1 sone enero ne nal Scien owen im Sette ae taney ene «Tic aps ected rte ant ‘teeter Teens tchesunmaesorore Lge alt Se sw ota Tet hn tah hn ich eh cherie tieeign paceman Sect eerentaceernieeiaa Senin ate dona icc war tebe "fp dil unico se he "Foran fe sy ih ge pice EERThar aero the sade ever bap erage err Senay oe ree i theme weet rma ei ‘spit in esl pat both howe 13 comaneetaninle 7 ind beast anche nla as RISES ie nsinceennsioesrucwrme soi enor 1 HeSnmiog eh rhe a e polohag «eThe gpstoi egy wich ees te haw dp ha de oor cae gio cc pi Sere ee tap cero See eerie tater caer mef ree nee eat ere ro eae 102 Expt sytem shessa epee knowlege sl conte x pc ope ETT eee nape: Sa cine pears lsc ‘Sig reno mtatopcateractogige ne “The mkins ee wit sented ei bn of ena pot irene deel eerie era Spelkaton of expen ayer techy ne sch pogrameweetien stad cng ee on hy Beso inna etek cp sa 1628 AE a echinctrand ontin oc example, EMYCIN rn Mlle 981 wa 4 domain inden acne lin commie pro Team ter hiner WCE HN ance ncn Sua fhe UVC smi Sou malt Hone ants aed thes pagans mre REIN oe wm a ees wich havea hae wed Aeon ih is I hf ase 2 I ee der a nahn ‘Beige cer are ‘ei mihi devine and onion oe sei Fecpennoen bung oe el ceed il valet aad puntoaneis cinae cee nam Theresa es ies a se : Saat teen ste eaten oa a Senor aes Sere as cemesngs pom ee a, iamae io men Cho he mie pm facets fant eae ha ar em Sa omit cx mated ig an ec ‘ilar tow star oa eka doen gee Ni Rae aeet eT acca sprains apse Caen SUSE Ss testes dons habeas dn on s Seropater pats uct stoop { icrecmanan nepo oo eda sb ero yas En ast gun vt tnevh: Ponape, ‘SBigtegold ie stdadiogaeroses ne ni TERELNS wed aber sr marge er la ik ey, revel ye ER * orkow evn at he-Exch ve he war ee pte sang fon wei nome ah ree dugg ion ca be ‘Sofitel ataatoaselmp psmanc one co mde selon ono etal bed ia het mel-rd wie apd today [een academe of REVIEW Howe eccn stn doe egitim fare ang a esau) Teor ‘rote uae ‘in sommay ERIN mas a tempt to eri te MYCIN cet cot one teers tol erent ‘Seco pote deme rk amass on EME ‘Tiisouch orn ep ne! 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Note ne 9 eta Be (SESS SSS bic ont when see Sry a racist race SR Mer Kana eapenarnerbrh ute ad Sead, 1032 Ameen eden PAL» etengede stem ye pea her ps by mene ‘eet eee dats erie ee + Heiegie saris arch verbal “Mean he TERESA coca eign in cig sunt eon css or el an in Shatter ene oTHRFSNS sg ‘SEtmeag Sana See ie 87 cra PAL moe 9) Shltcirant on fe Sve eto one retin or isnt nr oy Sanne Stoica. prin ori ftw nc apy ch He Gerrit ion Ab doordaan be gserin J rises emetogenic Soe ae te tae segs oenilye ety eran etc See ens aeons ao ES cement ‘Seen one ro pores To chao mes wren wots fone wart oe Re fy eed Sey ee ers Sarcn en cnn getremnvanoae Beira dint peneaeeee east Eee eae ‘Sr sonpand wits gogam gar aap comets cakes emanson pee ee sSeceetere re ere emne es “anne totem thowig scans fled by neice Siete erect te ccincie mince eceseerog me engin a eeaeeaeeeeam eat Paster earner St See seers imieirteeemerni tinea teeta Seiten a irene cane agement ahi ceca Soot cinemas” peepee egies a ES alten ‘ote ome ecloenares eer SE SIER tng erent emt os 1 tnt ondaps aes ero en na+ Domi stems Ge he conta aint ing an ne dy ini poise hector giana el dene eee Thre fom cl Ga che crcoutae upon Reta rahe than the smh ne eyed were ‘Sen mpd med ts ae Elpcineiniminrtnestnrecceiere * Fedele ama nef uber ssn eo SST pet erage onl eared Sibi antl ofe dor, tn te tot wt ped ‘Sisto denne. sty pment hari Rinvng' of Stcocm preteen nee fas ok eseace abrin [SSptonng eo car api one omer os pacouar Se (local ine me tent pt cia over, (Grete oy whe pce arid os ae ria serrate og A [bevy naling an expo trace oni by wan ng don nt ae ny os oe esheets ote nd ge dtp meiend alors which ay evar Tew perenne t ce shes Set arobcianteetotboeton neue onic oactes DUM eaten pros ty at Une TRESS OPAL ERGO Alert natin ming aa amar ck ta ‘Fedo peu ate lmed noe oA crndolrpeceae inc ‘Shing uy ct tc hm ig oro acs io disaster take se oe ool ne se dh sas pms oe ‘ees a we rogncs at wine coned am fev ie hich ou be snare Tagen ey ne CORES thts Btn cite sunano: ye pe cme 634 Een OPA ud rtd ear ‘Taken ie tnesdeth petty al i sa ee cin proce eee depen ur te Lome Seo atin tien na dances matin wheeling ron inn om wep pin eer 1 bec ad oe a Hower ace SSE bkaeaten mente etwas 184 Koontetye-beved rowed scqraionome fr ig end ep stn choot va etna te atten othe knw neon pm Sealey ‘lege marcaning a be deen nied Hoag Since ee fen se ee we + Sey bl pepe ym ke EMC av pnd cing it onc bw iy reaper ws ak a ees se Eonioncoteey sonot are peace tat etooret Shalev ve eu aso namie he Fe fda ee earn ce ea mca Uae ‘ting shed sgh wht ee bec the brow acqion eat chy ingle Kswienel tes were sseea shorn america nephron ecu Sow of dsmin bts they can coments ley ws se eape ‘a sell tse, he sey oily Bd ap ‘othe pb lg Kangen abeante eee, hee een tompotts geod eh eae ine dona spore tne note apse a eee {otis thas tril aoe ane Teteesnl ar owdtowseremarinonipeca terewed sahenvinat eee te ‘ty hotles cot sd ety vag nse ee hae gang phoneme hw oral aye etdog cer ae “po fae ch ath No poy an sats at ‘legal ge mtn ree dah ae owl Stnon yee tn on an elit oh i word \wastomaed proces son ila pes wel aro ulin tie ogee sows pn pal ih custion erin bed onpchem igh ewe ea whch mods homer rout tne freee ee pee SEset irra cei em sme ete ‘eiboappearra be eercin sabe dicen canune nese Pre daee lace els ane uaa new “ ‘of am iar op fren imrcee ne REP. HO omshng 3 i aS nollca zonclh sonnet The Tuomewhat eye) fps te Eecenoprtee reper aol 1 reader ew epi ie tat | reeserareseaali © SSSTerTOp yon te nefe det ante peg compan cen tat pares ly of Piedwshin in hecmar in pve foe uhe a pope se “He ls Cer 8 tht yee apn we nun acon aes soar ware cll tbr eaten ELCENTAU way ib esi nw cme Speteanon Ass bn ad whe nite, te a cee ‘EEnwingy sh ae Secon opr Che fe 18.3 Model-used reasoning in INTERNIST ITER rz whch cn uo adele ale agp som pord br emi nis, Type oe of ogy il ke eo facto on nl eu ciel fe {he wera a ada ne ypc bing ade sated ther {Po endear pee Segoe Te cal cing up pion tesco me se tsar anlar il ert rrr ferene The hsp utcng once dae oy tpn tree store [point modelos te ost teed yon erp of hom {may retracing deal damon ot canoe aayseusonde cdr owls waged fortes bye rt rd droge ‘Sgt nan en rae wet na noon se ee eke ror ig esr ce shorn ‘so ater al peoples ue eapblc sae fons more as ede schssneca ce Wap interne sre icher Sh onsite mow sy these Ee ming ree oe ‘egaten rene iy pe as 1 Chal bean mc seo scone Ses opace ‘hse prendre pono ha sverige coo 1 Wena be neo gop hypo oul xh she scepape a ne ube eas en “hehe he biden wc bowen due adh ctl nl ep INTSROINE cman i in ews pte eee (Motied maa, slo (Thc EVOKE Praca aie = OMUMTHEST aoe deus hewoia hich ee con mn tia osu aempe. INTERRISTY mel omer ela he de es Meri ase onof ase pes Tier Soe ath a Sarl ow eee, ‘unm sd or dune man oe exp re dee, da le min rs etn nl ey onacie Gagne er ‘ac rcoe du ora see eb mae bay fi rene MNGi Lwin To ion oueeypy ame nea oe aang prop. : "Fe ITERNIST onl econ i he flowing wa. (a) Thee ct the icy em iy y ding he | jes er rc eae mera ed uh ae, feraecrederee (a) Reso el sig coos be rms ner dates ‘the aesnlac isp paar opese pee onl me WGA psn some and (0) Fast ln fe aevgas pou weal ne ence ef ‘Ener hts yal se wich ca be aged (4) The dt asad conceing he ston Benson das ies od {heals nag ara he mrt tha farsa Cour aes th bethod tare Shenetsate a ‘Resale, andi lnm oe gency