3: Nodal Analysis

• Aim of Nodal Analysis

• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 3: Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 1 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources There are two ways to do this:
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit (1) Nodal Analysis - systematic; always works
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
(2) Circuit Manipulation - ad hoc; but can be less work and clearer
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources There are two ways to do this:
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit (1) Nodal Analysis - systematic; always works
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
(2) Circuit Manipulation - ad hoc; but can be less work and clearer
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage Reminders: R1
Sources
B I
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
A node is all the points in a circuit A
• Summary that are directly interconnected. We R2 R5 V BD
R4
assume the interconnections have
10V C D VB
zero resistance so all points within
R3 R6 VD
a node have the same voltage. Five
E
nodes: A, · · · , E .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources There are two ways to do this:
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit (1) Nodal Analysis - systematic; always works
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
(2) Circuit Manipulation - ad hoc; but can be less work and clearer
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage Reminders: R1
Sources
B I
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
A node is all the points in a circuit A
• Summary that are directly interconnected. We R2 R5 V BD
R4
assume the interconnections have
10V C D VB
zero resistance so all points within
R3 R6 VD
a node have the same voltage. Five
E
nodes: A, · · · , E .

Ohm’s Law: VBD = IR5

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources There are two ways to do this:
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit (1) Nodal Analysis - systematic; always works
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
(2) Circuit Manipulation - ad hoc; but can be less work and clearer
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage Reminders: R1
Sources
B I
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
A node is all the points in a circuit A
• Summary that are directly interconnected. We R2 R5 V BD
R4
assume the interconnections have
10V C D VB
zero resistance so all points within
R3 R6 VD
a node have the same voltage. Five
E
nodes: A, · · · , E .

Ohm’s Law: VBD = IR5

KVL: VBD = VB − VD

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Aim of Nodal Analysis

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The aim of nodal analysis is to determine the voltage at each node relative
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label to the reference node (or ground). Once you have done this you can easily
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
work out anything else you need.
• Current Sources There are two ways to do this:
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit (1) Nodal Analysis - systematic; always works
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
(2) Circuit Manipulation - ad hoc; but can be less work and clearer
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage Reminders: R1
Sources
B I
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
A node is all the points in a circuit A
• Summary that are directly interconnected. We R2 R5 V BD
R4
assume the interconnections have
10V C D VB
zero resistance so all points within
R3 R6 VD
a node have the same voltage. Five
E
nodes: A, · · · , E .

Ohm’s Law: VBD = IR5

KVL: VBD = VB − VD
KCL: Total current exiting any closed region is zero.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 2 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
1k

8V 3k
2k
2V
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
1k

8V 3k
2k
2V
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
1k 1k
8

8V 3k 8V 3k
2k 2k –2
2V 2V
0 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
1k 1k
8

8V 3k 8V 3k
2k 2k –2
2V 2V
0 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 1: Label Nodes

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
To find the voltage at each node, the first 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label step is to label each node with its voltage
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL as follows 3k
Equations 8V
• Current Sources
2k
• Floating Voltage Sources 2V
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis (2) If any fixed voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their
Algorithm
• Summary
other ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the
labelled end.
(3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then go back to
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
1k 1k 1k
8 8 X

8V 3k 8V 3k 8V 3k
2k 2k –2 2k –2
2V 2V 2V
0 0 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 3 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL Equations

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The second step is to write down a KCL equation for each node labelled
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label with a variable by setting the total current flowing out of the node to zero.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
For a circuit with N nodes and S voltage sources you will have N − S − 1
• Current Sources simultaneous equations to solve.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit 1k
• Digital-to-Analog 8 X
Converter
• Dependent Sources
8V 3k
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
2k –2
• Universal Nodal Analysis 2V
Algorithm
• Summary 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 4 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL Equations

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The second step is to write down a KCL equation for each node labelled
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label with a variable by setting the total current flowing out of the node to zero.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
For a circuit with N nodes and S voltage sources you will have N − S − 1
• Current Sources simultaneous equations to solve.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit 1k 1k
• Digital-to-Analog 8 X 8 X
Converter
• Dependent Sources
8V 3k 8V 3k
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
2k –2 2k –2
• Universal Nodal Analysis 2V 2V
Algorithm
• Summary 0 0

