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L Noise

Electronic noise is an unwanted random fluctuation in an electrical signal that is present in all electronic circuits. There are different types of noise such as thermal noise and shot noise, which are unavoidable due to the laws of physics, and other types of noise that depend on manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects. In communication systems, noise is an error in the information signal introduced before or after decoding. Noise is distinguished from interference or distortion, and reducing noise levels improves the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate. While generally unwanted, noise can have useful purposes such as in random number generation or dithering.

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16 views2 pages

L Noise

Electronic noise is an unwanted random fluctuation in an electrical signal that is present in all electronic circuits. There are different types of noise such as thermal noise and shot noise, which are unavoidable due to the laws of physics, and other types of noise that depend on manufacturing quality and semiconductor defects. In communication systems, noise is an error in the information signal introduced before or after decoding. Noise is distinguished from interference or distortion, and reducing noise levels improves the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate. While generally unwanted, noise can have useful purposes such as in random number generation or dithering.

Uploaded by

Vikash Sharma
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal, a characteristic of

all electronic circuits. Noise generated by electronic devices varies greatly, as it can be produced by
several different effects. Thermal and shot noise are unavoidable and due to the laws of nature, rather
than to the device exhibiting them, while other types depend mostly on manufacturing quality and
semiconductor defects.

In communication systems, the noise is an error or undesired random disturbance of a useful


information signal, introduced before or after the detector and decoder. The noise is a summation of
unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources. Noise is, however,
typically distinguished from interference, (e.g. cross-talk, deliberate jamming or other unwanted
electromagnetic interference from specific transmitters), for example in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and signal-to-noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) measures. Noise is
also typically distinguished from distortion, which is an unwanted alteration of the signal waveform, for
example in the signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD). In a carrier-modulated passband analog
communication system, a certain carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) at the radio receiver input would result in a
certain signal-to-noise ratio in the detected message signal. In a digital communications system, a
certain Eb/N0 (normalized signal-to-noise ratio) would result in a certain bit error rate (BER).

While noise is generally unwanted, it can serve a useful purpose in some applications, such as random
number generation or dithering.

Thermal noise
Johnson–Nyquist noise (sometimes thermal, Johnson or Nyquist noise) is unavoidable, and generated by
the random thermal motion of charge carriers (usually electrons), inside an electrical conductor, which
happens regardless of any applied voltage.

Thermal noise is approximately white, meaning that its power spectral density is nearly equal
throughout the frequency spectrum. The amplitude of the signal has very nearly a Gaussian probability
density function. A communication system affected by thermal noise is often modelled as an additive
white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.

The root mean square (RMS) voltage due to thermal noise vn, generated in a resistance R (ohms) over
bandwidth Δf (hertz), is given by

where kB is Boltzmann's constant (joules per kelvin) and T is the resistor's


absolute temperature (kelvin).

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