cM ono The Mee CHAPTER Interference and 19 = Diffraction Practice Problems 19.1 Interference pages 515-523 page 519 1. Violet light falls on two slits separated by 1.90105 m. A first-order bright band appears 13.2 mm from the central bright band on a screen 0.600 m from the slits. What is A? xd der = (13:2%:10-2 my.90%10-5 m 0.600 m = 418m 2. Yellow-orange light from a sodium lamp of wavelength 596 nm is aimed at two slits, that are separated by 1.90X10~5 m, What is the distance from the central band to the first-order yellow band if the screen is, 0.600 m from the slits? AL d (13.2108 m)(1.90x10-5 m) 0.600 m 8810-2 m = 18.8 mm x 3. Ina double-sit experiment, physics stu- dents use a laser with A = 632.8 nm, A student places the screen 1.000 m from the slits and finds the first-order bright band 65.5 mm from the central line. What is the slit separation? = 9.66X10~6 m = 9.66 wm Physics: Principles and Problems ‘4, Yellow-orange light with a wavelength of 596 nm passes through two slits that are separated by 2.25%10~5 m and makes an interference pattern on a screen. If the dis- tance from the central line to the first-order yellow band is 2.0010? m, how far is the screen from the slits? xd deL xd Cais = (2.00%10-? my(2.25x107® m) 596x10- m =0.755m page 522 5. In the situation in Example Problem 2, what would be the thinnest film that would create a reflected red (A = 635 nm) band? 2t= (m+ 3) For the thinnest film, m = 0. AL Pot = 835.nm (ant.45) = 109 nm 6. A glass lens has a nonreflective coating placed on it. Ifa film of magnesium fluoride, n = 1.38, is placed on the glass, n= 1.52, how thick should the layer be to keep yellow-green light from being reflected? Because Mim > Nain there is a phase inversion on the first reflection. Because Niags > Mhinn there is a phase inversion on the second reflection. For destructive interference to keep yellow-green from being reflected: 1) a 2t=(m+ 2a Solutions Manual 399Chapter 19 continued For the thinnest film, m = 0. = (Or = 555.nm (ayt.38y = 101 nm % Asilicon solar cell has a nonreflective coating placed on it. Ifa film of sodium monoxide, n = 1.45, is placed on the sili- con, n = 3.5, how thick should the layer be to keep yellow-green light (A = 555 nm) from being reflected? Because My > Moje there is a phase Inversion on the first reflection, Because Mgticon > Mum there is a phase inversion on the second reflection. For destructive interference to keep yellow-green from being reflected: 2t=(m+3) For the thinnest film, m = 0. 1) a (enn 55m (4)(1.45) = 95.7 nm 8. You can observe thin-film interference by dipping a bubble wand into some bubble solution and holding the wand in the ‘What is the thickness of the thinnest soap film at which you would see a black stripe if the light illuminating the film has a wavelength of 521 nm? Use n = 1.33 Because My > Maip there Is a phase change on the first reflection. Because Taig < Mhiny there Is no phase change on the second reflection. For destructive interference to get a black stripe 2t= A "um 400 Solutions Manual For the thinnest film, m = 1. A t e 2m = 521m ext.33) = 196 nm 9. What is the thinnest soap film (n = 1.33) for which light of wavelength 521 nm will constructively interfere with itself? For constructive interference 2t=(m+ 3) For the thinnest film, m = 0. 1) a = (aa = satan (4)(1.33) =97.9nm Section Review 19.1 Interference pages 515-523 . page 523 10. Film Thickness Lucien is blowing bubbles and holds the bubble wand up so that a soap film is suspended vertical the second thinnest width of the soap film at which he could expect to see a bright stripe if the light illuminating the film has a wave- : length of 575 nm? Assume the soap solution i has an index of refraction of 1.33. A There is one phase inversion, so F constructive interference will be when 5 1) a 2t=(m+ 3) a 5 or | For the second thinnest thickness, m= ; | 5 | Physics: Principles and Problemsi i i Chapter 19 continued 11. Bright and Dark Patterns ‘Two very nar- row slits are cut close to each other in a large piece of cardboard. They are illuminated by monochromatic red light. A sheet of white paper is placed far from the slits, and a pat- tem of bright and dark bands is seen on the paper. Describe