wa wep [sartett ene wie taco 1s) Ala duets Nyy Need oh epenaton henhnensensy Bsa woh. Sit ce wi ental ea Lisi sods auc str wh eos LiMy Dab (6) Rivage tment te cad whee dos D he ‘Shel bythe gal dss, Dy nd sch all rae ko ended he neces ot Be tought ofa the eves or eal ode he Se is, urine ns eh ltr seem 2 enemas ey ‘discon Se ren ih terminal Suns! mehr ony orcgenleleSecno trate on cometh my inwhich mane on ie‘eon ard rom ying tnd eng ye shy in atow Jeetons ieapplesion othe konaiie noe mls Speke + rorogenaerme hte nner foots ond " aaa 1 Soca sinner yet ie EMYCIN ave poe cern [obkens encersng how 0 bp Jereper wt et fem ooeie Fomvane arena doen et tane jaeson ene Sach cnet hve eu ech sean he ale of domo ewe dda ee nw deplete ae ce ating ta gy wha some 1 bc hat howe son fe pty ened by Bm el owen os wore ni ie Soe corneas mina reasoner nase i of doin berth ean Commande wth a ege ‘Rohs eh wo pang gen te Laveen ap once pcon sing Kner ican os abst tie ec {ther sto wasn co supose es gl gel tee ‘anc al domi ny owas ee ent ees the se a mee cece elope a me toni noir shs snes at hg arco ee et ‘Belin pnoners buch x dees! mn yea eng ees ake Speech Sapte oe ‘oie cater by ier tne tet the bi word ‘esses! poncho ceasion nes ops we sal Sac soo charac lo ees ppd arn para ls ohne etal and ‘mgeraet chine ensayo ef eco al del wi austin regi Boe eaten sing method ede wh hess rats thoatout seat copes We sa Scans ‘lat witha ube af rent ccc wi ain eine ere ae ‘tenon ‘Mach grpon vod wp al pn td see! acho ‘etd ape nbc nck dite comnts nee (Si oper autre ey ‘We dle don of mache ein wl Chap 36 sc somethig fat advanc top fron necro stub susnesTNS i i ds de ct yen vata se NN ‘aa Engen 5 yr oo Kapa Sees cee rea oe rae cns ea Ete iah Asis pls ‘implicaon of ty orca ii he toner ea ecg esi ewe neg eben Th 1 scr ing pi lend gttrppe ini al aig mis, Tein he sdb ong. ich * etcitrescaeeenke onrineai t (tates: she wrong ang wi hw apie al cer back at fonimendofeftoccugtndivnte fd being pains 1. long pd wasp moana ral fc may devineen son i dom eho ene. 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Raps og a yo mde conde enol Npeefmloea poe eT Sern ut on pet be rome mach ee as {Gon sc matic eats ons ed 1m sum the INTERNIST progam wore He si Dating il fee Feral alt adelante Lay sxc aga oe ad Sewer tes ‘Septhrea ons Ge probe ses ene rnc pp ad ea oy els Ce eae Se eocr canes Seoemmaoettatsprm age stack ‘ath igpatres or sid tht peas adel apo ek anor akaahgen erate Mascaro “norris ut seme oath oi uti tie hs ed aps ‘iz mtrscns recone athe cnySeeicthe foon te ily op ‘ie og ce mo ie _ar Re enperieed pynn woul rsa ete desta ape ‘Scams on ahr bree Te ee srl ame whch make ropa icret enone rays ope cede oir sr Cat aes ees hha bps ind a lia pn CE fetta bein fe RRO poem wa oh ec "Nok cided ta bas nny fier pra an esd sng ce tntnneb epee acne ‘ourudllarod af atoms cane at ISTERNEST al didnnco Seca comran is Seer nae ‘Scena end nt vl cre fo aa pets 0 (Seesmic anneal eg pen ‘ed poles oto hh west eed ore eg ee Secale tne sched eel Samos 124 TOE a knowledge engineering workbenchsys (1-9) opera fhe acl by teri sont ayers eae on teen wh ‘Encban,epeceetin a ams ch ment fe cnn roe pers poe brandis pre na Ei Te se segy compres mae fr nem ts epg se ounoy teste esnns of es se SQN Steed wh rir no a a te ‘Sibely por ecm mice ranean nse prsar kino Irae renoungtead he penevinsies pacar flows was pie out cue he ane pc cpa pen lena ee Se Se et ee gba ff, svete sec eds ck ‘Sip sch sald fc Re cxpcnd pro well on ites Wee EIR atee paring he ar peor cing een 0 Fo TGrtaarobe gual cern sy ones pry doen “teach rests wal wr besobe nn mbes led shee i he nin ea AEE Cl the pean ptr em Sch Feo ‘hostess an thy de rye Unorrai 3 or o Rate nenranc marlon ts ropery mere hel wee os RRR SALOME arenes egeme labor retro He hrm carmen em in irae nd wou det rf eae hy Ths ne INrek MST ash em ron teehee seed ich fateh rat dagnowet bene ef sates “the Sour aes Poplecwemmanry ein whe tg sputter tnd hy, Hee ly pedir etsy wl eure ‘eter tee. Tp sui de "enc, ep keno tte somali ogra bp abe a Wear gate make annua agus, Thien ceed te echanba which icine we srsesenfoncntse ei hms stm cto ge ai [Soften wa TERNS wee nto ry omni rp nt ‘elie eve en snp fran of pes so nal, few te Hse seca gre sre rts kn gu fet ete Aug th tek pura te bingo TS EAR es ein Sct Aw ae itn we 1132 Foe eine ERNST ‘An TERMS comeing prs ithe fing A ie a asso, ‘ems omen Fahne et or ma ee “We pogam ret deat me far exch ah oe comin fo its (1) ered mantis mt aoeaed wa ne dene {a seed matte coc ek he Sone {3) Sondre sneered moh renee neces (8) RanScxanen eer obese bu hak econ we eee ‘aa ie pent mano hy nin ane sco vest a apa bathed ofa weg ITO, nd ‘Teel erste ls tnaly led os dns ht hy ie bee co fcce eine nets ham red ne sa epg oe bw ‘ee ey de ase. eit me Teer comes ons denen och eens) ‘Sir erede debe doe em oe gw 32The primary wit of erent he ue bi ahr ham falcon tle (IDE wa poe a abel page aad Keowee cn «+ Oba ret coe that recat resent wh meses ‘kin bouupmn Ths abc eos aca pas apm ae Spaeth oredr wt oak «Ue rae he nowy mapa in ihren ‘unped te [8 wesnvin Chap 10,OPAL ab we pes! ‘praia po efi 1 Thempeeni of knoe ba ron pte ane fr ean it isc prcee w aensensato ocn a o ‘htainbypetievr ss nston he ppm caced “The alate les pase at mga oe TST ad DE ide nat) ersten theo no, nec tal adeno mao. teeing fal cmp iy be maa fcr maken aro tt Sudden vas fre mec, hrs rede bens ee te teal ep ar mea oe woul res Sse whee et any wen potted foc ns ada all Ta enon do mt nen tne seen THST an eh to MUD and MYCIN The er compe aaued shh eran ae 1 alice rsh rand np ars ad 1 Silica ecko amen lee Foe moses egal mo ws wth root md ply opeienng ero Weal a th ose sao ce ef da! sore ess; Non emi nes repeat reo nce wiht det ‘eign nor mcg” Msn eof tc fares or pmale esoes te "wk CENTAU an INTERNIST dis fot the pena race f= TST knowl ee A needy lel farce pied pce in peoming tess pawl aon Knol a och open ‘Sitndkaochdpemecatd vith tre ms rome neste o ‘Sako contr sre som of fry sd ow tse compen fre thar sou fers ae ode aly ate tery yee ere Towle pene by aun serene its are ose, ih Se Fag ™ " Aiou TST how ae ea aun a ne leifrson Tale mode ese ete eerste we lever abun open nsvon hrs Fig 3.) 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Merely proctpe achat MORE snd TDE sre eel data pin ets empl emer, forte protien of knowledge ostnon wf beled by ooring sae homer Ine ‘atta roan tent NTENT mein nos irs How ‘rte ter esieunscehlyopetr sora Serhan wesers carpe ‘Espogen ave an veutaanot fx aya legen ree ote, tna fant a PUTHEE hen mae ‘Nhe hawt OPAL is eco tenon eh male ob sg ‘Fadeciguenms meen henge rotons seoeanvens ote ont {os wit peda tcp th Soni onlin note Thane rsin whol died aoe roma wih aay sandr ei a, Thn Trae: couldbd tg ale ore pce 235 ‘thet srs tac abated eon here ‘Guy forte por ase er rarer wha ec Snel os perc nade do esc the es cs Tecan ene anrnscrve-aerc lke amb woh ltt yrmelonictind ed acer, ed be eso (ih Encode be dag Lacie sei wih thee rnin Freda ieee pce: Aw he proctor, sent ‘Snndecn cmc ns gored ese 4 Dain and ingles ap rom iin pon tall Ihering nats ome See aes ponent al Pot Dhatpttndeatomide forts, ae pepam baud beaternckse Sbenpe taki mate aches re kee tony nen, sakes pecan creme man and ati puter TL nee “hues cemetary cance ary od ie in inal Rees ene aye Sek ner thnenan fr empl abe aes ith pram lea hriemasen ne sraceeck 2. Tate program ton are eon uo fae ot ome omega stem en yaa Iefiemtene tare rung nu ame cuaPren emg 13 viens ren 1 