Introduction to Sanskrit Tuomas EGENES PART ONE MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATE LIMITED « DELHIFirst Indians Bition: Dei, 1994 Second Revised Eiition: Dei, 1996 “Third Revised Editon: Debs, 2003 First Published: California, 1989 (© THOMAS EGENES All Rights Reserved ISBN: 81208-11402 Alo available at MOTILAL BANARSIDASS AU UA, Bungalow Road Jayahar Nagar, Delhi 110 007 ‘8 Mahalaumi Chamber, 2 Bhilabhal Desai Road, Mumbai 400 026 336, Sth Main Ill Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560 011 126 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Chena 600 004 Sanas Plaza, 1502 Baji Rao Road, Pune 41] 002 8 Camac Street, Kolkata 700 017 ‘Ashok Rajpath, Patria 800 004 ‘Chowk, Varanasi 221 001 ‘PUR SALE IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA ONLY Printed in Ynia BY JAINENDRA. PRAKASH JAIN AT SHRI JAINENDRA PRESS, ‘M45 NARAINA, PHASES, NEW DELHI 110 028 AND PUBLISHED BY NARENDRA PRAKASH JAIN FOR MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS FRIVATE LIMITED, BUNGALOW ROAD, DELHI 110 007CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION xi LESSON ONE 1 Alphabet: The vowels in roman script 2 ‘The first six vowels in devandigari 4 Grammar: How a verb is formed 5 ‘The singular ending for verbs 5 Vocabulary: The verbs Ygam and Vprach 6 ‘The word for “and” 6 How to write simple sentences 6 LESSON TWO 8 Alphabet: Most of the consonants and how they are organized 9 ‘The last seven vowels in devanag: 12 Grammar: Verbs in the dual 13 Vocabulary: More verbs 14 ‘The word for “where” 4 LESSON THREE 18 Alphabet: The remaining letters in roman script 19 ‘The first ten consonants in devanagari. 23 Grammar: The plural 24 ‘The grammatical terms to describe a verb 25 Accent 27 Vocabulary: More verbs 28CONTENTS LESSON FOURTEEN Alphabet: The sandhi rules for final h Grammar: Verb prefixes and the imperfect active Vocabulary: More verbs LESSON FIFTEEN Alphabet: The sandhi rules for final m Grammar: More verb prefixes The imperfect middle Vocabulary: More verbs LESSON SIXTEEN Alphabet: ‘The sandhi rules for final n Grammar: Nouns in an ‘The imperfect for Vas The dvandva compound 210 Vocabulary: Nouns in an, more adjectives LESSON SEVENTEEN Alphabet: The sandhirules for final t Grammar: Nouns ending in r, the future tense Vocabulary: Nouns in r LESSON EIGHTEEN Alphabet: All remaining sandhi rules Grammar; Nouns inu ‘The karmadharaya and tatpurusa compound Summary of compounds Vocabulary: Nouns in u, more adjectives 181 182 188, 191 195, 196 197 199 200 204 205 208 210 214 217 218 220 224 228 229 232 233 235 238CONTENTS ANSWERS TO EXERCISES TABLES Masculine a Neuter a Feminine Masculine i, feminine i Feminine i Masculine an Neuter an Masculine f, feminine ¢ Masculine u, feminine u Pronouns Verbs Prefixes Numerals sandhi ‘VOCABULARY ENGLISH-SANSKRIT VOCABULARY SANSKRIT QUOTATIONS READING FROM THE BHAGAVAD GITA INDEX OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS GENERAL INDEX. 242 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 312 318 319 320 328 342, 352 371 376 382REASONS FOR STUDYING SANSKRIT VEDIC AND CLASSICAL SANSKRIT INTRODUCTION ‘There are several reasons to study the subtle and refined language of Sanskrit. The sound, script, grammar, and systematic nature of the language is charming in itself, something of great beauty. ‘The study of Sanskrit creates orderliness within the mind because Sanskrit is a highly systematic language, reflecting the orderliness of nature itself. Most students who study Sanskrit also have an interest in the content of the Sanskrit literature. This large body of literature is enormously diverse, including such fields as philosophy, science, art, music, phonology, grammar, mathematics, architecture, history, education, and logic (to name just a few). The literature can be understood in greater depth when itis studied in its original language. Even a little Sanskrit will give you control over English translations of the Sanskrit literature, so you will be able to decide if a crucial word has been mistranslated, While you may not become an expert translator of the Sanskrit literature, you'll find that an introductory knowledge of Sanskrit has great worth, Even a small knowledge of Sanskrit is useful when reading Sanskrit texts in English, And who knows? The study of Sanskrit could lead to something far beyond what you anticipated. Sanskrit (samskrta) means “perfected,” or “put together” (“put,” krta and “together,” sam). Sanskrit is divided into two principal parts: Vedic Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit, The older language is Vedic Sanskrit, or Vedic, the language of the Samhita andxii TEXTS ON SANSKRIT