how a wave behaves when it encounters a slit, and explain why some regions are bright while others are dark. When a wave encounters a slit, the wave bends. Light is diffracted by the slits. Light from one slit interferes wit light from the other. If interference constructive, there is a bright band; destructive, the region is dark. 12. Interference Patterns Sketch the pattern described in problem 11. Repeats Repeats and fades and fades 13. Interference Patterns Sketch what hap- pens to the pattem in problem 11 when the red light is replaced by blue light. Repeats and fades The light bands become more closely spaced. Black Black Black Repeats and fades Black Red Black Red lack Red Black Blue Black Blue Blue Black 14, Film Thickness A plastic reflecting film. (n = 1.83) is placed on an auto glass window (n = 1.52) a. What is the thinnest film that will reflect yellow-green light? Because Mim > Nain there is a phase change on the first reflection. Because Mgiags < Mm» there is not a phase change on the second Physics: Principles and Problems reflection. For constructive interfer- ence to reflect yellow-green light: 2t=(m+3) A Pm For the thinnest film, m=0. = (@) same 555 nm (4)(1-83) 5.8 nm b. Unfortunately, a film this thin cannot be manufactured. What is the next- thinnest film that will produce the same effect? For the next thinnest film, m= 1. 3) Acotor (3) tne = (3)(555 nm) (4)(1.83) = 227 nm 15. Critical Thinking The equation for wave- length from a double-slit experiment uses the simplification that is small so that. sin 0 ~ tan 8. Up to what angle is this a good approximation when your data has two significant figures? Would the maxi- mum angle for a valid approximation increase or decrease as you increase the precision of your angle measurement? sin @ = tan 0 to two significant digits up to 9.9. An increase in the precision of the measurement reduces this angle to 2.99°. Practice Problems 19.2 Diffraction pages 524-531 page 526 16. Monochromatic green light of wavelength 546 nm falls on a single slit with a width of 0.095 mm, The slit is located 75 em from a screen. How wide will the central bright band be? Solutions Manual 401Chapter 19 continued 7 18. 19. Xin 310-7 my0.75 m) 9.5x10-° m = 4.3mm Yellow light with a wavelength of 589 nm passes through a slit of width 0.110 mm and makes a pattern on a screen. If the width of the central bright band is 2.60%10-? m, how far is it from the slits to the screen? aL 2x (oxy ie 2a ‘= (2.60x10-? m)(0.110x10-3 m) (2X689x10-° m) 43m Light from a He-Ne laser (A = 632.8 nm) falls on a slit of unknown width. A pattern is formed om a screen 1.15 m away, on which the central bright band is 15 mm wide. How wide is the slit? PAL w PAL 2x, 2x, (2)(632.8%10-° m)(1.15 m) 15X10°3 m =9.7x10-5m 7 wm, Yellow light falls on a single slit 0.0295 mm wide. On a screen that is 60.0 cm away, the central bright band is 24.0 mm wide. What is the wavelength of the light? = 5.9010? nm 402 Solutions Manual 20. White light falls on a single slit that is 0.050 mm wide. A screen is placed 1.00 m away. A student first puts a blue-violet filter (A = 441 nm) over the slit, then a red filter (A = 622 nm). The student measures the width of the central bright band. a. Which filter produced the wider band? Red, because central peak width is proportional to wavelength. b. Calculate the width of the central bright band for each of the two filters. PAL ax For blue, = 2{4.41%10-7 m)(1.00 m) ax 5.0X10-® m = 18mm For red, = 2{6.22X10-7 m)(1.00 m) 2x 5.0X10-* m 25mm page 529 21. 22. ‘White light shines through a grating onto a screen. Describe the pattern that is produced. A full spectrum of color is seen. Because of the variety of wavelengths, dark fringes of one wavelength would be filled by bright fringes of another color. If blue light of wavelength 434 nm shines on a diffraction grating and the spacing of the resulting lines on a screen that is 1.05 m away is 0.55 m, what is the spacing between the slits in the grating? d= A; where 0 = tan-"(¥) (=e"*() 434x10-9 in (an =9.4x107 m Physics: Principles and Problems ‘a etn mt LJ OI >a PegChapter 19 continued 23. A diffraction grating with slits separated by 8.60%107 m is illuminated by violet