Remo tO : 14d fear matter ont Biel ee sarees ete ed of Chg nod ta ie dcop ee of sue NeBlatiilgtintiechnsnchnesstebuttem tnt pane campo conve hrmehcautcison pion ating te nce ted {Rome frees Tew apn ete sc ip ch {hehe nnd lal cnaratne protien gad se ee Marecseames fom Bema ‘Fhe ak sony sion ene tiem, weg fa ec sun Semone ans om tear he ‘Sine wrk olny Ainge woud eg vo weno Uke near wien stale ne ee we hi ol sSeSensceubl won Yor daly gavel snout whch ence cqumen wed doar in to bd how ral ned ve Hom iho aly (Win ermeafcosmuney Tice ntobadasolgie th ut ome rer ‘sat podcast ay oc le hw ce Sons coradon fran 141 Motivation snd ovenviow “pila wh ee came pola obo ae ping dem a+ tng nino oon a aso ‘nclonth ache fous Cooas ae poe bythe lo te pee, Ker ocamge you cance nero pen heme me ss Tc mane compnensn anions oe cpbiaon of onpencay wich ns acompecafes ae tanfecenn pcalcontnios Shao men en re ee ‘Shy cmon gh tar we ona sa oe pe ay ‘hone lgnaang mare doo hanes te ech of hea ine o fhe ton ae naa Thera ‘ty thee apn wn zane canbe ree, campennosc esley ‘ell oma Pe, me ae ome ‘toy orale Meal ership laa saps femora can essed ccaton For ‘sane Chap 0 ar ONCOCIN luted cane apy eink fom uty ok plik ade been oppo be fee tee rind tht, Neve ne compe ris cae he ‘STi eceenarcs ate pane moe lel tom prime ere ‘hace Cape the me anc as ch lasing ran et blo compen pny cae te i ofthe ath spa at [ewia facinn th ame osolsion etre Ta ahr penn rach {Bical oe ect plone esx hy sue the ay he ‘Sco Dou why od tery oa arene ie. Bu ‘re vore star opal elason to seme pole hr ng exch & Teanel tense he mont oncom Wha eas oo pilates tied to cnet helen pte dsb ne po ‘Sits of vemmstarmate oot wire ik coe sonora ate spec tr asa proba shine mathe call Mac The on wood esl whe is sth Sora tml esi hago doa any he po he emptiness 9 ‘Rett apc opti ng ne emp on eg cage oper erm pari sien Chap shaver tna ronk wilaot sora conzraveprotie Hower when spl ‘ui thang tary of veal slo 142 A case study RICCON, i (4eDemot, 19, 19,2982] we oc of te acs ene a pee cs ge tate hiss pono bss FAX corp en ye heck tcc sconpee ones detainee usanargunot eames Enaetesteymtme neater ohne a ch “Te commer es of gem develope a arto ewe Cae ‘Malo Uae ar Da spe corporat, elled CON; eal oe ‘wre dneoge fe wo Sen Sng te ata eclgmen te pa. "ECON tne cong AE TVD nein gas Sle, New a. ‘espana sen empets easeapandd te mle a eda Hey 0 {Sa Lirsbaad yond ae pols erring ease shows na ae ‘Sak pointed cinschee yo ve ssh domain of ‘Reg itv sny a lcs may whch ome so oy ‘wt: growth aaa nage nw opm ee esd Todas stecomene, Tis ov Camu erzeme yl os af 080 compen hermit on Cg sv pcan nny oe i bd ma ‘Ss al enn otayecsonom bcp Tat Es cr soppon» wile siete Ske sane adem a rs," “Gnyanorer Ri sta eso eh oat camera eres si he ge eer all Being wie cee tcp Ale, rane ere cnc emda os Dingo ya ec nee ‘svelte le kil in can fe oe ee PEuDE on he bse he euro nlrb cnrton ‘Ehistacin acnct somrton pam uns eondeile erse 121 conpann noon hgh RU end MYCIN ae prin ern tyes arly ‘pa miner of param rapes On ditevce tar MYCIN hs pte ‘Boeeayponth ening ain ber ith sme a pos ow onthe rot prt pnt conjome en whch Hee el pe fur Chger Riv apne edt rer wh ‘Teoma sores teman wan cacy SiSekenorsts actu ofthe nietocd ince wedlnCLFS psd to nds of aml, 1 hogwnieou compre ample lage amp Boa Pe TIES Souci deo foring pal contrac Samat iudthevenmig thom wel {Eoutn nnamey oe pect ster andthe work maary oe he lope Thecaubue whereas hoe weg ey Tita ates peducran money he ata de not pst of poner Siero bo mre coment sed arr ih a‘e. = | Cowra nog pied yah fhe mk in Rs rdason pena The eau paseo whch pl peo ok Seka whi tepid ser prore foe Cons Tie wake, ‘ory sro py Sd ede oig regu Gens “c's ney sees mS eta ‘Gabuorabe ent RI te pues og be cept Stab cin poco ho fa nfo atin ye ‘Ske renee fe ambi nena wan Ep my and eve Sistema er el seeps the odie ey in cme nt sce canon of pc rl ore smn ed Fabre chee ste iat teen at “Sepsiom pon/ Ris 1o0 cede oi poten ltt dae, tne fo ing ste componente opm, TRS “Eansaqefeontl tle wr Mi eae poco cae fer andeund oct agin do oestrone Eeceonvaet whi corel sory gl os Bocelli te adit a certs wah or Sir pp des cones ee ‘act we cognac dine FI poten [Ses kederenty tent scence sn wes ee iat edger font Ares thre cto oe ‘peo OF aeons as hs a 4 122 Uno cto inpose us rate In alan a ifrmation shou comganats in sonra 2 reching sy ‘uncovers wich spay heer comest ofthe, Ths feito bed the congas Gown ste uh me eed he Ion ogy conpond oh aeons le ing Meroe: hee ‘nace aoges mw hsy meh temper elon bcs er ‘Secs mong ris wea o onan sy fe is rrr VAX AUT can be hc hart rise and ng hep SiS be ork wae cor era “Tht salar conan sn x rm bas eh inl (0) Che xi ring ay ono an eercing amiss (2) Confort PU arargegconparess nthe CPU std CPU expanon cab 2) Conon te its os, stan exes hexane ad en Ste obi ch Fos (4) Genre pacing aging aes cans a ane och th ‘nals she dency ee \s) Cao doe is posing compere hat uel ghr andthe gt dens ate gt one \e) Dots egg sacar bed comet desde ocr te teas eaten prs compen Sach isis a be hs ein iter tmnt coach fepeooesndnagol take ities rr wnt sacks Troi denne ay rsh near deerme, sae Be pene fas ‘Spel Uacameel ses lnade wk een hare ewe ‘Draco Krk tones dein Pomel RTs nia deers ce of tse ale fovmed in he ano Th get acid a alot. any RTS ‘ais are ty mpl conten rote ae wenger) eee Elbe gan wir he prco tea rah Sep ene ‘nore ua er obi hw adden solo working new (hy ho gue hens hn hat eset eee on {hom cong ray A et ar eons codon cane Ses cnet ye roth bers hs he rset rt ‘Sites bru sol ae cote stl rig ee. 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Ta ‘stain bce groupe ans oye ote bred ORs ee soon fami resmblnced ethesore ot yk we ek ling neds ho dine ato hay ron gid know colts ening Alcea ion a npc he enc ol roe imag eco Laon ay mesa ed oe ‘fhe dal fb aks Oe ldap throng cacao Be a SCM; eprenad chs mobo fon coed cet ae so MYCIN we Sprains ae wee isl rae hat etl ars ofa expe stem may oan coed gop aie she tie come th he re, ‘Fede cc anche won ht hol Remsen the eDer es the RU SeemiSned ares tttasenanpee Thy tlre er adaleot ‘Braye ea ns dra th er deve eons. “Frei suc cul pehape pnrale if we hnew ry we per dig the ‘RAED er bor the sconce be bop depen tens oon sv of as {od wit fami caterer eve ciate a ees, Pr ‘Begnde hee rntapr appar to oh difee: fe of sb Fieri eoagen and oe fr example unde! with «ale TEemore unr ad powhy sje for eam concerning wht ee Mice ttbermor pos kind of Snseraon coded ach ue (Pisurge fom poo 0 produc an econ cat be generar a8 9 _nanmrnomnrte gn antoor artecna cach f hich cmiet. Then sida he eee ‘nvioor mony on rou the verti nh ce pages eed their colems snl cnrvomes nahin esos she ‘Ohta propose ao lin he eronment hres yh ‘iain emer: ent ee Howe hy we cdg eet We wr sre a aS ‘tid ioe errant charred ete ee Erreteaniirey iy cro ATS sine thing ‘ovkonnens neha popaitar his Sshststcetnelars ante ‘eign tel et Temi nape oe ‘lab Sr rpouroeaince | ued the prposincinded eate om ct eiwen n ab hat a chrmtue yeh eee : + Geta fever erin conrrmne wc ts popes id er ‘bridal ra ape encanto ae ie ‘elt ery enone eel nad ‘int esomene ne ab sa oper of et ts jopcnl h 8empy el hi en to opto i seo sommes nyse ec simi ie popontce ecard panera 1942 Mos ost tapering 38 etwas mate ese pao dag bee ‘ornate Chapa sc Soetoro ee, Itempend an need bara aes eee EE Eger tal ses in can ees ee ES scpeeramsnot lags Umcneeat ase ee ees Zoints formation sono he caer etme saderyng te se sooship iGece Sumo an gta Te lr pls ne