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 6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications Fall 2005
Lecture 14 - Waveguides
Prof. Markus Zahn November 1, 2005

I. Parallel-Plate Waveguides

A. Waves with Oblique Incidence onto a Perfect Conductor

TE:
¯ = 2Ei sin(kz z) sin(ωt − kx x)īy
E
¯ = 2Ei − cos(θi ) cos(kz z) cos(ωt − kx x)īx
�
H
η
�
+ sin(θi ) sin(kz z) sin(ωt − kx x)īz

TM:
�
¯ = 2Ei cos(θi ) sin(kz z) sin(ωt − kx x)īx
E
�
− sin(θi ) cos(kz z) cos(ωt − kx x)īz

¯ = 2Ei cos(kz z) cos(ωt − kx x)īy

H
η
�
√ µ
kx = k sin(θi ), kz = k cos(θi ), k = ω �µ, η =
�

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

B. Perfectly Conducting Plane Placed at z = −d

Boundary Conditions:

Ex (z = −d) = 0, Ey (z = −d) = 0, Hz (z = −d) = 0

nπ
sin(kz d) = 0 ⇒ kz d = nπ ⇒ kz =
� d
� nπ �2
kx2 + kz2 = ω 2 �µ ⇒ kx = ω 2 �µ −
d
nπc 1
For wave propagation: kx real ⇒ ω > ,c = √
d �µ
1
 πc
Cutoff frequency (n = 1) : ωco =
d
2π 2π
Guide wavelength: λx = =�
kx � nπ �2
ω 2 �µ − d
nπc 1
Evanescent waves: kx2 < 0 ⇒ ωn < ,c = √
d �µ
�� � �
nπ 2 � nπ �2 ω 2
kx = jα, α = 2
− ω �µ = − 2
d d c

C. Time Average Power Flow

1. TE
� �
ˆ (z)ej(ωt−kx x)
¯ = Re Ē
E
� �
ˆ (z)ej(ωt−kx x)
¯ = Re H̄
H

Eˆ
¯ (z) = −2jEi sin(kz z)īy
� �
¯ (z) = 2Ei − kz cos(kz z)īx + kx (−j sin(kz z))īz
ˆ
H
η k k
jkx∗
� �
ˆ
¯ 1¯ˆ ˆ ∗ −2j� (2)
� 2 kz
S = E × H̄ = |Ei | sin(kz z) cos(kz z)īz + sin(kz z)īx
2 2�η k k
�
√ ω ω 2 � nπ �2 nπ
k = ω �µ = , kx = 2
− , kz =
c � c 2 d d
2|Ei | kx
� � 1 �
ˆ ˆ
¯∗ =
� sin (kz z)īx ω > nπc
2
S¯ = Re E ¯×H kη d
2 0 ω < nπc
d
nπc
ω> ⇒ kx real (Propagating wave)
d
nπc
ω< ⇒ kx = jα (kx imaginary: Evanescent wave)
d

2. TM
� �
ˆ
¯ jkz kx
E = 2Ei − sin(kz z)īx − cos(kz z)īz
k k
H¯ = 2Ei cos(kz z)īy
ˆ
η
2
¯= 1 E ˆ¯ ∗ = 2|Ei | cos(kz z) [−jk sin(k z)ī + k cos(k z)ī ]
� �
Sˆ ˆ¯ × H
z z z x z x
2 ηk
3. Field-Line Plots, Surface Charge and Surface Current

Surface Charge Distributions

TE

σ̂s (z = 0) = σ̂s (z = d) = 0

2
 x x

z z
z=0 x x

TM
kx
σ̂s (z = 0) = �Êz (z = 0) = −2�Ei
k
2�Ei kx
σ̂s (z = d) = −�Êz (z = d) = + cos(kz d)
� k
1 n even
cos(kz d) = cos(nπ) =
−1 n odd

Surface Current Distributions

TE
2Ei kz
K̂y (z = 0) = Ĥx (z = 0) = −
ηk
2Ei kz
K̂y (z = d) = −Ĥx (z = d) = − cos(kz d)
ηk
TM
2Ei
K̂x (z = 0) = −Ĥy (z = 0) = −
η
2Ei
K̂x (z = d) = Ĥy (z = d) = cos(kz d)
η