light with a wavelength of 421 nm. If the screen is 80.0 cm from the grating, what is the sepa- ration of the lines in the diffraction pattern? A=dsino sing=4 tano = x= Ltano = Lan (on) 0.800 man (sin-*( ae0xt0-"m) = 0.449 m 24, Blue light shines on the DVD in Example Problem 3. If the dots produced on a wall that is 0.65 m away are separated by 58.0 cm, what is the wavelength of the light? A= dsin @ = dsin(tan~1(Z)) rata mein (a ( 288) = 490 nm 25. Light of wavelength 632 nm passes through a diffraction grating and creates a pattern (on a screen that is 0.55 m away. Ifthe first bright band is 5.6 cm from the central bright band, how many slits per centimeter does the grating have? A=dsing There is one slit per distance d, so gives slits per centimeter. a a sino =1(3) sin (an-*(3)) 632x10-® m sin (tan~t (9.956.m)) 1 a qd 210° m = 6.2x10-4 em 1siit slit SDeio em 7 25X10 slits/em Physics: Principles and Problems Section Review 19.2. Diffraction pages 524-531 page 531 26. Distance Between First-Order Dark Bands Monochromatic green light of wave- length 546 nm falls on a single slit of width 0.080 mm. The slit is located 68,0 cm from a screen. What is the separation of the first dark bands on each side of the central bright band? 2aL 2Xmin = Wy (2)(646x10-® m)(68.0%10-2 m) 0.08010 m =9.3mm 27. Diffraction Patterns Many narrow slits are close to each other and equally spaced in a large piece of cardboard. They are illumi- nated by monochromatic red light. A sheet of white paper is placed far from the slits, and a pattern of bright and dark bands is visible on the paper. Sketch the pattern that would be seen on the screen. Pattern Pattern repeats repeats MM: Le Bright red lines Band spacing is exactly the same as in the pattern produced by the two slits, but now light bands are much thinner and separated by wider dark bands. 28, Line Spacing You shine a red laser light through one diffraction grating and form a pattern of red dots on a screen. Then you substitute a second diffraction grating for the first one, forming a different pattern. The dots produced by the first grating are spread out more than those produced by Solutions Manual 403Chapter 19 continued the second. Which grating has more lines per millimeter? 4 ~ 24, 60 the greater the dot spacings, x, the narrower the slit spacing, d, and thus more lines per millimeter. 29. Rayleigh Criterion The brightest star in the winter sky in the northem hemisphere is Sirius. In reality Sirius is a system of two stars that orbit each other. If the Hubble Space ‘Telescope (diameter 2.4 m) is pointed at the Sirius system, which is 8.44 light-years from Earth, what is the minimum separation there would need to be between the stars in order for the telescope to be able to resolve them? ‘Assume that the average light coming from the stars has a wavelength of 550 nm, 1.22(330x10-9 m)(7.99%10"6 m) 2am 2101 m 30, Critical Thinking You are shown a spectrometer, but do not know whether it produces its spectrum with a prism or a grating, By looking at a white-light spectrum, how could you tell? Determine if the violet or the red end of the spectrum makes the largest angle with the direction of the beam of inci- dent white light. A prism bends the vio- let end of the spectrum the most, whereas a grating diffracts red wave- lengths the most. Chapter Assessment Concept Mapping page 536 31. Monochromatic light of wavelength A illuminates two slits in a Young's double-slit experiment setup that are separated by a distance, d. A pattern is projected onto a screen a distance, L, away from the slits. 404° Solutions Manual Complete the following concept map using AL, and d to indicate how you could vary them to produce the indicated change in the spacing between adjacent bright bands, x Mastering Concepts page 536 32. 33. 