FEATURES OF THIS TEXT INTRODUCTION Brahmana. Vedic Sanskrit begins with the Rk-Samhita. Classical Sanskrit, which includes several aspects, is the language of the Bhagavad-Gita, Ramayana, and the rest of the Sanskrit literature. ‘This text focuses on the beginning study of Classical Sanskrit, although several of the quotations are in Vedic Sanskrit. Normally, Vedic Sanskrit is studied after Classical Sanskrit is learned, Over the past several hundred years, few Western scholars have written grammars or introductory textbooks for Sanskrit. In the 17th and 18th centuries, a few introductory materials for Sanskrit were written by Jesuit missionaries living in India. Some 19th Century works are by: Bartholome (1801), Foster (1804), Colebrooke (1805), Carey (1806), Wilkens (1808), Hamilton (1814), Yates (1820), Bopp (1827), Wilson (1841), Monier-Williams (1846), Ballantyne (1862), Benfey (1863), Miiller (1866), Kielhorn (1870), Whitney (1879), and Perry (1886). Some 20th Century works are by: MacDonell (1911), Renou (1942), Antoine (1954), Burrow (1955), Tyberg (1964), Gonda (1966), Hart (1972), Coulson (1976), and Goldman (1980). This text is written to fulfill a need that still remains, which is to make the introductory study of Sanskrit simple, concise, and systematic, thereby making it more accessible and enjoyable for a beginning student. The text is not a complete survey of Sanskrit grammar, or even a primer. It is meant to be a “pre-primer,” a step-by-step introduction to the fundamental aspects of the language.INTRODUCTION ALPHABET. xiii Some of the features of this text are: + Small, learnable steps + Sequential organization + A balance between alphabet, grammar, and vocabulary in each lesson + As few unnecessary complications as possible + Gradual integration of sandhi rules After completing this text, you should be able to study any of the above Sanskrit textbooks more comfortably, or begin Part IT of this text. Part IT will feature the reading of selected verses from the Bhagavad-Gita, accompanied by a more thorough explanation of unfamiliar rules of grammar as they are encountered in the reading. Both volumes together will cover the basic rules of Sanskrit grammar. For college classes, Part I covers the standard material for a one-semester course and Part II for the second semester. After completing Part Il, the student should be able to read the Bhagavad-Gita with the aid of a Sanskrit dictionary and a word-by-word English translation. In this text, each lesson has thr 1. Alphabet 2. Grammar 3. Vocabulary The study of any language begins with the study of the alphabet— both pronunciation and script. From the beginning, the pronunciation of Sanskrit should be relaxed and natural, without straining. One of the texts of Siksa states that Sanskrit should beGRAMMAR VOCABULARY 3. AN LKUBUL HUN One challenge for the beginning student is learning the rules, called sandhi rules, which describe how the sounds of words change in different environments. In the past, students have found these rules demanding, because they cannot be used until they are memorized, and they are difficult to memorize without being used. By introducing sandhi in small steps that are easy to master, this text attempts to overcome this problem. Beginning in Lesson 2, the exercises will be given without sandhi (pada-patha), but will also be observed with sandhi (samhita-patha). Beginning in Lesson 8, the sandhi rules will be given in chart form, so that the charts can be used temporarily as a quick reference to gain understanding of the general context of the rules. After using the charts for some time, it will be easy to memorize the rules, which begin in Lesson 13. The study of grammar is from Vyakarana, of which the primary text is the Astidhyayi of Panini. The Astadhyayi is a concise and complete grammar of Sanskrit, containing about 4,000 siitras, or aphorisms. While sanskrta means to “put together,” Vyakarana means to “undo” or to “take apart.” It gives the details of the structure of the language. Many of the grammatical terms are given in Sanskrit. Memorizing these terms will be useful for several reasons. It will give you a better understanding of the tradition from which these rules came. It will allow you to feel more comfortable when studying more advanced Sanskrit textbooks, of which many use these terms. It will increase your vocabulary, which will be useful in many areas, since most of these terms are also found in other areas than grammar. According to Yaska’s Nirukta (the Vedaiga dealing with word meaning), all Sanskrit words can be divided into four categories: verbs (Jkhyita), nominals (nouns, pronouns, and