II. Governing Equations

A. Maxwell’s Equations in Linear Lossless Media with No Sources

J¯ = 0, ρf = 0, B
¯ = µH,
¯ D¯ = �E
¯

¯
�×E¯ = −µ ∂ H
∂t
¯
∂E
�×H¯ =�
∂t
¯=0
�·E
�·H¯ =0

B. Wave equations

2¯
¯ = �(� �0 ¯ = −µ ∂ (� × H)¯ = −�µ ∂ E
� × (� × E) �� · Ē) − �2 E
�
∂t ∂t2
2 ¯
¯ = 1 ∂ E , c2 = 1
�2 E 2
c ∂t 2 �µ
2 ¯
¯ = �(� �0 ¯ = � ∂ (� × E)
¯ = −�µ ∂ H
� × (� × H) ��· H̄) − �2 H
�
∂t ∂t2
2 ¯
�2 H¯ = 1 ∂ H
c2 ∂t2
III. Transverse Magnetic (TM) Modes (Hz = 0) [Rectangular Waveguide]

A. Solution for Ez
� �
Ez = Re Êz (x, y)ej(ωt−kz z)
1 ∂ 2 Ez ∂ 2 Êz ∂ 2 Êz ω2
� 2 Ez = ⇒ + − kz
2
Ê z = − Êz
c2 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 c2
∂2Eˆz ∂2Eˆz � ω 2 �
2
+ + − kz Êz = 0
∂x2 ∂y 2 c2
Try product solution: Êz (x, y) = X(x)Y (y)
d2 X(x) d2 Y ω2
� �
2
Y (y) + X(x) 2 = kz − 2 X(x)Y (y)
dx2 dy c
2
1 d X(x) 1 d Y2 ω 2
2
+ 2
= kz2 − 2
X(x) dx Y (y) dy c
� �� � � �� �
−kx2 −ky2

ω2
kx2 + ky2 + kz2 =
c2
1 d X 2 d2 X
2
= −kx ⇒ + kx2 X(x) = 0
X(x) dx2 dx2
1 d2 Y 2 d2 Y
= −k y ⇒ + ky2 Y (y) = 0
Y (y) dy 2 dy 2
4
 X(x) = A1 sin(kx x) + A2 cos(kx x) Êz (x, y) = X(x)Y (y)

⇒
Y (y) = B1 sin(ky y) + B2 cos(ky y) = (A1 sin(kx x) + A2 cos(kx x))
·
(B1 sin(ky y) + B2 cos(ky y))
B. Boundary Conditions

Êz (x, y = 0) = 0 ⇒ B2 = 0
⇒ Êz (x, y) = E0 sin(kx x) sin(ky y)
Êz (x = 0, y) = 0 ⇒ A2 = 0
nπ
Êz (x, y = b) = 0 ⇒ ky = n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
b
mπ
Êz (x = a, y) = 0 ⇒ kx = m = 1, 2, 3, . . .
a

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

C. Solution for Ex , Ey
T Mmn modes: Hz = 0

(� × E)¯ z = −µ ∂Hz = 0
∂t
∂
�� ∂Ey ∂Ex
=
∂x ∂x
∂y

∂
� ¯ = 0 = ∂Ex +
∂Ey +
∂Ez
�
�
� · E
∂y
∂x ∂y ∂z

2
∂ Ey 2
∂ Ex
2
=
∂x ∂x∂y
2 2 2
∂ Ex ∂ Ey ∂ Ez
+ + =0
∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂y∂z
� �� �
∂ 2 Ey

∂x2

5
 ∂ 2 Ey ∂ 2 Ey ∂ 2 Ez ∂ 2 Êy ∂ 2 Êy ∂Êz
2
+ 2
= − ⇒ 2
+ 2
=− (−jkz )
∂x ∂y ∂y∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y
= jkz ky E0 sin(kx x) cos(ky y)

Êy (x = 0, y) = Êy (x = a, y) = 0
jky kz E0
Êy = − sin(kx x) cos(ky y)
kx2 + ky2
∂Êx ∂Êy jky kz kx
= =− 2 E0 cos(kx x) cos(ky y)
∂y ∂x kx + ky2
jkx kz
Êx = − 2 E0 cos(kx x) sin(ky y)
kx + ky2

Check: Êx (x, y = 0) = 0, Êx (x, y = b) = 0

¯
D. Solution for H ∂
( ∂z → −jkz )
� �
¯
¯ = −µ ∂H ⇒ H
�×E ˆx = − 1 ∂Êz ˆy
+ jkz E
∂t jωµ ∂y
jω�ky
= E0 sin(kx x) cos(ky y)
kx2 + ky2
� �
1 ∂Êz
Ĥy = − −jkz Êx −
jωµ ∂x
jω�kx
=− E0 cos(kx x) sin(ky y)
kx2 + ky2
Ĥz = 0

