SQLs,Execution plan &

SGA Hash value

Shared/

e
ch
SQL Area
Optimizer

ca
FETCH

y
Fetching by

Shared pool
ar
Pl/SQL
server process DB Buffer Cache

br
Area

Li
Keep pool

Recycle pool Data dictionary Parsing

cache
Execution
DB Wrtr

Redo Log
Fetch
Buffer cache

Log writer

DATA FILE
DATA FILE

Archiver
UNDO Online Log Files

Cntl File DBWn

SMON
PMON
LGWR
CKPT
ARCHIVER Archive Dest
 Header OS Block

#
S
C Data File
N

Oracle Block(8k)

Tablespace
 Dictionary Local (D)

Extent
A Management Small file
u Tablespace
t (D)
O
(D)

Segment Space Tablespace

Management
M Big File
A Tablespace
N Upto128tb
U If blocksize
A Type 32k
l
Dba_tablespaces
Dba_data_files
V$datafile Temporary
Permanent
CREATE TABLESPACE TEST
DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/test/test01.dbf' SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100m MAXSIZE 2000m;

ALTER TABLESPACE TEST

ADD DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/test/test02.dbf' SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 100m MAXSIZE 2000m;

ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/test/test02.dbf'

RESIZE 200M;

ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/test/test02.dbf'

AUTOEXTEND 0FF;

ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/oradata/test/test02.dbf'

AUTOEXTEND 0N;
 Oracle Managed Files (OMF)

• db_create_file_dest='+DG_PERF_DATA_01'
• db_create_online_log_dest_1='+DG_PERF_DATA_01'

•db_create_online_log_dest_2='+DG_PERF_FLASH_01‘

CREATE TABLESPACE TEST DATAFILE '+DG_PERF_DATA_01’

SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500M MAXSIZE 32000m;

CREATE TABLESPACE "TEMP" TEMPFILE '+DG_PERF_DATA_01'

SIZE 100M
AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 500M MAXSIZE 32000m;
 Physical
Database Structure
Logical
Structure

Tablespace Datafiles

Segments

Extents

Contiguous OS BLOCK
Oracle Blocks
 Pct Free
20%
Contiguous
E Oracle
X Block
T
Oracle E
Block N
T
Pct Used
40%

Extent
64k (D)

Segment
 Tablespace

EMP EMP EMP DEPT EMP DEPT DEPT EMP EMP DEPT

Locally managed
Initial : 64k
Min : 1
Next : 64k
Max : Unlimited
PCT 0%

Dictionary Managed TBS

Initial : 10k DBA_SEGMENTS
Min :2 DBA_EXTENTS
DBA_OBJECTS
Next : 10k USER_SEGMENTS
Max : 121 USER_EXTENTS
USER_OBJECTS
PCT Increase : 50%
 USER MANAGEMENT

USER A USER B

Objects Objects

TBS1 TBS2 TBS3

CREATE USER TEST IDENTIFIED BY <Password>
DEFAULT TABLESPACE TBS1
QUOTA 10M ON TBS1
TEMPORARY TABLESPACE temp QUOTA 5M ON
system PROFILE DEFAULT;

System Level Privs Object Level Privs

CREATE SESSION SELECT

CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE SEQUENCE INSERT
CREATE CLUSTER
CREATE PROCEDURE UPDATE
CREATE TABLE
CREATE INDEXTYPE DELETE
ROLE : Set of Privs

Role User

DBA_USERS
CREATE SESSION DBA_TS_QUOTAS
CREATE TRIGGER DB_ROLE_PRIVS
CREATE SEQUENCE ROLE_ROLE_PRIVS
CREATE CLUSTER DBA_PROFILES
CREATE PROCEDURE USER_ROLE_PRIVS
CREATE TABLE DBA_TAB_PRIVS
CREATE INDEXTYPE SESSION_PRIVS
USER_ROLE_PRIVS
DBA_ROLES
V$SESSION
 Gant Select
With
Grant
A Admin
B C
Emp

Revoke

A B C
Profile: profile limits the amount of database
resources the user can use

RESOURCE_NAME LIMIT
----------------------------------- --------------------
SESSIONS_PER_USER UNLIMITED
CPU_PER_SESSION UNLIMITED
CPU_PER_CALL UNLIMITED
LOGICAL_READS_PER_SESSION UNLIMITED
LOGICAL_READS_PER_CALL UNLIMITED
IDLE_TIME UNLIMITED
CONNECT_TIME UNLIMITED
PRIVATE_SGA UNLIMITED
FAILED_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS 10
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME 180
PASSWORD_REUSE_TIME UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_REUSE_MAX UNLIMITED
PASSWORD_VERIFY_FUNCTION NULL
PASSWORD_LOCK_TIME 1
PASSWORD_GRACE_TIME 7
SYSOPER
STARTUP
SHUTDOWN
ALTER DATABASE OPEN
ALTER DATABASE MOUNT
ALTER DATABASE BACKUP CONTROLFILE
RECOVER DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG

SYSDBA
SYSDBA has all the privileges that
SYSOPER has all WITH ADMIN OPTION
+
CREATE DATABASE,
ALTER DATABASE BEGIN BACKUP
ALTER DATABASE END BACKUP
RESTRICTED SESSION
RECOVER DATABASE UNTIL
 Password file
$ORACLE_HOME/dbs
$orapwd file=<fname> password=<password>
entries=<users> force=<y/n> ignorecase=<y/n>
nosysdba=<y/n>

Connect as sys

RMAN

remote_login_passwordfile = EXCLUSIVE
1 . How to find ROLES of a USER?

2 .How to find Privs on a ROLE?

3 . How to fine privs on a USER?

4 How to find Objects Privs on a table to x user?

5. How to find quota in tablespace in a X user?

 Two Groups with 1 member
VIEWS In each group
v$log
v$logfile
LOG MANDATORY

PARAMETERS Redo log File

SQL
Create
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST Alter
Drop

STATUS Advantages

Unused Fast Commit Mechanism

Recovery Operations
Current
Active
Inactive
 Inactive
UNUSED

CURRENT ACTIVE
• alter database add logfile group 4 '/disk1/oradata/redo04a.log' size 5

• alter database add logfile group 5 ('/disk1/oradata/redo05a.log',

'/disk2/oradata/redo05b.log')
size 50m;

• alter database drop logfile group 5;

• alter system switch logfile;

• alter database
• add logfile member '/disk2/oradata/redo04b.log‘ group 4 ;

• alter database
• drop logfile member '/disk2/oradata/redo04a.log';
 Archive Log Mode

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST
LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMATE
Shutdown

Startup Mount
G L IST;
O
C HIVE L LOG;
AR D_
SQL> RCHIVE ORY;
V$A G_HIST
V$LO

SQL>Alter database
Archivelog;

Alter database open

 Min : 1
Max :8

No Of Files

v$controlfile

Control File VIEWS

Parameter

Control_files Content

DBNAME
CREATION TIME
LOCATION AND NAMES OF DBFs
LOCATION, NAMES and SIZE OF REDOLOG FILES
LOG MODE
LOG SEQUENCE NUMBER
SCN#
Etc..
Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4 Tx5 Tx6 Tx7 Tx8

RBS 1 RBS 2 RBS 3 RBS 4 RBS1 RBS1

rollback segments=RBS1,RBS2,RBS3
Create rollback segment RBS1 tablespace RBS;
Alter rollback segments RBS1 offline/online;
 DBA_ROLLBACK_SEGS DBA_TABLESPACES
V$UNDOSTATS
V$ROLLSTATS DBA_SEGMENTS
V$ROLLNAME
Views

UNDO
Advantages SQL
MANAGEMENT

Flashback
Create
Tx Rollback
ALTER
Read Consistency
Parameters DROP
Instance Recovery

UNDO_MANAGEMENT=Auto or manual

UNDO_TABLESPACE = UNDOTBS1, UNDOTBS2

UNDO_RETENTION =900
 Data Block
UPDATE

30000

Undo Block
Select

20000

UNDO TABLESPACE

SEG 1 SEG 2 SEG 3 SEG 1 SEG 3

Create undo tablespace undotbs1 datafile ‘/disk1/oradata/test/undo01.dbf’ size 100m;

 Dumpfiles( .dbm)

Logfiles
Invoke
Export
Files
Command-line entries
Interactive Export prompts
Parameter files

Backup Type Exports Roles

EXP_FULL_DATABASE
IMP_FULL_DATABASE
Logical

Types

Advantages Utility

Data Moving EXP

Regular incremental

Database re-org IMP

Tables Incremental
Schema Cumulative
Online backup Full Complete
Tablespace
• Run the catexp.sql or catalog.sql script

• Ensure there is sufficient disk or tape storage to write the export file

• Verify that you have the required access privileges

SELECT SUM(BYTES) FROM USER_SEGMENTS

WHERE SEGMENT_TYPE='TABLE';

http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B10501_01/server.920/a96652/ch01.htm#1006491

$exp
 UTILITY Advantages
Run from
EXPDP • It is 15-45% faster then exp/imp
IMPDP
Command Line • ability to estimate jobs times

Parameter file • ability to restart failed jobs

Enterprise Manager • monitor running jobs.

Dump files (.dmp) • directly load a database from a

Log files Datapump remote instance via the network.
Sql files Datapump
Master data pump tables Files • remapping capabilities.