We only have one variable:

X−8 X−0 X−(−2)
1k + 2k + 3k =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 4 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL Equations

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The second step is to write down a KCL equation for each node labelled
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label with a variable by setting the total current flowing out of the node to zero.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
For a circuit with N nodes and S voltage sources you will have N − S − 1
• Current Sources simultaneous equations to solve.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit 1k 1k
• Digital-to-Analog 8 X 8 X
Converter
• Dependent Sources
8V 3k 8V 3k
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
2k –2 2k –2
• Universal Nodal Analysis 2V 2V
Algorithm
• Summary 0 0

We only have one variable:

X−8 X−0 X−(−2)
1k + 2k + 3k =0

Numerator for a resistor is always of the form X − VN where VN is the

voltage on the other side of the resistor.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 4 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL Equations

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The second step is to write down a KCL equation for each node labelled
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label with a variable by setting the total current flowing out of the node to zero.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
For a circuit with N nodes and S voltage sources you will have N − S − 1
• Current Sources simultaneous equations to solve.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit 1k 1k
• Digital-to-Analog 8 X 8 X
Converter
• Dependent Sources
8V 3k 8V 3k
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
2k –2 2k –2
• Universal Nodal Analysis 2V 2V
Algorithm
• Summary 0 0

We only have one variable:

X−8 X−0 X−(−2)
1k + 2k + 3k =0 ⇒ (6X − 48) + 3X + (2X + 4) = 0

Numerator for a resistor is always of the form X − VN where VN is the

voltage on the other side of the resistor.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 4 / 12

 Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL Equations

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The second step is to write down a KCL equation for each node labelled
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label with a variable by setting the total current flowing out of the node to zero.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
For a circuit with N nodes and S voltage sources you will have N − S − 1
• Current Sources simultaneous equations to solve.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit 1k 1k
• Digital-to-Analog 8 X 8 X
Converter
• Dependent Sources
8V 3k 8V 3k
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
2k –2 2k –2
• Universal Nodal Analysis 2V 2V
Algorithm
• Summary 0 0

We only have one variable:

X−8 X−0 X−(−2)
1k + 2k + 3k =0 ⇒ (6X − 48) + 3X + (2X + 4) = 0
11X = 44 ⇒ X=4
Numerator for a resistor is always of the form X − VN where VN is the
voltage on the other side of the resistor.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 4 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL 1k
Equations
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8 8
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X and Y . 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k Y
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X and Y . 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k Y
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary
(3) Write equations 1k
8 X
X−8 X X−Y
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V 3k
2k Y
1mA
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X and Y . 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k Y
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary
(3) Write equations 1k
8 X
X−8 X X−Y
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V 3k
2k Y
1mA
Y −X
3 + (−1) = 0 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X and Y . 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k Y
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary
(3) Write equations 1k
8 X
X−8 X X−Y
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V 3k
2k Y
1mA
Y −X
3 + (−1) = 0 0

Ohm’s law works OK if all resistors are in kΩ and all currents in mA.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Current Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Current sources cause no problems.
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (2) Label nodes: 8, X and Y . 8 X
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources 8V 3k
• Weighted Average Circuit
2k Y
• Digital-to-Analog 1mA
Converter
• Dependent Sources 0
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary
(3) Write equations 1k
8 X
X−8 X X−Y
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V 3k
2k Y
1mA
Y −X
3 + (−1) = 0 0

Ohm’s law works OK if all resistors are in kΩ and all currents in mA.
(4) Solve the equations: X = 6, Y = 9

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 5 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources 1k
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
2V
• Digital-to-Analog 8V
Converter
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 0
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
2V
• Digital-to-Analog 8V
Converter
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 0
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8
2V
• Digital-to-Analog 8V
Converter
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 0
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8 X
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8, X
2V
• Digital-to-Analog 8V
Converter
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 0
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8 X
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8, X and X + 2 since it
2V
• Digital-to-Analog
is joined to X via a voltage source. 8V
Converter X+2
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 0
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8 X
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8, X and X + 2 since it
2V
• Digital-to-Analog
is joined to X via a voltage source. 8V
Converter X+2
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write KCL equations but count all 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis the nodes connected via floating voltage 0
Algorithm
• Summary sources as a single “super-node” giving
1k
one equation 8 X