Check Boundary Conditions: Ĥy (x, y = 0) = 0, Ĥy (x = b, y) = 0

Ĥx (x = 0, y) = 0, Ĥx (x = a, y) = 0

E. Surface Charges and Currents

jkz kx �
σ̂f (x = 0, y) = �Êx (x = 0, y) = − E0 sin(ky y)
kx2 + ky2

σ̂f (x = a, y) = −�E ˆx (x = a, y) = jkz kx � E0 cos(mπ) sin(ky y)

kx2 + ky2
jkz ky �
σ̂f (x, y = 0) = �Êy (x, y = 0) = − 2 E0 sin(kx x)
kx + ky2
jkz ky �
σ̂f (x, y = b) = −�Êy (x, y = b) = 2 E0 cos(nπ) sin(kx x)
kx + ky2
jky ω�
K̂z (x, y = 0) = −Ĥx (x, y = 0) = − 2 E0 sin(kx x)
kx + ky2
jky ω�
K̂z (x, y = b) = Ĥx (x, y = b) = 2 E0 cos(nπ) sin(kx x)
kx + ky2
6
 K ˆ y (x = 0, y) = − jkx ω� E0 sin(ky y)
ˆ z (x = 0, y) = H
kx2 + ky

jkx ω�
K̂z (x = a, y) = −Ĥy (x = a, y) = 2 E0 cos(mπ) sin(ky y)
kx + ky2

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
IV. Transverse Electric (TE) Modes (Ez = 0) [Rectangular Waveguide]
A. Solution for Hz
� �
Hz (x, y, z, t) = Re Ĥz (x, y)ej(ωt−kz z)
1 ∂ 2 Hz ∂ 2 Ĥz ∂ 2 Ĥz ω2
� 2 Hz = ⇒ + − kz
2
Ĥ z = − Ĥz
c2 ∂t2 ∂x2 ∂y 2 c2
Ĥz (x, y) = (A1 sin(kx x) + A2 cos(kx x)) (B1 sin(ky y) + B2 cos(ky y))
ω 2

with kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = = ω 2 �µ

c2
Boundary Conditions:
Ĥx (x = 0, y) = 0, Ĥx (x = a, y)= 0

Ĥy (x, y = 0) = 0, Ĥy (x, y = b) = 0

7
 B. Solutions for Hx , Hy
jkz kx H0 mπ nπ
Ĥx = sin(kx x) cos(ky y) kx = , ky =
kx2 + ky2 a b
jkz ky H0
Ĥy = 2 cos(kx x) sin(ky y) m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ; n = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .
kx + ky2
Ĥz = H0 cos(kx x) cos(ky y) (but at least one of m, n non-zero)
¯
C. Solutions for E
∂E¯ 1 ∂Ex
�
1 ∂Hz ∂Hy
�
= �×H ⇒ ¯ = −
∂t � ∂t � ∂y ∂z
� �
∂Ey 1 ∂Hx ∂Hz
= −
∂t � ∂z ∂x
� �
∂Ez 1 ∂Hy ∂Hx
= −
∂t � ∂x ∂y
� �
1 ∂Ĥz jωµky
Êx = + jkz Ĥy = 2 H0 cos(kx x) sin(ky y)
jω� ∂y kx + ky2
� �
1 ∂Ĥz jωµkx
Êy = −jkz Ĥx − =− 2 H0 sin(kx x) cos(ky y)
jω� ∂x kx + ky2
Êz = 0
D. Surface Charges and Currents
jω�µky
σ̂f (x = 0, y) = �Êx (x = 0, y) = H0 sin(ky y)
kx2 + ky2
jω�µky
σ̂f (x = a, y) = −�Êx (x = a, y) = − 2 H0 sin(ky y) cos(mπ)
kx + ky2
jω�µkx
σ̂f (x, y = 0) = �Êy (x, y = 0) = − 2 H0 sin(kx x)
kx + ky2
jω�µkx
σ̂f (x, y = b) = −�Êy (x, y = b) = 2 H0 sin(kx x) cos(nπ)
kx + ky2
� �
Kˆ
¯ (x = 0, y) = īx × H̄ ˆ (x = 0, y) = ī Ĥ (x = 0, y) − ī Ĥ (x = 0, y)
z y y z
� �
ˆ
¯ (x = a, y) = −īx × H̄
K ˆ (x = a, y) = −ī Ĥ (x = a, y) + ī Ĥ (x = a, y)
z y y z
� �
Kˆ
¯ (x, y = 0) = īy × H ˆ¯ (x, y = 0) = −ī Ĥ (x, y = 0) + ī Ĥ (x, y = 0)
z x x z
� �
Kˆ
¯ (x, y = b) = −īy × H̄ ˆ (x, y = b) = ī Ĥ (x, y = b) − ī Ĥ (x, y = b)
z x x z