34, Why is it important that monochromatic light ‘was used to make the interference pattern in ‘Young's interference experiment? (19.1) When monochromatic light is used, you get a sharp interference pattern; if you use white light, you get sets of colored bands. Explain why the position of the central bright band of a double-lit interference pattern cannot be used to determine the wavelength of the light waves. (19.1) All wavelengths produce the line in the same place. Describe how you could use light of a known wave-length to find the distance between two slits. (19.1) Let the light fall on the double slit, and let the interference pattern fall on a sheet of paper. Measure the spacings between the bright bands, x, and use the equation d= aL, Describe in your own words what happens in thin-film interference when a dark band is produced by light shining on a soap film sus- pended in air. Make sure you include in your explanation how the wavelength of the light and thickness of the film are related. (19.1) Physics: Principles and Problems : iChapter 19 continued 36. 38. When the light strikes the front of the film, some reflects off this surface and some passes through the film and reflects off the back surface of the film. When light reflects off a medium with a higher index of refraction, it undergoes a phase shift of one-half wavelength; this happens to the light that initially reflects. In order for a dark band to be produced, the two light rays must be ‘one-half wavelength out of phase. If the thickness of the film is such that the ray reflecting off the back surface goes through a whole number of cycles while passing through the film, the light rays arriving at your eye will be out of phase and destructively interfere. Remember that the wavelength is altered by the index of refraction of the film, so that the thickness of the film must equal a multiple of half a wavelength of the light, divided by the film’s index of refrac White light shines through a diffraction rating, Are the resulting red lines spaced more closely or farther apart than the resulting violet lines? Why? (19.2) The spacing is directly proportional to the wavelength, and because red light has a longer wavelength than violet, the red lines will be spaced farther apart than the violet lines. Why do diffraction gratings have large numbers of slits? Why are these slits 50 close together? (19.2) The large number of grooves in diffrac- tion gratings increases the intensity of the diffraction patterns. The grooves are close together, producing sharper images of light. Why would a telescope with a small diam- eter not be able to resolve the images of two closely spaced stars? (19.2) Small apertures have large diffraction patterns that limit resolution. Physics: Principles and Problems 89. Fora given diffraction grating, which color of visible light produces a bright line closest to the central bright band? (19.2) violet light, the color with the smallest wavelength Applying Concepts Page 536 40. For each of the following examples, indicate whether the color is produced by thin-film interference, refraction, or the presence of pigments a. soap bubbles Interference b. rose petals pigments ©. oil films interference @. arainbow refraction 41, How can you tell whether a pattern is pro- duced by a single slit or a double slit? A double-slit interference pattern con- sists of equally spaced lines of almost equal brightness. A single-siit diffrac- tion pattern has a bright, broad central band and dimmer side bands. 42, Describe the changes in a single-slit diffraction pattem as the width of the slit is decreased. The bands get wider and dimmer. 43. Science Fair Ata science fair, one exhibi- tion is a very large soap film that has a fairly consistent width. It is illuminated by a light with a wavelength of 432 nm, and nearly the entire surface appears to be a lovely shade of purple. What would you see in the following situations? a. the film thickness was doubled ‘complete destructive interference b. the film thickness was increased by half a wavelength of the illuminating light complete constructive interference Solutions Manual 405Chapter 19 continued the film thickness was decreased by one quarter of a wavelength of the illuminating light complete destructive interference ‘44, What are the differences in the characteris- tics of the diffraction patterns formed by diffraction gratings containing 10* lines/cm and 10° lines/cm? The lines in the diffraction pattern are narrower for the 105 lines/cm grating. 