How Bluetooth Works

Introduction to How Bluetooth Works

There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For
example:
 Component cables
 Electrical wires
 Ethernet cables
 WiFi
 Infrared signals
When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and
parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices
communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light
beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. In this article,
we will look at a method of connecting devices, called Bluetooth, that can streamline the
process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a number of interesting
features that can simplify our daily lives.
The Problem

When any two devices need to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points
before the conversation can begin. The first point of agreement is physical: Will they talk over
wires, or through some form of wireless signals? If they use wires, how many are required --
one, two, eight, 25? Once the physical attributes are decided, several more questions arise:
 How much data will be sent at a time? For instance, serial ports send data 1 bit at a
time, while parallel ports send several bits at once.
 How will they speak to each other? All of the parties in an electronic discussion need
to know what the bits mean and whether the message they receive is the same message
that was sent. This means developing a set of commands and responses known as a
protocol.
Bluetooth offers a solution to the problem.

Why is it called Bluetooth?

Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark in the late 900s. He managed to unite Denmark and part
of Norway into a single kingdom then introduced Christianity into Denmark. He left a large
monument, the Jelling rune stone, in memory of his parents. He was killed in 986 during a battle
with his son, Svend Forkbeard. Choosing this name for the standard indicates how important
companies from the Nordic region (nations including Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) are
to the communications industry, even if it says little about the way the technology works.

How Bluetooth Creates a Connection

Bluetooth takes small-area networking to the next level by removing the need for user
intervention and keeping transmission power extremely low to save battery power. Picture
this: You're on your Bluetooth-enabled cell phone, standing outside the door to your house.
You tell the person on the other end of the line to call you back in five minutes so you can get
in the house and put your stuff away. As soon as you walk in the house, the map you
received on your cell phone from your car's Bluetooth-enabled GPS system is automatically
 sent to your Bluetooth-enabled computer, because your cell phone picked up a Bluetooth
signal from your PC and automatically sent the data you designated for transfer. Five
minutes later, when your friend calls you back, your Bluetooth-enabled home phone rings
instead of your cell phone. The person called the same number, but your home phone picked
up the Bluetooth signal from your cell phone and automatically re-routed the call because it
realized you were home. And each transmission signal to and from your cell phone
consumes just 1 milliwatt of power, so your cell phone charge is virtually unaffected by all of
this activity.

Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at two levels:

 It provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth is a radio-frequency
standard.
 It provides agreement at the protocol level, where products have to agree on when
bits are sent, how many will be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be
sure that the message received is the same as the message sent.

Photo courtesy Bluetooth SIG

Bluetooth wireless PC card
The big draws of Bluetooth are that it is wireless, inexpensive and automatic. There are other
ways to get around using wires, including infrared communication. Infrared (IR) refers to
light waves of a lower frequency than human eyes can receive and interpret. Infrared is used
in most television remote control systems. Infrared communications are fairly reliable and
don't cost very much to build into a device, but there are a couple of drawbacks. First,
infrared is a "line of sight" technology. For example, you have to point the remote control at
the television or DVD player to make things happen. The second drawback is that infrared is
almost always a "one to one" technology. You can send data between your desktop
computer and your laptop computer, but not your laptop computer and your PDA at the same
time. (See How Remote Controls Work to learn more about infrared communication.)
These two qualities of infrared are actually advantageous in some regards. Because infrared
transmitters and receivers have to be lined up with each other, interference between devices
is uncommon. The one-to-one nature of infrared communications is useful in that you can
make sure a message goes only to the intended recipient, even in a room full of infrared
receivers.
Bluetooth is intended to get around the problems that come with infrared systems. The older
Bluetooth 1.0 standard has a maximum transfer speed of 1 megabit per second (Mbps),
while Bluetooth 2.0 can manage up to 3 Mbps. Bluetooth 2.0 is backward-compatible with
1.0 devices.
Let's find out how Bluetooth networking works.

How Bluetooth Operates

Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on a
frequency of 2.45 gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This
frequency band has been set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial,
scientific and medical devices (ISM).

A number of devices that you may already use take advantage of this same radio-frequency
band. Baby monitors, garage-door openers and the newest generation of cordless phones all
make use of frequencies in the ISM band. Making sure that Bluetooth and these other
devices don't interfere with one another has been a crucial part of the design process.
One of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other systems is by sending out
very weak signals of about 1 milliwatt. By comparison, the most powerful cell phones can
transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10
meters (32 feet), cutting the chances of interference between your computer system and
your portable telephone or television. Even with the low power, Bluetooth doesn't require line
of sight between communicating devices. The walls in your house won't stop a Bluetooth
signal, making the standard useful for controlling several devices in different rooms.
Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices simultaneously. With all of those devices in the
same 10-meter (32-foot) radius, you might think they'd interfere with one another, but it's
unlikely. Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping that
makes it rare for more than one device to be transmitting on the same frequency at the same
time. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a
designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the case of Bluetooth,
the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices
can make full use of a limited slice of the radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter
uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it’s unlikely that two transmitters will be on
the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable
phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular
frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second.