adjectives)INTRODUCTION HOW TO STUDY THIS TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (naman), prefixes (upasarga), and indeclinables (nipata). Verbs, as well as nominals, are systematically derived from verb roots (dhatu), of which there are about 2,000. In this text, the limited vocabulary is aimed at eventually providing you with an entry into the reading of the Bhagavad-Gita and the Ramayana. Review the alphabet, grammar rules, and vocabulary frequently and in a relaxed state of mind before doing the exercises. Then the exercises will be more enjoyable, with fewer difficult areas. The exercises in this text contain as few idiomatic Sanskrit expressions as possible, so that you will not be overburdened with learning too much at one time. If the exercis s seem difficult, you should review more. The answers to the exercises are given in the back of the text (p. 242) In general, you should review as often as possible during the day, taking a few minutes to bring the material to mind. If there is any hesitation in recall, immediately look at the written form, rather than straining and thus “programming” your mind to forget. The best way to memorize is to speak the words out loud, if possible. Memorization should be easy, comfortable, and frequent. ‘The following individuals have kindly offered inspiration and creative suggestions, and have cheerfully assisted in the preparation of this text: Bryan Aubrey, Niels Baumann, Harriet Berman, Laurie Couture, Michael Davis, Carol de Giere, Katherine Doak, Lawrence Eyre, James French, June French, Peter Freund, Elizabeth Goldfinger, Shepley Hansen, Jean Harrison, Monica Hayward, Park Hensley, Jos Hindriks, Sherry Hogue, Jan Houben, Robert Hiitwohl, Alicia Isen, Vernon Katz, Lee Keng, John Kremer, John Konhaus, Sara Konhaus, Margaret Lerom, Sherry Levesque, Dawn Macheca, Richard Marsan, Devorah McKay, Meha Mehta, Christine Mosse, Anthony Naylon, Patricia Oates, Dafna O'Neill, Helen Ovens, Craig Pearson, David Reigle, Beatrice Reilly, Beth Reilly, John Roberts, Robert Roney, Frederick Rosenberg, Sus:GRAMMAR VOCABULARY 3. AN LKUBUL HUN One challenge for the beginning student is learning the rules, called sandhi rules, which describe how the sounds of words change in different environments. In the past, students have found these rules demanding, because they cannot be used until they are memorized, and they are difficult to memorize without being used. By introducing sandhi in small steps that are easy to master, this text attempts to overcome this problem. Beginning in Lesson 2, the exercises will be given without sandhi (pada-patha), but will also be observed with sandhi (samhita-patha). Beginning in Lesson 8, the sandhi rules will be given in chart form, so that the charts can be used temporarily as a quick reference to gain understanding of the general context of the rules. After using the charts for some time, it will be easy to memorize the rules, which begin in Lesson 13. The study of grammar is from Vyakarana, of which the primary text is the Astidhyayi of Panini. The Astadhyayi is a concise and complete grammar of Sanskrit, containing about 4,000 siitras, or aphorisms. While sanskrta means to “put together,” Vyakarana means to “undo” or to “take apart.” It gives the details of the structure of the language. Many of the grammatical terms are given in Sanskrit. Memorizing these terms will be useful for several reasons. It will give you a better understanding of the tradition from which these rules came. It will allow you to feel more comfortable when studying more advanced Sanskrit textbooks, of which many use these terms. It will increase your vocabulary, which will be useful in many areas, since most of these terms are also found in other areas than grammar. According to Yaska’s Nirukta (the Vedaiga dealing with word meaning), all Sanskrit words can be divided into four categories: verbs (Jkhyita), nominals (nouns, pronouns, and adjectives)INTRODUCTION HOW TO STUDY THIS TEXT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (naman), prefixes (upasarga), and indeclinables (nipata). Verbs, as well as nominals, are systematically derived from verb roots (dhatu), of which there are about 2,000. In this text, the limited vocabulary is aimed at eventually providing you with an entry into the reading of the Bhagavad-Gita and the Ramayana. Review the alphabet, grammar rules, and vocabulary frequently and in a relaxed state of mind before doing the exercises. Then the exercises will be more enjoyable, with fewer difficult areas. The exercises in this text contain as few idiomatic Sanskrit expressions as possible, so that you will not be overburdened with learning too much at