ee Exon apcineiretan se hoarse ae Rc Ther tearm yong shovenkning wae fae aaah a ae - etptindntnin pepe eeepc segugieagnt nme Eoceece reraare ioe eee oe etic ccnp ‘beable so diagnose fa hat ve sever ocurred before, a {The DAK propa (Geneon, 184) wa ripe ck apace nm the dan ol diet cra A dapang re th en oo ot aptenteeu ai temrionatere en {ES inependnt, ete sd he pres na tenn Soup dg. sii eink dns nes ma hoc ne el [Bairkjpeioe BARTS protiem tavag smbod red tree ngliping (11 comets in he evi art weaned he working properly sw sek (2) Four are nom nvr th panes have consistent ote dn Sea iedneeee (5) Thorsten the des Exch of ie ample neg lapel De Kear lis 19 fond he AS cate eo ae) gam ee fs Dinmars nase~T “cat ai bee oie eee aeons Ich gh is of oken a hn ph wl ete ser conn he rob en! by sotin f sr rere ecre a shee eae me sae aeeenae eam ect ranaeeeeiedoreeearsetieraicacie err eet oe pega rcrncnceer cs nates Eepoka teen ee ees scpeaamehengamresteinsemmanas Eeerenere sag ceaeeeee BR erie arent ene Fis sew expunenal nthe miro omens we bee ne W39O eeeobasce Se tt rpc tneeari Soap eee coven “Sessile Clea dC bo ween conzmet nal etn ‘FS cts thn Gland C2 crm ch be moka and tere hod Ch igs ees rte cere RE aa «apogee imine expanses He et or ‘he cade Thrash hpi pai alee or ech ‘and dat cms sop eh ae Tae eta ‘Roane ee the reine aide The ee fe van as ‘olced be oro Oper ote oe cbs ol mae ss, 185 Summary nd comparison ol MSs “Te fnson oh min ponent a th omen fap pole + toch interac mae te ele slo atcha have ee ond de we eel oe 1 (Silns hpilom sve: emake aramid ef sf ‘Suen Smt dee om hea 1 than te rot of ny eer by maining singe comin ollnnil mesa mangle coos wth eet cos ot shimay eel nest “Wench ache of Dole nd Meare ly eigen to ema sts tea ar expe ae renin nti {Yipes nym sented Che 15 ace ep f bow ae TMS ado ee tno he roti ea ae cael machine quedo wat te then one lt oll Sea ieee tiase nist et peas ou lirand ‘Sith forsample lesa logeonsy re wan snp te cmpare [pode id comprise ast sraomponetpstent wich er ‘NPs ea ewes xe soar fxn Chae) ‘deers AMS rr one tvaes ng ehi w sorn i facon per doyle cre cons hee yh ‘Sheff col muchry angel You woof over stb Srasnge teens stg sneer awe ine ese ese nh tes Hotere sou :or maa mae ha oo SES Sheena or pede! bckag me b e5nr = == Hee = Machinery (ACM) -publiahers-nowaleter dePOUEM TAT TRIG the 6 International ent Confeeasexon Ati aeigence (CAD have been held bianaaly nee 1965. The for ompatng ‘SIGART NewsleterIn Bota, the Society for the Stody of Arial Intelgence and Simulation of Behavior publishes the 413 Quarry ‘nd holds biaaoual summer conferences, The Canadian Sostety foe {CompuatinalStaies af ttcigene (CSCSY/SCEIO) punishes ee ‘occasional newsletter. . haa Some of the topics treated in this book assume some famiaity with ‘he programming language LISP. Fora renialc introduction, see the book by Weisman (1967). Fredman (1974) is an coleraiiag poy {rammed intruction maneal, Fort move technical eaten ete ‘ook by allen (978). CHAPTER 1 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND AI st At stems dip # more o ln ai septation between the setviard ccrpatatond component of dat, operations, a conto. ine fine tems are dsenbed at an appropriate fev one cn asin acta cuty dat might by eld alo drabge ais ‘Sci year aan to saearbbel core rang Wesco the mponance of Wenig 8 rbrats el of depen oear the machine code evs aya sepa dina components can Sappeat athe tp level he eae Af pntcm ean const of several database operations/conta hte imtertcng in complex foion. Our pat thst a yom DeSining of separ detabse, options, and conta components Sh eppropite meopbonen! being blk for constrict {22 Gesoopuone of Alyse 1,1, PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Various generalizations of the computational formalism known a « posi item faelve sian sparton of thee computor mrraronens end thay seem 1 caplet extence of operation fay Grattan the major cements tan Al poduction jem are age ZS S stet prndcin ie ana conrol stem global database i te cen dia srctare wed by an AL ratsalae tr Depending ou the aplcaton, ths dato ay te were Penal malic orator mcomplexaralrs lors wom ichwesure te eae shsle ncn he peel satan an aia i ie boots wah te dna of abe nem)ic production Tales operNE AI We ,lobTUaRae Ta role hoe ‘Precondition that is ether saisied oF not by the plobal daabor Ifthe recondition i satisfied, thesule can be appliad- Application of the he = Shanges the database The contol systems chocser ehich applesine ee should be applied and ceases compitation when a rmination contting ‘nthe global database is satin, : ‘There are sever differences between thi production system structure tnd conventional computational systems that we hierachaliy ned programs The global database can be accessed by allot leg oo, Part of tis local to any of them un particular. Rules do not “call cakes rules: communiation between rules occurs only through the plotal dsabase, These features of production systems are compurtle wit ine ‘rolationary development of large Al systems requitng.ertenive Knowledge. One dificult with using conventional syst of hist cally oxganized programs in Al applications x that wdditions or chanpes to the knowledge base might require extensive etanges to the rante fulstng programs, data sirucures, and subroutine srpasiontion Vie Droduction system design is much more modular, and’chasge, toe fstab, tothe control system, ot the res ean be made clatvey Independently. We shall distingush several vavietes of production systems. These sir in the kinds of contol systems they tein proper of thes es fd duaboses, and in the ways in whch they ar apple to specie problems ‘Asa short example of what we mean by an AI production stem, we shall atate how one is wed to solve a snipe pases LLL. THEEPUZZLE, Many AI applications involve composing Coptroting the ations ofa robet and automatic programming are og ‘gZamples.A simple and perhaps familar problem of this sor, seta ee string base ideas, w the 8 persie. The tepurale coms of eight ‘numbered, movable tes set a'3 53 frame, Que ec of the frase lays empty thus making it possible to move an adjocent numbered ae {nto the empty eell—or, we could say, 10 move the empiy cll Socks [poze is ihustated in Figure 1.1. Two configurations of tes are snes Consider the problem of changing the tnt coulguraion inte he gcd sequence of operations SSANETAIGR 7-H Ts CE POM WAT EPHTERTATE YUE oT Gover noch "nove ble dons eve doe e Sa an a lobal databan, the rule, and the control tratepy. Transforming = blem statement into these thee components ofa produetion system is ‘nen called the representation problem in AL. Usually there are several ‘waysto.o representa problem, Selecting a ood representation i one of The important arts iavolved im applying Al techniques 10 prsctical problems For the &-puzzle and certain other problems, we can easily ientiy ements of the problem that correspond to these three component. ‘These elements ae the problem states, moves, and goa. the ¥-purze, sche coniguraion i = problem sie, The set of al poate ‘onfgurations is the space of problem states or the pol say ‘of the problems in which we are inereted have very large problem "The tpuzale hat «relatively smal space; there tre only 362,880 at i, 91 diferent contgurations of the 8 es and the blank space. (his space happens to be partitoned into two disjoint subspaces of 181440 states cach) ‘Once the problem states have been conceptually identified, we must constructs computer