• Improved performance using

parallel executions

Modes

Views Components
Full

DBA_DIRECTORIES
Schema
DBA_DATAPUMP_JOBS Tables Datapump API
DBA_DATAPUMP_SESSIONS DBMS_DATAPUMP
Transportable TBS
USER_DATAPUNP_JOBS DBMS_METADATA
V$SESSION_LONGOPS
 FULL EXPORT

expdp system/<password> \ FULL=y \

DUMPFILE=datadir1:full1%U.dmp,datadir2:full2%U.dmp \
FILESIZE=2g \
PARALLEL=4 \
LOGFILE=datadir1:expfull.log \
JOB_NAME=expfull

Interactive Mode

Export> STOP_JOB=immediate
Are you sure you wish to stop this job (y/n): y

expdp system/<password> ATTACH=expfull2

Export> PARALLEL=10
Export>START_JOB
Export> CONTINUE_CLIENT

Remap

impdp username/password REMAP_TABLESPACE=tbs_1:tbs_6

DIRECTORY=dpumpdir1 DUMPFILE=employees.dmp

impdp username/password DIRECTORY=dpumpdir1 DUMPFILE=expfull.dmp

SQLFILE=dpump_dir2:expfull.sql INCLUDE=TABLE,INDEX
 dbms_datapump

starting/stopping/restarting a job
monitoring a job
detaching from a job

1. SQL> CREATE DIRECTORY dpump_dir1 AS ‘/usr/apps/datafiles’;

2. SQL> GRANT READ,WRITE ON DIRECTORY dpump_dir1 TO

scott;
Backups and Recovery

Backup and recovery is one of the most important aspects of database

administration. If a database crashed and there was no way to recover it, the
devastating results to a business could include lost data, lost revenue and
customer dissatisfaction

The need to back up important data and protect themselves from disaster by developing a
backup and recovery plan.

A backup is a representative copy of data. This copy can include important parts of a
database such as the control file, redo logs, and datafiles

Two types of backups

Offline backup : In this backup, all datafiles and control files are consistent to the same
point in time - consistent with respect to the same SCN

Online backup : An online backup or also known as an open backup, is a backup in which
all read-write datafiles and control files have not been check pointed with
respect to the same SCN
 Hot backups

Cold Bkup

Archive log
Mode
Immediate
Shutdown Normal

No Archive log Restore+

Mode Recovery

OS Level backup
Of CRD files
Complete
Simple Restore Recovery Incomplete Recovery

Offline
Targets Online Offline

Local filesystem

N/W File system

Tape Drives
 Cold backup

Bkup type Time Log DB Crash Tapes

sequenc
Database
e no

Cold bkup 10-Aug- 100

2010 -
6:00pm

120 11-Aug-10
11:00 AM

RESTORE 10-Aug-
2010 -
6:00pm SQL> SHUT ABORT;
RESTORE
SQL> STARTUP MOUNT;
SQL>RECOVER DATABASAE USING BACKUP
CONTROLFILE UNTIL CANCEL;
Recover Until SQL> RECOVER CANCEL;
Cancel SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN RESETLOGS;

Open DB Incomple
With te RESTORE DATAFILE
Recovery SQL>ALTER DATABAE DATAFILE 10 OFFLINE;
Reset
SQL> RECOVER DATAFILE 10;
logs SQL>ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE 10 ONLINE;

V$recover_files;
V$datafile;
 Type Of Recovery Mode Of Recovery
Full Database

Full Database Incomplete Recovery Offline

Los Of No-System Datafile Complete Recovery Online

Loss Of System Datafile Complete Recovery Offline

Controlfile Complete Recovery Offline

 Targets
listener1

PRD1 PRD2 PRD3 PRD4 Tapes

Disk

HPDP
TIVOLI
VERITAS

RMAN Database contains

RMAN TABLESPACE(RCAT)
Services
Repository RMAN USER
RECOVERY_CATALOG_OWNER

$rman
RMAN>
RMAN>connect catalog rman/rman@RCAT
RMAN> CREATE CATALOG;
RMAN>connect target sys/password@PRD1
RMAN>REGISTER DATABASE;
 Consistent Database
Backup Modes Tablespace
Inconsistent
Datafiles
Archivelog Files

File Format

Consistent Types
%d Database Name
%s Backups Set Number
%u 8 character unique ID
RMAN %t backup set time
Backups Types
%p Peace number in set

Advantages

Full Incremental •Centralized Backups and

Recovery
•Skip Unused Blocks
•Open Database backups
•Backup Compression
•True Incremental backups
Level 0 Level 1
•Block Level Recovery
•Multiple I/O channels
Cumulative •Cataloging
•Tape manager support
Differential backup •Encrypted backup