V. Cut-Off
� mπ �2 � nπ �2 ω2 2 1
kx2 + ky2 + kz2 = kz2 + + = 2
,c =
a b c �µ
�
ω2 � mπ �2 � nπ �2 �1/2
kz = − −
c2 a b
8

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
��
mπ 2
� � nπ �2 �1/2
Cut-off frequency: kz = 0 ⇒ ωco = c a + b

For a > b, the lowest cut-off frequency is for the TE10 mode.
πc ωco c
ωco = ⇒ fco = =
a 2π 2a
3×108
For a = 1 cm, c = 3 × 108 m/s ⇒ fco = 2(.01) = 1.5 × 1010 Hz
9
 3×108
For a = 10 m ⇒ fco = 2(10) = 15 Mhz (Thus you cannot hear the radio in a tunnel.)
For f < fco , kz is imaginary.

VI. Waveguide Power Flow

� � 1 � �
S¯ = Re E¯ˆ × H̄
ˆ∗
2
A. TM Modes
� � 1 � � � � � �
¯ =
Re e−jkz z Êx īx + Êy īy + Êz īz ×
Ĥ ∗ īx + Ĥ ∗ īy e+jkz∗ z
S
x y
2
�
�

1 � �
∗ ∗
� �
∗ ∗
� �
−j(kz −kz∗ )z
=
Re Êx Ĥy − Êy Ĥx īz + Êz Ĥx īy − Ĥy īx e
2 �
�� �
pure imaginary

(kz is imaginary below the cutoff)

�
∗ 1, f > fco kz real
e−j(kz −kz )z = −2|k |z
e z , f < fco kz imaginary
ω�|E0 |2 �
−j(kz −kz∗ )z
�
2 2 2 2 2 2
��

�Sz � = Re
kz e kx cos (kx x) sin (ky y) + ky sin (kx x) cos (ky y)
2(kx2 + ky2 )

�
0 kz imaginary (f < fco )
= ω�|E0 |2 kz � 2 2 2
kx cos2 (kx x) sin (ky y) + ky2 sin (kx x) cos2 (ky y) kz real (f > fco )
�
2(kx2 +ky2 )
� a � b
�P � = �Sz � dx dy
x=0 y=0
ω�kz abE02
= kz real (f > fco )
8(kx2 + ky2 )

For TM Modes, m, n = 1, 2, 3, . . . (m = 0 or n = 0 not allowed)

B. TE Modes
� � 1
�� � � � �
¯
= Re Êx īx + Êy īy e−jkz z ×
Ĥx∗ īx + Ĥy∗ īy + Ĥz∗ īz ejkz∗ z
S

2
�
�

1 ��
ˆ∗ ∗
�
∗
� ��
−j(kz −kz∗ )z
= Re Êx Hy − Êy Ĥx īz − Ĥz Êx īy − Êy īx e
2 � �� �
pure imaginary
1
ωµ|H0 |2 � 2 2 2 2 2 2
� �
−j(kz −kz∗ )z
�
�Sz � = k cos (k x x) sin (k y y) + k sin (k x x) cos (k y y) × Re
kz e
2 kx2 + ky2 y x
�
0 kz imaginary (f < fco )
= 1 ωµ|H0 |2 � 2 2 2 2 2 2
�
2 kx2 +ky2 kz ky cos (kx x) sin (ky y) + kx sin (kx x) cos (ky y) kz real (f > fco )
⎧ 2
� a � b ⎨ ωµkz2ab|H20 | m, n
= � 0
8(kx +ky )
�P � = �Sz � dx dy = ωµkz ab|H0 |2
x=0 y=0 ⎩
4(k2 +k2 )
m or n = 0
x y

10