representation, or description, of them. Thit ton is then ured a the global database of a production system. For the &pusale, astraghtforward desription a3 % 3 aray or matrix ‘of numbers. The nial global database is this Sesecition of the iii froblem state. Virtually any Kind of data structure can be used Acsedbe states. These include symbol stings vector, sty ray, tee, ind list, Sometimes, asin the epazae, the form of the data rrveture tears chore resemblance to some physical property of the problem hein saved, 2{8|3 11213 i[6[4| —> [el [4 7 Is 71615i Ta —— ‘Rive vansformaone problem state into nother vate Tae passe 's conveniently interpreted as having the following four moves: Move empty space (ankle Ite mve BRK Up, move Blan 19 the sand move blank dow. These maves are modeled by production eles ‘ha operate on dhe stile derripticns in the approprite manset. The | rules each have preconditions that must he ssahed by aiate dexcrption in order for them to be applicable to thal wate description. Tous the precondition forthe rule ssccated with “move Blank op” ke denied from the requirement that the blank space ust not already bein the ot In the Spur, we ae sed to produce pacar problem sae saa le on a gre ec eS problce for hi ir weve any ne ofan exc tx of Problem vate‘ turer generation ie ope some teytise Scnahionon siesta serves genlcodion Then ie geal oul eto schioe any ste satsying th conn: Such sendin ply Setins some set of goat aes For cramps ime Epa, We might sma schcwe ay he eenigareon fr wtih dean ofthe aumbers inbeling tess in he crow ir. nour langage estates mover ‘Th pron peso fmt th bl fr the eminion condiién at the production ysem, The conte stegy reper fplc reso se descr onl 2 descipton ots oa sae Ddvcsd. Has eepstnko teats ht have heen mph ‘inompos hem int the souesce preven ae problem aon, In certain problems, we want the solution to be auject to cern aitional constains. For example, we may want the solution to our S-puzsie problem hoving the smlest number ot moves In general we ssenbe acon to cack move and then attenp 9 find svoution having ‘minimal cost These elaborations can cay be handled by methods we ‘serie Inter on, 12. THE BASIC PROCEDURE “The base production system algorithm for solving a problem lke the S.puzae ean be written ip nondeterminsse form at follows: 20 Procedure: PRODUCTION. T DATA = WaHaT database — 2 wnt DATA sascs the termination condition, do: 3 begin 4 elect some ral, inthe st of ules ‘hat can be applied to DATA 5 PATA e-reult of applying R to DATA 6 ond 12. CONTROL “The above proceduse is nondeterminintic because we have not yet peicd prechely how we aze going to relect an epplcable rule 32 ‘Srement Selecting roles and keeping track of those sequences of rales {Udy teed and the databases they produced vonsttue what we cll the inurl strategy For production systems. In mori Al applications, the {ntormation avaiable to the control strategy isnot sufisient to permit {MicZuon ofthe most appropriate rule on every pas through sep 4. The ‘Operation et A prodvtion systems can thus be characteriaed asa search which oles are tod onl some sequence of them found th dass saying the termntion condion, Ect fmol sratepies roqulre enough Knowledge about the problem being ‘Solved ao thatthe rue selected in wep & has «good chance of being the most appropiate ons. We dsingish two mor tnds of conte sales: meres end etn nn east pins napa ees ‘seas eroorstlywatnon pron for reconaieratin ee ‘erate ge api igo say ‘pepe soe good ren), he me ape, bu rovion etn tlhe pont in bcompton upp ems oer Er ‘We further distinguish wo different types of tentative control regimes. none which we call backtracking, 8 backtracking point is etabined a“This grammar i to simple to be urefal in analyzing wos Engin SJOTWardprod sentences, but ‘ould be expanded to make ft bit more reals ——Seppesere wanted to determinewheterornot the folowing stam oF symbole is wsentence ta the Tangoage “The president of the new company approves the sale ‘To setup this problem, we speci) the fllowing: ‘The global database shall consist of a tring of symbols. The inital database i the gies Siting of symbols that we want to fest ‘a pen na nied ce enaeatecn cat, meee een eter ent oes eae ca Se ns eee ae ete Arie es wre Beceem ert, operant Soecseh a Oly that database consisting of the single ‘yrmbol sass the termination condition Part of search tree for this problem is shown in Figure 1.7. fn this ‘ample example, aside from different posi orderings of rule applica, Tons here is very Ute beenching inthe tee BACKWARD AND BIDIRECTIONAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS. ‘We might say that our production system for saving the 8-pucsde worked forward bom the nats toa gon vate. Tes eecould eal “Snbgoa! sate fromeahich-thesmmedinely ssperordinate goa tato-sould be teaclied by one Torward move. A production system for solving the ‘Sipuezie in this manner would merely fevers the rolex of sates and ous fond would uee rules that correspond to laverse moves Sorting up # backward.lireced production system in the case of the s-pusseic nimple because the goal dercribed by an explicit site. We Ein also set up backeward-ditected production sysicms whem the gal is ‘Sescribed by aoondiion. We discs this situation le, afer introducing Se appropriate language (predate Togi) for talking sbout goals de= Saved by conditions. beers [ax ve ve]‘explicit: When a problem ha Intuitively clear otter and goats and when ‘We chooae to employ descriptions of dhe wate a the global database of — 1 production system, we say that the system Is a farward production {ptm Rules are applied tothe state descriptions 10 produoe new state crptions and dheas rules are called Fores nstend we EROOSE 1 temploy problem goal desripsons a the global database, we shall say it em hse rei sem, Th Te to goal deerption to produce subgoal descriptions, and there res wi te roal deep goal descriptions, and these rales wil | 1m the Repuzzle, with sage nial state and a single goa! ste, i snake! no litres ter the probiers ace Inte fobwacd or ihe Dackward dieecion. The computational efor is the same for both secon. Ter oso however went one een toa & problem in one direction reer than the oter. Supper. for example. ttbere werca large numberof expiclt goal aes snd oe nal ae, woul nen ey tient 1 ty ste ach role he rection; we dono! know apron which goal Rates “loses” tothe nals ad we wld hve tbe seach from alo them 36 most ecient solution direction, n genera, depends om ie structure of the nate space, rong 1 often a god ides to stterp® sltion 0 « problem searching ‘idirestonaly thts both forward and backward simaltancovay), WE hn achieve hs effect wih production systems st, To do, we most {corporate both state descriptions and goal descriptions imo the plobl Gaston rule are appid tothe Sate Gecripucn par, walle Bree tre applied vo the gon description par. In tis «ype of search, the {cemination condition o be ase by the contol system (to decide when theprblem esd) man be nates arse ormathngconaion tiween the sstedexonpion par andthe goal description part ofthe fioba databane The contre rom mun ie dace ot Gury sage Sthether to apply an applicable Ferule or an applicable Basle 7, SPECIALIZED PRODUCTION SYSTEM: (2.1, COMMUSATIVE PRODUCTIONSYSTEMS ——— ‘oder certain conditions the order in which ase of applicable ses it wlbticadnabae i waimporan. When thexe conditions arts, sition sstam prowess efiioney by voiding nels exae= are vcluzdant solution