X−8 X (X+2)−0 2V
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V
X+2
2k
3k
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8 X
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8, X and X + 2 since it
2V
• Digital-to-Analog
is joined to X via a voltage source. 8V
Converter X+2
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write KCL equations but count all 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis the nodes connected via floating voltage 0
Algorithm
• Summary sources as a single “super-node” giving
1k
one equation 8 X

X−8 X (X+2)−0 2V
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V
X+2
2k
3k
0

Ohm’s law always involves the difference between the voltages at either
end of a resistor. (Obvious but easily forgotten)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Floating Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
Floating voltage sources have neither end connected to a known fixed
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label voltage. We have to change how we form the KCL equations slightly.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node. 1k
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
8 X
• Weighted Average Circuit (2) Label nodes: 8, X and X + 2 since it
2V
• Digital-to-Analog
is joined to X via a voltage source. 8V
Converter X+2
• Dependent Sources 2k
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write KCL equations but count all 3k
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis the nodes connected via floating voltage 0
Algorithm
• Summary sources as a single “super-node” giving
1k
one equation 8 X

X−8 X (X+2)−0 2V
1 + 2 + 3 =0 8V
X+2
2k
3k
(4) Solve the equations: X = 4 0

Ohm’s law always involves the difference between the voltages at either
end of a resistor. (Obvious but easily forgotten)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 6 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources V1 R1
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

Or using conductances:

(X − V1 )G1 + (X − V2 )G2 + (X − V3 )G3 = 0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

Or using conductances:

(X − V1 )G1 + (X − V2 )G2 + (X − V3 )G3 = 0

X(G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + V3 G3

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

Or using conductances:

(X − V1 )G1 + (X − V2 )G2 + (X − V3 )G3 = 0

X(G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + V3 G3
P
X = V1 GG1 +V 2 G2 +V3 G3
= PVi Gi
1 +G2 +G3 G i

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources V3 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

Or using conductances:

(X − V1 )G1 + (X − V2 )G2 + (X − V3 )G3 = 0

X(G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + V3 G3
P
X = V1 GG1 +V 2 G2 +V3 G3
= PVi Gi
1 +G2 +G3 G i

Voltage X is the average of V1 , V2 , V3 weighted by the conductances.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Weighted Average Circuit

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A very useful sub-circuit that calculates the weighted average of any
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label number of voltages.
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
KCL equation for node X : V1 R1
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
X−V1 X−V2 X−V3
• Weighted Average Circuit
R1 + R2 + R3 =0
• Digital-to-Analog V2 R2
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage Still works if V3 = 0.
Sources
V3 =0 R3
• Universal Nodal Analysis X
Algorithm
• Summary

Or using conductances:

(X − V1 )G1 + (X − V2 )G2 + (X − V3 )G3 = 0

X(G1 + G2 + G3 ) = V1 G1 + V2 G2 + V3 G3
P
X = V1 GG1 +V 2 G2 +V3 G3
= PVi Gi
1 +G2 +G3 G i

Voltage X is the average of V1 , V2 , V3 weighted by the conductances.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 7 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter 1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 1 1 1
2 V2 + 4 V2 + 8 V0
Converter
X= 1 1 1
1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources 2+4+8
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0

1 1
G2 = R2 = 2k = 21 mS, . . .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 1 1 1
2 V2 + 4 V2 + 8 V0
Converter
X= 1 1 1
1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources 2+4+8
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources 1
• Universal Nodal Analysis = 7 (4V2 + 2V1 + V0 ) 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0

1 1
G2 = R2 = 2k = 21 mS, . . .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 1 1 1
2 V2 + 4 V2 + 8 V0
Converter
X= 1 1 1
1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources 2+4+8
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources 1
• Universal Nodal Analysis = 7 (4V2 + 2V1 + V0 ) 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0
but Vi = 5 × bi since it connects to
either 0 V or 5 V

1 1
G2 = R2 = 2k = 21 mS, . . .