48. Laser Pointer Challenge You have two laser pointers, a red one and a green one. Your friends Mark and Carlos disagree about which has the longer wavelength. Mark insists that red light has a longer wavelength, while Carlos is sure that green has the longer wavelength. You have a diffraction grating handy. Describe what demonstration you ‘would do with this equipment and how you ‘would explain the results to Carlos and Mark to settle their disagreement. Shine each laser pointer through the grat- ing onto a nearby wall. The color with the longer wavelength will produce dots with a greater spacing on the wall because the spacing is directly proportional to the wavelength. (Mark is correct; red light has a longer wavelength than green light.) 46. Optical Microscope Why is blue light used. for illumination in an optical microscope? Less diffraction results from the short wavelength of blue light. Mastering Problems 19.1 Interference pages 536-537 Level 1 47. Light falls on a pair of slits 19.0 um apart and 80.0 cm from a screen, as shown in Figure 19-17. The first-order bright band is 1.90 cm from the central bright band. What is the wavelength of the light? 406 Solutions Manual im 19.0 um ‘i Double sit Screen s Figure 19-17 (Not to scale) xd eal (19.0%10"8 my(1.90%1 80.0x10-? m = 451 nm 48. Oil Slick After a short spring shower, Tom and Ann take their dog for a walk and notice a thin film of oil (n = 1.45) ona puddle of water, producing different colors. ‘What is the minimum thickness of a place where the oil creates constructive interfer- ence for light with a wavelength of 545 nm? There is one phase inversion, so constructive interference will be when 2t=(m+3) tm For the minimum thickness, m = 0. 1)_a (0 A = 545m (ant.a5y =94.0nm Level 2 49, Light of wavelength 542 nm falls on a double slit. First-order bright bands appear 4.00 cm from the central bright band. The scteen is 1.20 m from the slits. How far apart are the slits? 50. Insulation Film Winter is approaching and Alejandro is helping to cover the windows Physics: Principles and ProblemsE Chapter 19 continued Level 51. Physi in his home with thin sheets of clear plastic (n= 1.81) to keep the drafis out. Afier the plastic is taped up around the windows such that there is air between the plastic and the lass panes, the plastic is heated with a hair dryer to shrink-wrap the window. The thick- ness of the plastic is altered during this process, Alejandro notices a place on the plastic where there is a blue stripe of color. He realizes that this is created by thin-film interference. What are three possible th nesses of the portion of the plastic where the blue stripe is produced if the wavelength of the light is 4.40%10? nm? There is one phase inversion, so constructive interference will be when = dt) a 2t=(m+3) a Three possible thicknesses occur at m=0,1, and 2, (Na (@)iite #F™=0 = 40x10? nm (ays) =60.8 nm 3 t (ae for m=1 = (3X8.40%102 nm) @Nr.81) = 182m (a for m=2 t = (5440x107 nm) (41.81) = 304 nm 13 Samir shines a red laser pointer through three different double-slit setups. In setup A, the slits are separated by 0.150 mm and the screen is 0.60 m away from the slits. In setup B, the slits are separated by 0.175 mm and the screen is 0.80 m away. Setup C has the slits separated by 0.150 mm and the screen a distance of 0.80 m away. Rank the three setups according to the separation between the central bright band and the is: Principles and Problems first-order bright band, from least to most. separation. Specifically indicate any tis. xd onary aL xe Because is the same for each setup, calculate to compare the setups. xoL ama ‘Setup A: _ 0.60 m 1.50x10-# m 4.0x108 Setup B: _ 0.80 m 1.75x10-4 m 46x10 Setup _ 0.80 m T50x10-* m 5.3x10° Xe> Xe > Xa 19.2 Diffraction page 537 Level 1 52. Monochromatic light passes through a sin- gle slit with a width of 0.010 cm and falls ‘ona screen 100 cm away, as shown in Figure 19-18. if the width of the central band is 1.20 cm, what is the wavelength of the light? lI 0.010em | | 100 em Single st sereen 1 Figure 19-18 (Not to scale) aL a aw ears Solutions Manual 407Chapter 19 continued = {0.60 emy0.010 em) 100 em = 600 nm 53. A good diffraction grating has 2.5% 103 lines per cm. What is the distance between two lines in the grating? ee * 25x10 linesiem = 4.0x10-4 em Level 2 54, Light with a wavelength of 4.5x10~5 cm passes through a single slit and falls on a screen 100 cm away. If the slit is 0.015 cm wide, what is the distance from the center of the pattern to the first dark band? PAL 2x, is the width of the bright band, so to get the distance from the center to the first dark band, divide by 2. 