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Practical 1: Introduction of DDL Statements in SQL: Create Command

The document discusses various data definition language (DDL) statements in SQL like CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, ALTER, DROP and integrity constraints. It shows examples of creating a table, inserting data, selecting data, adding and dropping columns, renaming tables, and setting primary keys, foreign keys, unique keys and check constraints. It also demonstrates handling null and not null values.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
51 views4 pages

Practical 1: Introduction of DDL Statements in SQL: Create Command

The document discusses various data definition language (DDL) statements in SQL like CREATE, INSERT, SELECT, ALTER, DROP and integrity constraints. It shows examples of creating a table, inserting data, selecting data, adding and dropping columns, renaming tables, and setting primary keys, foreign keys, unique keys and check constraints. It also demonstrates handling null and not null values.
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

CREATE COMMAND

CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY, EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20),


EMP_CITY VARCHAR(20));
TABLE CREATED.

INSERT COMMAND
INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(12345, 'SAURABH','DELHI');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 15455
Enter value for EMP_NAME: ASHISH
Enter value for EMP_CITY: NOIDA
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(15455,'ASHISH','NOIDA')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 15423
Enter value for EMP_NAME: HAMID
Enter value for EMP_CITY: GURGAON
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(15423,'HAMID','GURGAON')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 13524
Enter value for EMP_NAME: VIJAY
Enter value for EMP_CITY: FARIDABAD
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(13524,'VIJAY','FARIDABAD')

1 row created.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY');
Enter value for EMP_ID: 12525
Enter value for EMP_NAME: CHANDAN
Enter value for EMP_CITY: GHAZIABAD
old 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(&EMP_ID,'&EMP_NAME','&EMP_CITY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES(12525,'CHANDAN','GHAZIABAD')

1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_CITY
---------- -------------------- --------------------
12345 SAURABH DELHI
15455 ASHISH NOIDA
15423 HAMID GURGAON
Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

13524 VIJAY FARIDABAD


12525 CHANDAN GHAZIABAD
CREATE AS COMMAND

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE_2 AS SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;


TABLE CREATED.
SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE_2;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_CITY
---------- -------------------- --------------------
12345 SAURABH DELHI
15455 ASHISH NOIDA
15423 HAMID GURGAON
13524 VIJAY FARIDABAD
12525 CHANDAN GHAZIABAD
RENAME TABLE

SQL> RENAME TABLE EMPLOYEE_2 TO EMPLOYEE;

TABLE RENAMED.

DROP TABLE

SQL> DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE;


TABLE DROPPED.

ALTER TABLE

SQL> ALTER TABLE EMPLOYEE ADD EMP_PHONE NUMBER (10);


TABLE ALTERED.

IF WE WANT TO INSERT VALUES TO COLUMN EMP_PHONE, FOR AN EMPLOYEE HAMID, IT CAN


BE UPDATED AS:
UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET EMP_PHONE = 26346928 WHERE EMP_NAME = 'HAMID';

1 ROW UPDATED.

INTEGRITY CONSTRAINTS

PRIMARY KEY

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID NUMBER (10) PRIMARY KEY, EMP_NAME


VARCHAR(20), EMP_CITY VARCHAR(20));
TABLE CREATED;

FOREIGN KEY
Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE_2(EMP_ID NUMBER(10), EMP_SAL VARCHAR(20), FOREIGN


KEY(EMP_ID) REFERENCES EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID));
TABLE CREATED.

UNIQUE KEY

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),, EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20), EMP_CITY


VARCHAR(20), UNIQUE(EMP_ID));
TABLE CREATED.

NULL VALUE

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20), EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20));


TABLE CREATED.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES('12345',NULL);


1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE VALUES('12525','');


1 ROW CREATED.

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_NAME ='';


NO ROWS SELECTED

SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_NAME IS NULL;

EMP_ID EMP_NAME
-------------------- --------------------
12345
12525

This is because oracle has now changed its rules so that empty strings behave as null values.

NOT NULL CONSTRAINT

SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),EMP_NAME VARCHAR(20),EMP_CITY


VARCHAR(20), EMP_DOB DATE NOT NULL);
TABLE CREATED.

CHECK CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(EMP_ID VARCHAR(20),FNAME VARCHAR(20), MNAME
VARCHAR(20),LNAME VARCHAR(20), MP_DOB DATE, CHECK(EMP_ID LIKE'C%'),
CHECK(FNAME=UPPER(FNAME)),
CHECK(MNAME=UPPER(MNAME)),CHECK(LNAME=UPPER(LNAME)));
TABLE CREATED.
Practical 1: INTRODUCTION OF DDL STATEMENTS IN SQL

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