paths tat ar ll equivalent excep for rule being In Figure 18 we have thos rules, RJ, R2, and 3, that are apicable «ne 2 Jono by SO, Aer applying any one of these roles, all sate ae ot applicable to the rlng databases; air applying tre es Sigocne gies ae sil appa, Furthermore, Figs Ty eet that tse same databace, nately SG, [6 achieved a ert sequence of ule ppliod in these (Rl 2,3). ‘We ay that a production eystemn i commamaive it has the folowing, propentios with vespest to any database D {@ Fach member ofthe set of rales applicable to D bb slo applicable to any database produced by spplyng sn applicable rule oD. () Iftic gost condition i satised by D, then iti also titans by any databave produced hy applying =y spplicabe rate to D. “The database that results by applying to D any ‘equence composed ofrelesimat are applicable 10 Peeteicnm under permutations ofthe sequence, ‘Tne ule applications in Figure 1-8 possess this commutative property, TaredusinP ne database denoted by SG in Figure 18, we cles need eee esse of che meny paths shown: hethods for evoking cortcton or redundant pak are obviosly of great imporance for ‘mmatatve systems. © iy system doesnot mean tha he ete ena ee Sher wae to transform x gwen database into one satisfying & seamen eam he ronda. Ale “plied to a database, SSuNtat ruler ight become applicable. Only those rues that a teaitone iiecle toa database eam be organized nto an sbirary ey cpplied to tat dalabase wo produce a result independent of Seder. This datinction is important. 3s = aera CN STM“ADVANCED PLAN-GENERATING — ~ — SYSTEMS ~ In ths chapter we continue our dcosion of tem for generting rote pane Pn, we sous wo rotons hat ean dea with eating ‘Sais n'a moe sophatsed manner than STRIPS, Thea, we dass ‘rus herr methods plan generation 8.1. RSTRIPS LRSTRIPS is « modiation of STRUPS that uses «goal rein mesh or reamventng gl interaction problems. Apia ue of {hs mechunom prevents STRIPS from apiying en rule, #1, that Soul nctere wih an achieved precondition, 7 need by another Foti Poccnrngurrin the plan BeooseF2 acura ha Fit ft be tht 2 bn some aoe umenieved precoadion 2, Gat Ea‘ te nced to apply FY fin lasead of applying FU, RSTAIPS (Rastuage the plan by retresing hgh the le that cies? REE a uictement ofthe epresed wil ohongerinerfere wih Somat the techniques ind conventions used by RSTRIPS can best be ‘nad wil Jacasng an example problem in which th gla do ‘fbappon interact After hescRave bea exlaincd we hal Ssribe Trea how ROTRIS handles nterocing goa. [EXAMPLE I. Let us use one of te simpler blocker examples froin as chapter Sappone the pos! | ON(CB) A ONCA,CO 308 {Gat denial ste at shown in Figure 7.1. Un he fit Fle Sea RSTRIPS opens in he ame manner a STRIPS. It does se al‘ore spel onentonin she oa tack howe. Spell when ‘ter the componens shores compound pel nthe ck, pope thes | ‘onf-wh th anise [a 5 Sra —— pore in soc We sal se the we of ts sung oy. ‘ie palsack prince den roe STRIPS tht tie Kl ene me ot) Sepa follows: — eee LS me “This goastackis the ame athe one produced by STRIPS at this sage of te probes saluuon (Se Figure 719 ofehater?) Foraddedclany ia therapies his sation, we retain the condition uieved by appying fanFulestunder the rule hatched tin the goal sack Nate ne ‘eral parenthees grouping gol omponente wit compound goal With the sabtiion (4,9), STRIPS can apply unstack; 4) ‘became i prcendion al theo the vc x ntced bythe nid state dexripion Rath than removing the stied preston and the Fl rom he pol slack (an STRIPS di) RSTAIPS lenses tere tas on he sack td pies & matbr jst Below HOLDING(C) to Inde that HOLDING haus bec acleved by te eppenton ot the Ferd As the stem tas Condens om the snc aj tne Franc maa i hearers econ {te slack tha sil nods wo be sie Aer ping aaatch( C4 {he geal si fu ore > [ HANDEMPTY A CLEAR(C)A ON(GAY srtach( CA) Creasy abemme “The horizon line runing thogh the stack the marke. All ofthe Fok ove the maker bare beea applied, andthe condition jst ‘ter the mare mamely, CLEAI(), mus now be ested For day, ‘ie clue nest to our Goal sacks a pete ofthe sate prod 8) Typing the Fol abowe te maiher) Woe the maser ps yuh veri parents (it doe in sas pc hoon Dry tener pean the ere at are Neca Shred hat he components of compound gal blow So thacr a Ge eo ee pete, RSTRPS ee Nyon and "pots them ech preton meee ‘Ri ora ac Fic br apie wanin ver parents Tso to tn cece opener el ‘trioneaed by sara ( our gon saa ae i tat whenever STRIP ise he nn an re “pled at wo te then coment ate Ecuipon pede seis Jean STRIPS ee ted {Speer tn prce esp. Raber hat part of tbe ga ack rae acter ne sgurnsof Fels api! a, From ‘Bi tegunes of Feuer RSTAPS cn alee compute wha es ena cou be fs equece wer ppd ein se Scoay ReTIUPS never neds tocompatesoch ste destin. AL sea jear te ile fo compa wheter erst cern byl Scheme Spon Teneo eo cpesing the seb be au veckvar tough he equate fos ope so fa For example, nthe gal stack shove, ASTRIPS inners whch srna CLE4R(B) auch these deep (Alda= Se 1 schieved AEE upplying wsaeh(C.4). Repos CLEAR(B) “hugh ths Fle proluees CLEAR(B) which atest nial se “description, otros it mu as match Ge subsequent desipon (GICLEAR( a) did st mated, RETRIPS would nex have had wo ner Ta the go ste the Fae To ace it) ‘A this sage, ASTRIPS sous that both ofthe gzeendtons for stack{C,B) we sae, 50 this Fle & applet (by moving, the taker), and ON (CB) ia protected. [Since the paecthess of the ompound goal HOLDING(C) A CLEAR(B) i ow eulily above ‘he marker, he sptem removers preasbon of HOLDING(C) Nex [RSTRIPS atempus achieve ON(A,C) Final prods he pel stack show below: [WaNDEMpry » cLEAR(C) NON stack(CyA) (gana cA) (CLEAR(B) HonDING(c) 6 cLEAR(Ry stack(C.B) "ON (C.B) ( wANDEMPry © CLEAR(A) A ONTABLE(A) pikap() HOLDING(A) CuEan(c) HOLDING(A) A CLEAR(C) stuck, onca.c) ONC) AONLA.C) ‘The precandons of play) match hecrren sate desertion 2s cam berveited by tegreing them through he sequence of Fries ‘plied ofa, camels, (emstnck( Cy) sich CB) (The condition CCLEAK() cid ot much teil sul, but Pesomes te the suurent ne by vite o applying wmtack( C4) The condion HAND: EMPTY matched the inal Sie, wa decid afer apps. sick(C,A), and become eve aptin afer applying stwek(C. 8). The ‘epreson proces reves tht thee condton ae xen) == x, = ——=——— lore the Fue plug) = rg AVA fo pa on mediately subsequent Fcule & The graph of Figure 81 ha several ch intention detec. ‘The proces for recognising a noninteractive partial ender involves ‘euamiastion every Frrle mentions inthe ssaton graph Gncuding theo jon re 10 see preconditions are matched bythe ate “Sseion athe time tat its 10 be appliod Suppose we denote the th recondition ber ef het rade tn the graph ts Cy. For ca such inthe rap, we compote two (pomiby empty ses. Tne Rts, Dy, xs' = ee E Tracie Paaepal hr gaps ee Gy mnguracaet fends oronintrso sine abrecorve ca emit en Fle powers of ren the eaph-naesul tel Ti se call the__ Sais of delle 0G -might (aan Fle) designs —} ox Ful thus tbe ode a which deletes ocurreave To Ferulej important If the deere Sescondant of tale fn the ‘raph we ave special problems (We are aot cencered abot rule] {self or any ft ancestors that mipht ete Cy, snc the “purpose” of {Gq hm by When ready een served) ‘The second sel, dy, computed for the condition Cy, he set of rales specie byte rap ha ad Cand are ot snes of rej Sn the graph no itl. Ta tell tbe adler of Cy. Any der of Gj is knportant Gece night be ordered wich dat W cee fier 4 ‘hetero Fre tho Vittng the eect the deste