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 1 1 1
2 V2 + 4 V2 + 8 V0
Converter
X= 1 1 1
1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources 2+4+8
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources 1
• Universal Nodal Analysis = 7 (4V2 + 2V1 + V0 ) 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0
but Vi = 5 × bi since it connects to
either 0 V or 5 V

5
= 7 (4b2 + 2b1 + b0 ) = 57 b G2 = 1
= 1
= 21 mS, . . .
R2 2k

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Digital-to-Analog Converter

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A 3-bit binary number, b, has bit-weights of 4, 2 and 1. Thus 110 has a
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
value 6 in decimal. If we label the bits b2 b1 b0 , then b = 4b2 + 2b1 + b0 .
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
We use b2 b1 b0 to control the switches which determine whether Vi = 5 V
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources or Vi = 0 V. Thus Vi = 5bi . Switches shown for b = 6.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 1 1 1
2 V2 + 4 V2 + 8 V0
Converter
X= 1 1 1
1 V2 2k
• Dependent Sources 2+4+8
• Dependent Voltage 0
Sources 1
• Universal Nodal Analysis = 7 (4V2 + 2V1 + V0 ) 1 V1 4k
Algorithm
0
• Summary
1 8k
V0 X
5V
0
but Vi = 5 × bi since it connects to
either 0 V or 5 V

5
= 7 (4b2 + 2b1 + b0 ) = 57 b G2 = 1
= 1
= 21 mS, . . .
R2 2k

So we have made a circuit in which X is proportional to a binary number b.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 8 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog 10k 20k
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
IS 15k
Algorithm U 10k
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
IS 15k
Algorithm U 10k
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
IS 15k
Algorithm U 10k
• Summary
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
IS 15k
Algorithm U 10k
• Summary
0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
IS 15k
• Universal Nodal Analysis (3) Write equation for the dependent U
Algorithm 10k
• Summary source, IS , in terms of node voltages: 0
IS = 0.2 (U − X)

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
IS 15k
• Universal Nodal Analysis (3) Write equation for the dependent U
Algorithm 10k
• Summary source, IS , in terms of node voltages: 0
IS = 0.2 (U − X)
(4) Write KCL equations:

X−U X X−Y
10 + 10 + 20 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
IS 15k
• Universal Nodal Analysis (3) Write equation for the dependent U
Algorithm 10k
• Summary source, IS , in terms of node voltages: 0
IS = 0.2 (U − X)
(4) Write KCL equations:

X−U X X−Y Y −X Y
10 + 10 + 20 =0 20 + IS + 15 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
IS 15k
• Universal Nodal Analysis (3) Write equation for the dependent U
Algorithm 10k
• Summary source, IS , in terms of node voltages: 0
IS = 0.2 (U − X)
(4) Write KCL equations:

X−U X X−Y Y −X Y
10 + 10 + 20 =0 20 + IS + 15 =0

(5) Solve all three equations to find X and Y in terms of U :

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
A dependent voltage or current source is one whose value is determined
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label by voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit. These are most commonly
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
used when modelling the behaviour of transistors or op-amps. The
• Current Sources dependent current source is IS = 0.2W mA where W is in volts.
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
(1) Pick reference node. 10k 20k
Converter U X Y
• Dependent Sources (2) Label nodes: 0, U , X and Y .
• Dependent Voltage W
Sources
IS 15k
• Universal Nodal Analysis (3) Write equation for the dependent U
Algorithm 10k
• Summary source, IS , in terms of node voltages: 0
IS = 0.2 (U − X)
(4) Write KCL equations:

X−U X X−Y Y −X Y
10 + 10 + 20 =0 20 + IS + 15 =0

(5) Solve all three equations to find X and Y in terms of U :