When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic

conversation takes place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one
needs to control the other. The user doesn't have to press a button or give a command -- the
electronic conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation has occurred, the
devices -- whether they're part of a computer system or a stereo -- form a network. Bluetooth
systems create a personal-area network (PAN), or piconet, that may fill a room or may
encompass no more distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and the
headset on your head. Once a piconet is established, the members randomly hop
frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that
may be operating in the same room. Let's check out an example of a Bluetooth-connected
system.

Bluetooth Piconets
Let’s say you have a typical modern living room with typical modern stuff inside. There’s an
entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD player, a satellite TV receiver and a television;
there's also a cordless telephone and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses
Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between the main unit and peripheral.
The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base and another in the
handset. The manufacturer has programmed each unit with an address that falls into a
range of addresses it has established for a particular type of device. When the base is first
turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units with an address in a
particular range. Since the handset has an address in the range, it responds, and a tiny
network is formed. Now, even if one of these devices should receive a signal from another
system, it will ignore it since it’s not from within the network. The computer and entertainment
system go through similar routines, establishing networks among addresses in ranges
established by manufacturers. Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking
among themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available frequencies, so all of
the piconets are completely separated from one another.
Now the living room has three separate networks established, each one made up of devices
that know the address of transmitters it should listen to and the address of receivers it should
talk to. Since each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousands of times a
second, it’s unlikely that any two networks will be on the same frequency at the same time. If
it turns out that they are, then the resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a
second, and software designed to correct for such errors weeds out the confusing
information and gets on with the network’s business.

Flexible Transmission
Most of the time, a network or communications method either works in one direction at a time,
called half-duplex communication, or in both directions simultaneously, called full-duplex
communication. A speakerphone that lets you either listen or talk, but not both, is an example of
half-duplex communication, while a regular telephone handset is a full-duplex device. Because
Bluetooth is designed to work in a number of different circumstances, it can be either half-duplex
or full-duplex.
The cordless telephone is an example of a use that will call for a full-duplex (two-way) link, and
Bluetooth can send data at more than 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) in a full-duplex link -- a rate
high enough to support several voice conversations. If a particular use calls for a half-duplex link
-- connecting to a computer printer, for example -- Bluetooth can transmit up to 721 Kbps in one
direction, with 57.6 Kbps in the other. If the use calls for the same speed in both directions,
Bluetooth can establish a link with 432.6-Kbps capacity in each direction.

Bluetooth Security
In any wireless networking setup, security is a concern. Devices can easily grab radio waves
out of the air, so people who send sensitive information over a wireless connection need to
take precautions to make sure those signals aren't intercepted. Bluetooth technology is no
different -- it's wireless and therefore susceptible to spying and remote access, just like WiFi
is susceptible if the network isn't secure. With Bluetooth, though, the automatic nature of the
connection, which is a huge benefit in terms of time and effort, is also a benefit to people
looking to send you data without your permission.

Bluetooth offers several security modes, and device manufacturers determine which mode to
include in a Bluetooth-enabled gadget. In almost all cases, Bluetooth users can establish
"trusted devices" that can exchange data without asking permission. When any other device
tries to establish a connection to the user's gadget, the user has to decide to allow it.
Service-level security and device-level security work together to protect Bluetooth
devices from unauthorized data transmission. Security methods include authorization and
identification procedures that limit the use of Bluetooth services to the registered user and
require that users make a conscious decision to open a file or accept a data transfer. As long
as these measures are enabled on the user's phone or other device, unauthorized access is
unlikely. A user can also simply switch his Bluetooth mode to "non-discoverable" and avoid
connecting with other Bluetooth devices entirely. If a user makes use of the Bluetooth
network primarily for synching devices at home, this might be a good way to avoid any
chance of a security breach while in public.
Still, early cell-phone virus writers have taken advantage of Bluetooth's automated
connection process to send out infected files. However, since most cell phones use a secure
Bluetooth connection that requires authorization and authentication before accepting data
from an unknown device, the infected file typically doesn't get very far. When the virus
arrives in the user's cell phone, the user has to agree to open it and then agree to install it.
This has, so far, stopped most cell-phone viruses from doing much damage. See How Cell-
phone Viruses Work to learn more.
Other problems like "bluejacking," "bluebugging" and "Car Whisperer" have turned up as
Bluetooth-specific security issues. Bluejacking involves Bluetooth users sending a business
card (just a text message, really) to other Bluetooth users within a 10-meter (32-foot) radius.
If the user doesn't realize what the message is, he might allow the contact to be added to his
address book, and the contact can send him messages that might be automatically opened
because they're coming from a known contact. Bluebugging is more of a problem, because
it allows hackers to remotely access a user's phone and use its features, including placing
calls and sending text messages, and the user doesn't realize it's happening. The Car
Whisperer is a piece of software that allows hackers to send audio to and receive audio
from a Bluetooth-enabled car stereo. Like a computer security hole, these vulnerabilities are
an inevitable result of technological innovation, and device manufacturers are releasing
firmware upgrades that address new problems as they arise.