or signs of infection are noted.
 The Electroencephalogram
EEG

EEG is the graphical representation of the electrical activity of the brain

􀂪 Very commonly used to diagnose certain neurological disorders, such
as epilepsy
􀂪 More recently, also investigated whether it can detect various forms of
dementia or schizophrenia
􀃂 EEG is the specific recording obtained using the scalp electrodes from
the surface of the skull
􀂪 During surgery, electrodes may also be placed directly on the cortex.
The resulting signal is then electrocorticogram (ECoG).
􀂪 Just like ECG, EEG is also obtained using several different electrodes
places on different regions of the head / brain
The Electroencephalogram
EEG
The Electroencephalogram
EEG
 The EEG signals

EEG signals are of extremely small amplitude – typically in the μV

range
Often analyzed in four frequency bands that are associated with
certain activities:
• δ: 0.5 – 4 Hz
• θ: 4 – 8 Hz
• α: 8-13 Hz
• β: 13 - 30 Hz
 Electroretinogram
ERG

The ERG is the record of the retinal action currents produced by the
retina in response to a light stimulus.

It measures the electrical responses of the light-sensitive cells (such as

rods and cones).

The stimuli are often a series of light flashes or rotating patterns

The ERG is recorded using contact lens electrode that the subject
wears while watching the stimuli.
 Electroretinogram
ERG

The EOG measures the resting potential of the retina. Unlike ERG it
is not recorded in response to a stimulus.

The EOG is often used in recording the eye-movements (such as in VR

applications, or as a reference in EEG applications to remove eye-blink
artifacts)

EOG is also used in diagnosing certain sleep disorders, where the active
REM can easily be recorded using the EOG