one time. If the exercis s seem difficult, you should review more. The answers to the exercises are given in the back of the text (p. 242) In general, you should review as often as possible during the day, taking a few minutes to bring the material to mind. If there is any hesitation in recall, immediately look at the written form, rather than straining and thus “programming” your mind to forget. The best way to memorize is to speak the words out loud, if possible. Memorization should be easy, comfortable, and frequent. ‘The following individuals have kindly offered inspiration and creative suggestions, and have cheerfully assisted in the preparation of this text: Bryan Aubrey, Niels Baumann, Harriet Berman, Laurie Couture, Michael Davis, Carol de Giere, Katherine Doak, Lawrence Eyre, James French, June French, Peter Freund, Elizabeth Goldfinger, Shepley Hansen, Jean Harrison, Monica Hayward, Park Hensley, Jos Hindriks, Sherry Hogue, Jan Houben, Robert Hiitwohl, Alicia Isen, Vernon Katz, Lee Keng, John Kremer, John Konhaus, Sara Konhaus, Margaret Lerom, Sherry Levesque, Dawn Macheca, Richard Marsan, Devorah McKay, Meha Mehta, Christine Mosse, Anthony Naylon, Patricia Oates, Dafna O'Neill, Helen Ovens, Craig Pearson, David Reigle, Beatrice Reilly, Beth Reilly, John Roberts, Robert Roney, Frederick Rosenberg, Sus:xvi FOR FURTHER STUDY INTRODUCTION Rosenfield, William Sands, Peter Scharf, Barney Sherman, Barbara ‘Small, Thomas Stanley, Dale Stephens, Jan Storms, Sheila Terry, Roxie Teague, Susan Tripp, Agnes Maria Von Agris, Douglas Walker, Keith Wegman, Geoffrey Wells, Julan White, and Elinor Wolfe. Many other students who have studied this text have given valuable feedback. Peter Freund and Eric Vautier developed the devandgari and transliteration fonts used in this text. My wife, Linda assisted in editing and offered continuous guidance and support. The Sanskrit quotations beginning on page 352 (Part One) and the verses from the Bhagavad Gita (Part Two) are from translations by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi + Sanskrit Manual, Roderick Buknell, Motilal Banarsidass + A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Moniet Monier-Williams, Motilal Banarsidass + The Bhagavad Gita, translated by Winthrop Sargeant, State of New York University Press + Devavanipravesika: Introduction to the Sanskrit Language, Goldman and Sutherland, University of California, Berkely + Sanskrit, An Introduction to the Classical Language, Michael Coulson, Teach Yourself Books, Hodder and Stoughton + A Sanskrit Grammar for Students, Arthur MacDonell, Motilal Banarsidass + Samskrtasubodhini: A Sanskrit Primer, Madhav Deshpande, University of Michigan + Sanskrit: An Easy Introduction to an Enchanting Language, Ashok Aklujkar, University of British Columbia + Sanskrit Grammar, William Dwight Whitney, Motilal Banarsida: + Sanskrit Reader, Charles Lanman, Motilal Banarsidass + A Higher Sanskrit Grammar, M. R. Kale, Motilal Banarsidass + A Manual of Sanskrit Phonetics, C. C, Uhlenbeck, Munshiram + A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar, K. V. Abhyankar, Baroda Oriental Institute + A Critical Sudy of Sanskrit Phonetics, Vidhata MishraINTRODUCTION DEDICATION xvii This book is dedicated with deep appreciation and gratitude to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Maharishi describes Sanskrit as the Tanguage of nature, the language of the impulses within pure consciousness, the Self. Maharishi explains how the ancient Vedic rishis of the Himalayas, fathoming the silent depth of their own pure consciousness, cognized these impulses. These cognitions were recorded in the Vedic literature, a vast body of beautiful expressions that embodies the mechanics of evolution in every field of life. Over the years, Maharishi has emphasized the most significant passages from this literature, of which many are included in the section of this text entitled “Sanskrit Quotations.” The knowlege contained in these expressions can be found at the foundation of every culture and tradition. From the Vedic tradition of India, Maharishi has brought to light practical procedures for experiencing pure consciousness and promoting evolution in daily life—Maharishi’ s Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi program. This simple, natural program has brought happiness and fultillment to millions of people around the world, and has been verified by more than 500 scientific studies on every continent. Maharishi has provided the means for removing stress and suffering and for unfolding the full potential within every individual—for creating perfect health, progress, prosperity, and permanent peace in the world.