A, | ‘ome rul, ay rle kasd inthe rpinal solution rah Lo hive enaiion Cy, we might be able to apply one ofthe oter adder bare Fete jinstead of Tera & and Gus ciminate role and al of sdexendant), Obviouay Fue and ty oa anes hat ight ad eodiuon Cy ave wot of terest us because they are sped ar saiton Cy needs, In Figure 82 we show al ofthe adder and delete for all of he ‘onions inthe grep. A pata oder ia nenineratv if for ec Cy {bellowing two condition bl: tn gph, her of 1) Paul occu before all ember of Dy (Un this cae the ondlon, Cy ot Sled ttl ar Ful appio oF 2) There exits a ein. Ayy ay le ksh (har Feral crus before Fae m0 80 tmember of Dy css betwen Fae and Fley. According tothe shove ete, be saation graph of Figure 8.2 itn noninteractive because, for example, Frule? doot not precede Fle 3 inthe ordering (and Fle S deletes th precondigoss of Frae 2 nis seond pase, OCOMP atempstoansorm the para ordesing twone whi soinieractve Olen, sch a raaformatin cea be made There ae Wo principal techniques foe rafrming the ordering We fa forher comraln Whe oxdring so ao ify oe of Ce (WO 6 (anu dewendama)from the praph ini eet can be achieved by Se For cumple i Figure 82, Feed isa deleterof comion CLEAR(C)ot Fue If we odes Pele 2 beloe Fae then Fle Swould no longer be adeleterofthiseondiln, Also Fue deleter Gfeonditon HANDEMPTY af Fale 4, Obviously. we cance mabe rate t gear before Fre 5 Hs lead an ancestor of Fle Site pri ordering. aT 142 Phin ih ae od ee m= | = a = = en = = SSS ae = ae Trae) Dutwe igh eatciolmetanee Fae | boson Pele Sand Fane Ori le ete ere Pde 4nd eer ny Sten of PAD. ONTABLE(s) CLEAR(x) HANDEMPTY(N) _ c ‘sendin. cima F-role $ = CLEAK(A) added y Pre. = ‘DCOMP aiempe to render the phase 1 ordering nslneatve by further ensuing toby elinisntig Fees Te genera pobln of fadaganscplale ef anipulation seems ther act ad Siow IC he eal femal” The aldol ordering constants lene onthe gina slaon graph ust themselves be conte Ie seme ex, COM is ot able vo fed preprint orderings. Tn ou? ‘sample, however, DCOMP eonsncte an orring by the fllosing eos 1) Place Fle 2 beloe Peale and Simiete Fre § Note at Fre anoot tow delete ay presndons of Fe 2 ‘Ain beer Fle 2 2ow oor belo Frule3, Frule} cant delat ay osonon of Fle ther 2) Pee | tlre Fle Since Foe ‘ocrir after Fle 2 nd before Fae 4 sand it eestabichesconion needed by Fees and 3 deed by Fale ‘These anal eons gne ws the oleing (21/3) serepend ingot equees of Fue emtach(C.Asac(C.B) leapt), sacac) In hie se the oder ofthe Farin the pln poduced aati quence in Tt, the Feuer thet we have Pen sing for thee ‘Mocks nod eample are soc thal they ean omy De apple i equenc;the robot as oly nen bd hs hand ial i each ‘Fincaclons Sappow: we Ban oh wih to hands ted hat ech wi ‘Sable of peforning al Soe ofthe acces mle by ovr Fle ‘Tse rulet could be aduped to model the Two-handed bot by rovig each of them wth amex "hand” argent aking the ales Eiar*8 Al the preiees HAWDEMPT and FOLDING wos needs bare this han spument a. (We wor alow meactons tetcen the hands such ar ane of them holding he ober) The Fen Torthetworhanded rbot a then 8 ows: | 1 | | HOEDINGC 2) plown(s.h) PAD: HOLDING(=h) [Ac ONTABLE(s}), CLEAR(x), HANDEMPTY(A) 3) tatty.) PAD. HOLDING(«:h) CLEAR) [Ay HANDEMPTY(), ON 3,7), CLEAR(®) 4) ental. A) R&D: HANDEMPTY(h), CLEAR(S) ON) AY HOLDING(s,8), CLEARS) ‘Wi theres jst ced, ve ought be ble wo gatrte pally ‘ordre plas hich hands" and "2" could be performing acons Sutinmeoaly. Les otempt to sake the very seme odk ekg problem jo stved [hat th oa | ON(4,0),A ON(C,A)} fom ‘hein state shown n Figue 7. [The HANDEMETY predate in that ne dorpion ie nim of coe, repos. by HAND: EMPTY () A HANDEMPTYQ)] Tn Figure 83, e show 0 posible DDCOMP Rt phase lation withthe adders sd dlr ete foreach ‘onion. Noe ha compared with igure 82, there ar fewer deletes (be HANDEMPTY predate becate weve (wo hands ring he end phate ofthis problem, OGOMP might pet that ule2osur before Fle 4so that we can delete. Further, Fle 2 shall orar before Feule 3 10 avon elting the CLEAR(C) Gondtionf Fae? Now i Fae Voscu between Fl 2 and, he CLEAR(C) cendiion of Pre 3 would te reesublsbed. Tho Sent aay ote town go Tesconvenent to beable to soesen any purty oxetd plan ina form simi to scation graph of AND/OR grap I here were 00 interactions tal among the sagas solution graph produced by the fint pate then ta papel would be 4 perfect aeptble ‘repre fr the partially deed plan. iterations we sch thather qui be nope! spon of rules tha i pal Uke thtshowe'n igeres7Sthonge.7 would berequee What aot‘as Rich these extrema sac ata of our present ew-bandes ‘abot We show in Figure Son myo oa poicng the appropratesubgat- sur. When te plan si, case the sabe! ondtona tha ent can epi compnets Soch a spit oscre athe oat marked "™ in Tigue F.Thse sompnetis can be soled seporatly nil te el sin the ot ‘nuked "Note that C-EA(C) bade epee hos CLEAR(A) in nade 2 Stciores sma to thon of igre BS hace een eile procera ce by Sac (187 Spee ieemycanatra sopgasmeaniaay mates — pena = mac Pi AAA pry bd pin fe nid be cn pts Eo ee One ACLEAR) © ds OLNTEI A CkEan mh HaNDMPTSY ‘Reteancy onan) [prec n (aaa [a5] Cr] R88 phen hon pein he TainoeWPTvUy A CLEARC) AWE A ACLEARD Pu AS mph fom py np utnoninteractive ordering, merly-by adding addtional ocdering con ‘Saints, The genera sitsation, i hs case that the phase proces can ‘dono etter nan leave us with a partally ordered plan which some of, the preconditions are tnivoihly deleted. We assume that phase 2 produce « plan having afew sech deletions as posible and thatthe ‘chetions that are et are thor hat are estimated Lobe cay te reachiew, ‘After producing some suck “approximate plan.” DCOMP calls upon x Phase proven (a develop plan to veschieve the deleted conitons and font patch thove plas into the pase? (approximate) plan in soch a ‘ray tha the end real is noninteractive Trea tt of phase 3s to amend a sting hl) plan THe process of mending plans requires tome special explanation fo we consider this general subject next ‘We iin ou discusion by considering another example, Suppose we are tying to acleve the gosl| CLEAR (4) A HANDEMPTY | from the ‘hil state shown in Figure 74 (wth jut one hand now). Figare 8.6, treshow the rem of phase I, withthe adders and deletes sted, Here, {we obvioaly hve asolution that cannot be put into noninteractive form by adding adcitonal constrains; ther is only one Prue, and it deletes “Spesendiion” of the joi rule, umber 0. The only remedy to this, stuaton i to permit the deletion and to plan to reachiove HAND: EMPTY incush a way that CLEAR(A remains te. vr strategy isto insert a plan, say P between F-rle 1 andthe join. fon P acetal its preconditions must regres through ‘CLEAR(A) rere through Pronchanged (x that Lean be achieved by Evrae I, The srctare ofthe solution that we ae seeking shown in Figure £7. we apply the B-rule version of putdowa(x) to HANDEMPTY, we ‘obtain the subgoal HOLDING (x). Ths subgoal represses theo9gh tstack(C,4) fo. 7, with the subsition (C/x)- Furthermore, LEAR (A) regress throvgh putdown( C) wachanged, so patdowin(C) the appropriate patch, The mal solution iexhowa a Figure 88. Sometimes Wh imposiblow warsform the phave-1 slution into « 7 Doin - q yea) Fig A6 Fephen ho pings pa CEEARCAYA WARDEN ‘ol eonston eed 0 ‘mitcs(e) much ene ‘Broan CLEA) ea er ep ance CLEARCATA Peco oP emacs) [consist mates nla tsps (Py AT Tf ft paced = = — 4 asws Dosing nist antes ch SS ‘Aopen vnc) Ooo face lotr Poss un spseReee 5 son vc ci ar mE CH Saito Gn Sampo oop conc Be an eae =. 