X = 0.1U, Y = −1.5U

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 9 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
• Current Sources 40k
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog 3V
Converter J(mA)
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources 5V 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis 5k
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
• Current Sources 40k
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog 3V
Converter J(mA)
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources 5V 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis 5k
Algorithm
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog 3V
Converter J(mA)
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources 5V 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis 5k
Algorithm 0
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5, X, X + 3
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog 3V
Converter J(mA) X X+3
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources 5V 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis 5k
Algorithm 0
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k X+VS
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5, X, X + 3 and
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog X + VS . 3V
Converter J(mA) X X+3
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
Sources 5V 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis 5k
Algorithm 0
• Summary

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k X+VS
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5, X, X + 3 and
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog X + VS . 3V
Converter J(mA) X X+3
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write equation for the dependent 5V
Sources
5k 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis source, VS , in terms of node voltages:
Algorithm 0
• Summary

X+VS −5
VS = 10J = 10 × 40 ⇒ 3VS = X − 5

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k X+VS
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5, X, X + 3 and
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog X + VS . 3V
Converter J(mA) X X+3
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write equation for the dependent 5V
Sources
5k 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis source, VS , in terms of node voltages:
Algorithm 0
• Summary

X+VS −5
VS = 10J = 10 × 40 ⇒ 3VS = X − 5
(3) Write KCL equations: all nodes connected by floating voltage sources
and all components connecting these nodes are in the same “super-node”

X+VS −5 X X+3
40 + 5 + 5 =0

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Dependent Voltage Sources

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
The value of the highlighted dependent voltage source is VS = 10J Volts
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
where J is the indicated current in mA.
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations (1) Pick reference node.
40k X+VS
• Current Sources 5
• Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
(2) Label nodes: 0, 5, X, X + 3 and
VS 10k
• Digital-to-Analog X + VS . 3V
Converter J(mA) X X+3
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage (3) Write equation for the dependent 5V
Sources
5k 5k
• Universal Nodal Analysis source, VS , in terms of node voltages:
Algorithm 0
• Summary

X+VS −5
VS = 10J = 10 × 40 ⇒ 3VS = X − 5
(3) Write KCL equations: all nodes connected by floating voltage sources
and all components connecting these nodes are in the same “super-node”

X+VS −5 X X+3
40 + 5 + 5 =0

(5) Solve the two equations: X = −1 and VS = −2

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 10 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Universal Nodal Analysis Algorithm

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis
(1) Pick any node as the voltage reference. Label its voltage as 0 V. Label
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
any dependent sources with VS , IS , . . ..
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
(2) If any voltage sources are connected to a labelled node, label their other
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ends by adding the value of the source onto the voltage of the labelled end.
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter (3) Pick an unlabelled node and label it with X, Y, . . ., then loop back to
• Dependent Sources
• Dependent Voltage
step (2) until all nodes are labelled.
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
(4) For each dependent source, write down an equation that expresses its
• Summary value in terms of other node voltages.

(5) Write down a KCL equation for each “normal” node (i.e. one that is not
connected to a floating voltage source).

(6) Write down a KCL equation for each “super-node”. A super-node

consists of a set of nodes that are joined by floating voltage sources and
includes any other components joining these nodes.

(7) Solve the set of simultaneous equations that you have written down.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 11 / 12

 Summary

3: Nodal Analysis
• Aim of Nodal Analysis • Nodal Analysis
• Nodal Analysis: 1: Label
Nodes
• Nodal Analysis: 2: KCL
Equations
◦ Simple Circuits (no floating or dependent voltage sources)
• Current Sources
• Floating Voltage Sources ◦ Floating Voltage Sources
• Weighted Average Circuit
• Digital-to-Analog
Converter
• use supernodes: all the nodes connected by floating
• Dependent Sources voltage sources (independent or dependent)
• Dependent Voltage
Sources
• Universal Nodal Analysis
Algorithm
◦ Dependent Voltage and Current Sources
• Summary
• Label each source with a variable
• Write extra equations expressing the source values in
terms of node voltages
• Write down the KCL equations as before

For further details see DeCarlo & Lin Chapter 3.

E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2010) Nodal Analysis: 3 – 12 / 12