2x, AL xyaat = (4.5x10-5 em)(100 my 0.015 om 0.3 em 55. Hubble Space Telescope Suppose the Hubble Space Telescope, 2.4 m in diameter, is in orbit 1,0%105 m above Earth and is turned to view Earth, as shown in Figure 19-19. If you ignore the effect of the atmosphere, how large an object can the telescope resolve? Use A = 5.1107? m, 2 aie matt = Figure 19-19 408 Solutions Manual = 2.6x10-2 m =26em Level 3 56. Monochromatic light with a wavelength of 425 nm passes through a single slit and falls on a screen 75 cm away. Ifthe central bright band is 0.60 cm wide, what is the width of the slit? 1.1x10-2 em 57. Kaleidoscope Jennifer is playing with a kaleidoscope from which the mirrors have been removed. The eyehole at the end is 7.0 mm in diameter. If she can just distin- guish two bluish-purple specks on the other end of the kaleidoscope separated by 40 zm, what is the length of the kaleidoscope? Use A = 650 nm and assume that the resolution is diffraction limited through the eyehole. 1.22AL, Hog = Atos _ oni “oni = F 20K = (40%10-8 my my (1.22(650x10-® m) 0.4m Physics: Principles and Problems MECN wei Comrie enone Chapter 19 continued 58. Spectroscope A spectroscope uses a grat- ing with 12,000 lines/cm. Find the angles at which red light, 632 nm, and blue li 421 nm, have first-order bright lines. 1 = 72,000 lines/em A=dsino = 8.33x10-5 cm aA sing =% For red light, ga2 Moje there is a phase Inversion on the first reflection. Because Meng = 1-52 > Mim there is a phase inversion on the second reflection. For destructive interference: =(m+1)a- 2d=(m+3) ns 2d (m+3) (125 mmc (oe) (m + 2) ‘eoxt0 nm) For m=0 = (2) 0x10? nm) = 6.0x10? nm The light is reddish-orange. For other values of m, the wavelength is shorter than that of light. Solutions Manual 409Chapter 19 continued Level 3 61. Camera When a camera with a 50-mm lens is set at f/8, its aperture has an opening 6.25 mm in diameter. @. For light with A = 550 nm, what is the resolution of the lens? The film is 50.0 mm from the lens. 1.22AL oy %ovi = = (1.225.5x10~4 mm)(50.0 mm) 6.25 mm 5.4x10-9 mm b. ‘The owner of a camera needs to decide which film to buy for it. The expensive one, called fine-grained film, has 200 grains/mm. The less costly, coarse- grained film has only 50 grains/mm. If the owner wants a grain to be no smaller than the width of the central bright spot calculated in part a, which film should he purchase? Central bright band width 2x’ = 10.7108 mm The 200 grains/mm film has 200 mm between grains = 5x10-% mm, so this film will work. The 50 grains/mm has =,+ 50mm between grains = 20x10-8 mm, so this film won’t work. Thinking Critically page 538 410 Apply Concepts Yellow light falls on a dif- fraction grating, On a screen behind the grating, you see three spots: one at zero degrees, where there is no diffraction, and one each at +30° and ~30". You now add a blue light of equal intensity that is in the same direction as the yellow light. What pattern of spots will you now see on the screen? Agreen spot at 0°, yellow spots at +30° and —30°, and two blue spots slightly closer in. Solutions Manual 64, Apply Concepts Blue light of wavelength A passes through a single slit of width w. A diffraction pattern appears on a screen. If you now replace the blue light with a green light of wavelength 1.5A, to what width should you change the slit to get the original pattern back? The angle of diffraction depends on the ratio of slit width to wavelength. Thus, you would increase the width to 1.50. Analyze and Conclude At night, the pupil of a human eye has an aperture diameter of 8.0 mm. The diameter is smaller in daylight. An automobile’s headlights are separated by 1.8 m. a. Based upon Rayleigh’s criterion, how far away can the human eye distinguish the two headlights at night? Hint: Assume a ‘wavelength of 525 nm. 122ALy on = pt - m)(1.80 m) ©" (1.22(5.25x10-7 m)_ 210 m = 22 km b. Can