6 floing dit cs te cole SORE Me EB ‘Soy pnt er De smoot retin ounsicmeny ‘7 Decne where felon elses Ln wey ‘even one ye (0) sue seein ene wal. 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Thus an woken he yr a aah ‘wot atl reg ae he faving apr 4a ease munea wich ssl shat he se, 2 wing on’ family on waning of oe tse pcos een ‘gtie pba, cr 3 clang experimen os Wich suit esis of ene Sige mah of he nog we del with sven nae, wer oblanceolate drat exrac,hish woe frm come The ceenese toe, 1 sox thn edie! pa oa ps ny shan yous eee ‘omg ad pt pees Trott reonrg sometime dwt etanes a wade, Sem, ames ee pasha. aes 42 Poh pode tne, Ent one, of gaa ch ‘is owe tes wih he pyc ans capone il ee es “ros hielo! of peg ‘be tlaown (nen ee nee sel mah analy tages Ldewoe, Nos orcas “pie ‘tec wet: Bad oe eae evans Sah erycs hoy, si wes mt et» co yen ices as cig Ue tape omnes ean ees {ow oil oer ne Be a “dependent factors. a = = ——— yale ds sus the xe corce pel nen annie depen one aia flab tone al ie exec: Taper” Our recap drm SESS SUA eke daremeasaRge oe =eoiens 62 BAYESIAN PHOSABIUSTIC INFERENCE ttn mcr eeseeeeaee ae eoetes Soo eeeee tems aioe teen ene Sanne Rrewmats vara ssp wm are mt aaa ii: rn meets nee err es ne eaaeay saa wo mo -™ “ on men = hen acon grins (6. agro cementing ob eres ad ea. 6) $1) PHBE PE) ten geet tpi fies vet Hees eo he oecarece oF tan me apne rier ecco ih Thc pie Eee nt vet cane ca ce Prien = pur @E POD “9 Sing 3 or PU abr nin 6 we kn oe Penis) = pene 8) ry cameo siseetes oets ies owe tte se the ee py aos eh Srucmaeemeereae ilps weaned ace eeeSpe an # ker fn en exper he por (enon pies Moti) foteadeny hep DY — 8, od Fi Te napaetaorwe somes tener! pores he Shere sam gute Yo ts hese DI hao fo expe ‘Die PGlbil 04s Te, wreaty secre te ave ot PONE Ps) (EDDMDN 4 = 0.95 «00048 Icey De ht he by’ CP ia oti fe cae. dite eof Baye Tale may be ied Te soe we Me ln wi std pie of os ere eae = ete Nex we di aan 64 yea tiie Pan et Pulser, Prmiey reer Nott etn 6.5 ht two ea ite tin of py fan cet oe rif as meption PUIE) PUM) wn PHD / UTD. he St oh ayo a ete sty he psy of ec ‘td he vet ve ad Sa se OU) The ring ao PT) "Pie 1 gas 6 kao he Mac ao Ei ep Wed hs gua by LEV, Ug hes to new wes de od "emf Hayle roan ay eon = cowie, “This figs Rae eget out cmt spon i UH footer ee). 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Tp oby 0 omer um Belay te expe at PB) F&A) + PO -A) = POA) + PTAA) ‘ng he, ion 6.4 cin ewe Ponley= eelman EWIRUN+ PESTO — 68) gion 6 cm be tried fr try mer fips 2 Tm sepa te pte the ere: a he Ft amine detente. Then er any eves, we be r= reeny~3 ewe ‘otha, reine Srceiaprury aes aly, be ante eal mw commas mie sae of eee Bybee By we poeaie cn 67 fr ri, Maret) gay Breet Bayne) POLE Be ba) = te ace eel ple nyo tsa of viene sus gun Sem ay core eae. Tis on oe srs vk (lie pean eo Age abe of potion ara Sirars pif eqn sah a 68 Wt wee Epos, Hd Shots of chee fp bet fpr ics st be ow ion ‘Se ted pi Te etn fn ve ee Soca muni tie pbs? “estat cpm 8 cto aed at eo ly lndpeie a cx the amos eons oasiy re POE, Beal eetEe "ty AEN Fai spec met ne eb, we te cape a ee te mer specie ind = Set mat ey SM ne ‘erate et we ae Bases gees en Spy lend Cone i see ee ee Usps ti be oss Neral Sng lene paras ee gee bee epee neki tatng neatly cared pans a Scan Sse A87Ka cn nih comog unr ae ond ee nes ee ‘ieee 02 i Bayesian Networks ea sme ate ce So man SAE anna Pada iret me OS Sapa aly es StS etme Earp escent cB ‘be aly ed wie eubung wine bes Te aes at Seco ethen ear ae eee ccarcren sa mcm et ma eergt Pape ene Inoue dees rong the es The segs then ‘Seah cing fh efor Sug, gre erie crore ea poy Py) etn 1 pe chm condone pear Pls 50= Pubes Ps Peale 6) Ce ah mtg a on mi IMowghet he tetra cuitcn tbls eve Pa (8, "Bea propre ila xt Yr apn eto nd, oe en ‘My gyro spe y ses tnd pparg the ers ot en eke we Site wa du Open h wockel tne pop ie eng tah ete Atego, pono iia sores pose Sais senaca etd or ane se ee They sq te eof ‘tem vee to tutor em to pean We siucaes che et To we tp of pie irae we Me Bon sons ge po a ha inne a a ‘ol contra probate cae, soe thd et chon top te srt patti nhs psig eaeese ms sens of eps (ch ea mod aly wher he oaone on fice che ‘onc ome ews cocina shea tnt be on om ‘rm sco eh of nod a etn 5.4 te a of pl ni aa Cn le si eat oe ‘Stal props ne (900) wich pra erode pe edit ‘fancetatedt Thee et ae ming ae O81 pheds ag as etd ropa the ry, Same tg ener — al pt 3.00 cis ff Sr eds of cong ne Mhen ta anna pr oe oe eon sti as be aad core — | ky ei of an bse ppd wi ps Ui ret ean, bee diego a exe ong dceBe me esh Poh tem ig mot ren sy Ss hina ti ee ous ng hs egrse wth hin the ogy eed ep ‘erm nape et pds. “nterme mens ef eve ih eae oa Teas bruno, (ep) dell sa essen waht FC The iets at ‘Soar tr kmwiie ba nt eh 9 ign he oe Cpe kar ‘bles Te sem bt bers med fone fe mee ‘somal Caing at ope foreach fee rns he coment ‘yf eats per ex Pero ss ciate, pe tins cm Snare be mre wh aon of more rae. hs ats (poen obese sae campy, Siar nw Soe my ree Spain 162 AULEOASED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES Theat common fame chine tn xe a fr ps af aoa (bcd stems he positon se, ead ered een Ts ‘pea ie owe eared in te ara pcan ray yf “here. We na emer fey Cope th haves rere “conto phe and he nd stn she phe 5 ed ‘xc lees sl hk of kneeling te sien se of expt Aner freed a necvey may senor + hi of Ince nih nd hr ey aos ah © we ell ca (Wen lanwn is spe he ons aoe se, he conte ‘racin yt fhe i en scapdeows t aki h e these erany) Example of ome se pes ym ke wae Ub in aioe: (rear soe Soins 49.85, nd 109, er 8 Compan ent ce Leone iyo yn acres ys poces of ne hug els erie ce In fared ee bc cn, a 8 ‘cotter rail ae esa sean fie ed in he ‘fining poss sey mig ear a ap dn tape of hs sod ceca ang dit he css Ute sme ves ses harpecy Te alee proce ply ‘arc onan irre me wi be we reas al Frans eed ‘Scola mle ng pce “The man coments = peal eter son a epic Fg 1. ‘The dm ns othe Gee ven amg fend ws ses hee be in ee adn fe hse ‘The Howledge Base Te Rowe se cnet a ua some sent Hele lena Ao tmp of saple Lavi tue ing oly ren Azra Fipue 152. 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Eanpe of 0 ‘eat ening ts wegen tn te tea eater he ne of Lee ‘Raorain nd Gone Aienme We wil be shag thee macy oe iow lms fr i Inve Seale rl as neo ing asa Alec ge 17 wd ey "9 rage ly stepdad ace ea ml lees pres, Yeap en kr Kenge sens oe ‘Braet ano oat creed aoe hove stay ee inatige romance Typ tes open ease en ti 0 Dal tps tomtedoe hse oat sce lo rane To wae oy “rae ely ce juts sth ee MYCIN, DENDEAL, PROSPECTOR, {IXCON he sain efor eomuned i baling te se poe So pts tr ccc ci wey aici eek of pt heed in new erst a gee mare exe es es A sya gree wilh tee bdlp bag = RiGee setae asetauer a e eee Peon eee Pececeesethmmemmeres eons sae rere So alma menses eamceny ~reenraimnran sma mpeeee nae Beatie neces spetie coeueratna nce eee nwt i mn ecciececte reese, eee et Seiety ce ameniaiot cect ‘Beano tn we expt reach incr knots miton nd cin ie ehcatrenamaceraret tae cals te rere Hy wo nner an minnaenee art atti ee RAE ae write ieee ynatateseen nana rN Rina wer by oe ams mat "etic ar nsw vr ee i es sees CoE O7 ANT orc tv Copley problem ox tov we fom» Meret pefcnnon ee maaent 164 GENERAL LEARDNG MODEL reenter mine fe setenteis teem emwse nce me tah Meet cece oreo oe vce ce Seer eet tetris See ee pan tnieeese arte noice mmrancareaeneac ea iS Somcaras swine oe we oie ace oy ote och get en where serie nepeeewe orien are: =——