Study of Emg Signal Using Wavelet Transform: Kulesh Kumar Kumar Shiladitya Laxman Saurav Anand
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FUNNY_dAMStudy of Emg Signal Using Wavelet Transform: Kulesh Kumar Kumar Shiladitya Laxman Saurav Anand
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FUNNY_dAMSTUDY OF EMG SIGNAL
USING WAVELET TRANSFORM
Kulesh Kumar
Kumar Shiladitya
Laxman
Saurav Anand
why do we need a transform, or
what is a transform anyway?
Mathematical transformations are applied to signals to obtain a
further information from that signal that is not readily available
in the raw signal.
There are number of transformations that can be applied, among
which the Fourier transforms are probably by far the most
popular.
So how do we measure frequency, or how do we find the
frequency content of a signal?
The answer is FOURIER TRANSFORM (FT).
Why do we need the frequency information?
Often times, the information that cannot be readily seen in the
time-domain can be seen in the frequency domain.
There are many other transforms that are used quite often by
engineers and mathematicians. Hilbert transform, short-time
Fourier transform (more about this later), Wigner distributions,
the Radon Transform, the wavelet transform.
Every transformation technique has its own area of application,
with advantages and disadvantages.
No frequency information is available in the time-domain
signal, and no time information is available in the Fourier
transformed signal.
The natural question that comes to mind is that is it necessary
to have both the time and the frequency information at the same
time?
As we will see soon, the answer depends on the
particular application
the FT gives the frequency information of the signal, which
means that it tells us how much of each frequency exists in the
signal, but it does not tell us when in time these frequency
components exist
Signals whose frequency content do not change in time are
called stationary signals
x(t)=cos(2*pi*10*t)+cos(2*pi*25*t)+cos(2*pi*50*t)+
cos(2*pi*100*t)
FT can be used for non-stationary signals, if we are only interested
in what spectral components exist in the signal, but not interested
where these occur.
However, if this information is needed, i.e., if we want to know,
what spectral component occur at what time (interval) , then
Fourier transform is not the right transform to use.
Almost all biological signals, for example are non-stationary.
Some of the most famous are ECG (electrical activity of
the heart , electrocardiograph), EEG (electrical activity of the
brain, electroencephalograph), and EMG (electrical activity of the
muscles, electromyogram)
Wavelet transform is capable of providing the time and
frequency information simultaneously, hence giving a time-
frequency representation of the signal.
we pass the time-domain signal from various high pass and low
pass filters, which filters out either high frequency or low
frequency portions of the signal.
This procedure is repeated, every time some portion of the signal
corresponding to some frequencies being removed from the
signal.
Here is how this works: Suppose we have a signal which has
frequencies up to 1000 Hz.
In the first stage we split up the signal in to two parts by passing
the signal from a high pass and a low pass filter which results in
two different versions of the same signal: portion of the signal
corresponding to 0-500 Hz (low pass portion), and 500-1000 Hz
(high pass portion).
Then, we take either portion (usually low pass portion) or both,
and do the same thing again. This operation is
called decomposition .
Assuming that we have taken the low pass portion, we now have
3 sets of data, each corresponding to the same signal at
frequencies 0-250 Hz, 250-500 Hz, 500-1000 Hz.
Then we take the low pass portion again and pass it through low
and high pass filters; we now have 4 sets of signals corresponding
to 0-125 Hz, 125-250 Hz,250-500 Hz, and 500-1000 Hz.
We continue like this until we have decomposed the signal to a
pre-defined certain level.
Then we have a bunch of signals, which actually represent the
same signal, but all corresponding to different frequency bands.
We know which signal corresponds to which frequency band,
and if we put all of them together and plot them on a 3-D graph.
Mathematical Formulation
• A wavelet is a small wave which oscillates and decays in the
time domain.
• The ones which have strictly finite extent in the time
domain, are known as discrete wavelets, otherwise they are
called continuous wavelets.
• Wavelet basis consist of two orthogonal functions:
Parent wavelet or the scaling function, φ(t)
Mother wavelet or wavelet function, Ѱ(t)
• By scaling and translation of these orthogonal functions,
complete basis is obtained. The following conditions are satisfied
by scaling and wavelet functions.
where A is a constant. It can be noted that the
energies of these functions are finite as indicated
below:
Also the functions are orthogonal to each other as shown below:
• There are two basic operations in Wavelet theory. They are
translation and scaling.
• Translation is the action of using scaling function in
different windows.
• Scaling is an operation which makes a given object thicker
or thinner, by the choice of a parameter.
• There is freedom of deciding the number of levels of
decomposition. The choice of the width of the scaling
function is thus a free parameter, depending upon which
the mother and daughter wavelet sizes are determined.
DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM
• In Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), the function can be
represented as,
Here the coefficients Ck ’s and dj,k ’s represent the discrete wavelet
transform of the function f(t). Ck ’s capture the average parts and
are called low pass coefficient and dj,k ’s represent the variations at
different scales, present in the function or signal and are called
detail or high pass coefficients. These features are common to all
the wavelets. Coefficients are extracted as:
• EMG Signal is a biomedical signal derived from
neuromuscular activities of the skeletal muscle.
• The signals can be analyzed to detect medical
abnormalities, activation level, recruitment order or to
analyze the biomechanics of human or animal
movement.
• EMG Signal is of non-stationary type so time-
frequency analysis based on wavelet transform is better
suited to handle it, not the fourier transform.
WAVELET ANALYSIS IN EMG SIGNAL
PROCESSING
• EMG Signals require a reliably accurate method for each of
the following steps:
Detection, Decomposition, Processing and Classification.
• To achieve this we apply wavelet transformation to the EMG
Signal.
• Muscles emit a weak electrical signal with an amplitude of
about 0.1 – 5.0 mV.
• A highly sensitive measurement required but this invariably
leads to reduced anti jamming capability .
• Truly useful EMG signals are between 10 – 500 Hz ,in
particular , the 50 – 150 Hz range.
• Noise arises from the interference due to the high frequency
signals , assumed to obey the Gaussian distribution.
f(t)=s(t)+n(t)
where s(t) denotes EMG signals,
n(t) is white Gaussian noise N(0,sig^2)
• The amplitude of the wavelet coefficients of n(t) diminishes with
an increase in the scale.
• Noise coefficients concentrated in small scale while EMG signals
in large-scales, thus wavelet de-noising involves accurate method
to estimate the transform coefficients.
Wavelet de-noising can classified into following steps-
(i) Multistage decomposition of the raw EMG signals , to observe
the signals wavelet coefficients;
(ii) Selection of the threshold and estimation of noise and apply
threshold conditions to generate new coefficients.
(iii) Reconstruction of the EMG signals from the new wavelet
coefficients.
The comparative analysis of EMG signals obtained from the
recorded biceps signals processed by FFT and the wavelet
transform proved the wavelet transform to be a better de-
noising method
• The wavelet transform de-noising method preserves the peak and
the mutation part of the raw EMG signals including the maximum
signal character.
(a)raw EMG signals De-noising EMG signals (b)WT (c)FFT
FFT unable to differentiate the high frequency part of the useful and
interferential signals
FEATURE EXTRACTION and CLASSIFICATION OF THE EMG SIGNALS
• Large amount of EMG Signals Mapped into a smaller dimension vector
• Scale and Frequency in the wavelet analysis interrelated low scale
rapidly changing details of a high frequency signals & a high scale slowly
changing coarse features with a low frequency
• As a generalization of DWT, a wavelet packet transform - the
‘‘best’’ adapted analysis of a signal in a timescale domain.
• The characteristics of the EMG signals are highly dependent
on the level and duration of muscle contractions.
• The objective is to extract effective features from the EMG
signals to improve the classification accuracy.
Applications of EMG signals
• Widely applied to functional electrical stimulation, fatigue
analysis associated with muscle contraction , the control of
powered prosthetic limbs.
• Use of wavelet transform to analyze the sEMG feature
change for muscle fatigue.
• the wavelet transform coefficients relationship define the
muscle fatigue index based on the wavelet transform
scale to achieve a quantitative description of the fatigue state.
• Movement recognition - Energies from different
frequency bands selected as robust feature vectors
and 4 types of forearm movement are identified
through a learning vector quantization neural
network.
Data Analysis:
We could sum the activity of each muscle over the time
it took to complete the experiment we could get an
appreciation of the net activity to complete the task.
To do this we simply integrate the area under the
processed EMG signal.
Raw EMG
recorded from
the right triceps
during a bench
press maneuver
Maximal peak value = 1.3V
Amplification factor = 5000
Actual peak value = 1.3/5000=260µV
DC offset of signal = 0.06V
Signal is rectified to get the absolute value of the
signal.
Rectified signal passed through a low pass butter
worth filter
Final integrated value of the filtered signal(2s) is a
measure of overall muscular effort
References:
• Xu Zhang,Yu Wang ,Ray P.S.Han,”Wavelet
Transform Theory and its Application in
EMG Signal Proccessing ”,Journal of
Qingdao, Shandong, China.
• http://users.rowan.edu/~polikar/WAVELETS
/WTpart1.html
• http://www.biomed.drexel.edu/labs/biomec
hanics/emg_analysis.htm
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are thankful to Dr. MaheshKumar H Kolekar for
assigning us this wonderful project. This project is
being carried under his supervision.
THANK YOU