you actually see a car’s headlights at the distance calculated in part a? Does diffraction limit your eyes’ sensi ability? Hypothesize as to what might be the limiting factors. No; a few hundred meters, not sever- al kilometers, is the limit. Diffraction doesn't limit the sensing ability of your eyes, More probable factors at the refractive effects of the atmos phere, like those that cause stars to twinkle, or the limitations of the reti- ha and the optic area of the brain to ‘separate two dim sources. Writing in Physics page 538, Research and describe Thomas Young's con- tributions to physics. Evaluate the impact of his research on the scientific thought about the nature of light. Physics: Principles and Problems { naeChapter 19 continued Student answers will vary. Answers a. What is the wavelength of the sound in should include Young's two-slit experi- still air? ment that allowed him to precisely 4.50 m roeeete te waveletioa ct lant) 1b, If the speed of sound is 330 m/s, what 66. Research and interpret the role of diffrac- is the frequency of the source! tion in medicine and astronomy. Describe vep at least two applications in each field. a fot = 80m _ 299 Hz Student answers will vary. Answers a7 180m could include diffraction in telescopes What is the speed of the airplane? and microscopes, as well as ‘The plane moves forward 0.60 m ‘Spectroscopy. for every 1.50 m that the sound wave - - travels, so the plane's speed is one- Cumulative Review third the speed of sound, or 110 mis. page 538 67. How much work must be done to push a 70. A concave mirror has a 48,0-cm radius. A 0.5-m? block of wood to the bottom of a 2,0-cm-tall object is placed 12,0 cm from 4-m-deep swimming pool? The density of the mirror, Calculate the image position ‘wood is 500 kg/m3. (Chapter 13) and image height. (Chapter 17) The block would float, but to submerge it would require an extra force downward. Fd F = Fgoyaney Fy=pVg = (600 kg/m)(0.5 m3)(9.80 m/s2) = 2450 N Fi =pVg buoyancy = (1000 kgim®V0.5 m®) (12.0 emy24.0 em), (280 m/e?) 12.0 em = 24.0 em at = -24.0 em (4900 N — 2450 N)(4 m) mena = 10k ° n= ake 68. What are the wavelengths of microwaves in dy an oven if their frequency is 2.4 GHz? =(-24.0 em(2.0 em) (Chapter 14) = 120 em = 4.0m 3.00%108 mis 24x10 Hz 71. The focal length of a convex lens is 21.0 cm. =0.12m ‘A.2,00-cm-tall candle is located 7.50 cm from the lens, Use the thin-lens equation 69. Sound wave crests that are emitted by an to calculate the image position and image airplane are 1.00 m apart in front of the height. (Chapter 18) plane, and 2.00 m apart behind the plane. (Chapter 15) Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 411Chapter 19 continued _ ae a= a, 7 (7.50 em)(21.0 em) 11.7 em)(2.00 em) 7.50.cm =3.11em Challenge Problem page 526 You have several unknown substances and wish to use a single-slit diffraction apparatus to deter- mine what each one is. You decide to place a sample of an unknown substance in the region between the slit and the screen and use the data that you obtain to determine the identity of each substance by calculating its index of refraction. Unknown substance Incoming light J. Come up with a general formula for the index of refraction of an unknown sub- stance in terms of the wavelength of the Tight, Avacuum the width of the slit, w, the distance from the slit to the screen, L, and the distance between the central bright band and the first dark band, x, 412. Solutions Manual Use (1) A = 7m", (2) Veunstance = Afs and (3) Mgupstance =~ Combine (2) and (3). = Awel Arsen Meabstance = 3 tsi y = asim (4), because the frequency remains constant as the light crosses a boundary. Rewrite (1) in terms of a substance in. the space between the slits and the screen. Xin” Asupstance = “"y'— (5) ‘Combine (4) and (5) and solve for x. Avacuum Asubstance Ww r An = Devout ‘min “ Teubstance™ If the source you used had a wavelength of 634 nm, the slit width was 0.10 mm, the distance from the slit to the screen was 1.15 m, and you immersed the apparatus in water (Nbstance = 1.33), then what would you expect the width of the center band to be? ‘vacuum! x (1.33)(0.10x1 5109 m Physics: Principles and Problems on arming WEE LP NORUE NEEM a IMleD