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FT.-C-.'T T - 0-,: - , LRTR

This document discusses semiconductors and how they enable current conduction. Semiconductors have electronic properties between conductors and insulators due to their atomic structure. At high temperatures, electrons in semiconductors can gain enough energy to break atomic bonds and become mobile charge carriers, enabling current flow. Common semiconducting materials include silicon and germanium. Doping semiconductors with impurities introduces more electrons or holes, greatly increasing conductivity. The document then discusses how concentration gradients and electric fields in doped semiconductors enable directed current flow.

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Srisai Aaryan
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
92 views22 pages

FT.-C-.'T T - 0-,: - , LRTR

This document discusses semiconductors and how they enable current conduction. Semiconductors have electronic properties between conductors and insulators due to their atomic structure. At high temperatures, electrons in semiconductors can gain enough energy to break atomic bonds and become mobile charge carriers, enabling current flow. Common semiconducting materials include silicon and germanium. Doping semiconductors with impurities introduces more electrons or holes, greatly increasing conductivity. The document then discusses how concentration gradients and electric fields in doped semiconductors enable directed current flow.

Uploaded by

Srisai Aaryan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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o

serniconducto"g he.^re- condrrcLfr, ity

anA *

LzL-r-r-n

con&r.ctprs

i rr

sr.l-^-Lors
pe

-[-'.,o

L1

s o$

.gqrr^ i c o ndr,r-c
se-yvr

t, v.
i co ndrr..to v

5t v"X/,e

".t . Si,(rc"n

e-Q-e-" e

in Pertodrt ti'LQe' o Ge-rrnnqn i** J dk Cowtpoun[ sqyv1 i conArrc\ot o Go.Qfu*rn .iA,L


^ysR-n . covnLini't2 **,lrtr .,.| Xrr*f,t ft.-Ct--0-,

GrRoup \v

.'t

o Nh\

is

Si,Qjcon

a. ssyvtic"nd,rrc\ex
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5i

a.*,oms

bonAs ay( \rrtact. qrrL $ru<- 1"" c ond.uct c us-ye-nt


cf

vi -U

&

v\o &.trons

IJ
I
(

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Bond.

(_
I

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+(

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At

Thz

itt ve tho Yf is co'-t'l'zA r Cond.rr.tjo"r c-a\n hop ?eo rn {o!fu-tny .^rafs:-

q,\oove tgg /ggUlt5 c4\^ c45r5 e-Q'ecl-v'-c is nppt.;-r./- ' gur.x-'rrP-nt i f bet'u'A Ab =enc,ee-Pe.+,yovl i n 'thai o*oun lAAvLs "l L posittve. .lr,a tf tth

';"&-le*taia!)'
P s
o

-) TV,'t-s

r,la"

"

-+ Ftn-z <,tc-rtforns unovtnrt 8** d

frn*c\

pOtzntto-t

+.

->

k-ev p ot-e.nt[.l, . **, oLhrv covo)tn*- b or^ A E !.x.ctrons $trlill in a- P rr< t' L Dus h o(e thus p t *? t, Jr*. U^rt^f b e-hi^A a- h o.0a . Th tre woue-w\e't*'., oI '[+'o* hi8hzr to h*t I otantca't W \^"1" ^
hrX

tsAAs

+" a. .,rlvent 9ln*.

.,| $ruz e.lr--LYons. $ove-wtent"l h ol,(-= o sincx- "sit' ".y=t"-{- is @ n u-, t-^1 -Lhavm"l+ ->
M,1verurent,
A,

shoJ{

EzwzuaJciont ",$ "U^.].;,-:r* bE a}^*lnu^^.bzy.

in

--\.a/\.^-

h r-Q.qs

@
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a(ecL^.rc +f"U " u.'hilz ranA'o^[Y

vnol

A{tr trrrevtnaL **;h[wfrvn "rr*g = ^6 covn btna.bt"avl ra*e yneva:\Irn


o TLvrs,

*.,({''f ,,.*[ hol.ts -tftF @ in tt,a d.jssopp aayax\cl "$ l 8&-dgE\rcn P4A(:
e-gu:ttro*,
u
'

in2

th<-

-\r,erz,

: p = h,L= \n\Xirtsle blz -E/ant nL= BT <y1

concx'ntra-,tt'cvr

3 6 = T.3 Xr ott .h^

Et= eand6T

K = BoJ-t5v'raws const-. - g'6qxto"u/t< '1 : Tew\pe'rmtuvu- in Kt,Q.vtn .

a*y f = \" t2 eV {.,r_s.t

c- l,r

tf'/^ G""t-rro-Q\- Ac-pe.&"J) SL

t..=4,+1. rre.(altonslrap (Sn-rtva{5pr1 ir.. )avl'ces \* nrrnztZa.,;#\l

.r,r.=f

P\1
.o\z.re ^ -'*'-2

= n]
to

/ ni= r,5Xro /r"* g

yooyq

t*rp

i.r,3ooK.

b oPED .\.A.,A,A/

Se.tqtCoNOucToR-s '. -

. ,^rh\ ft, f-o" d.opinft ? rooil/r t"*P o N*'*bev o4 @:e$fu Potv @ is not ,{-"'x.;roph +o Pt"of ide- Lno"6[l covrdtctton, &Q.ro + i ho,hs +o.Lzetvons frz o f^r"trln tzrnpuaht.e (*L " ffd Lfu"p), "$

AAil*n1

.^lhi i mPurrttfzs' ' o AAfu{t o^ ol imPurt'lurzs i s .rJJaJ,'&r*,xl and- thz st is .J.Q.zA t'{ypgL--sj "
a'rr-

\'tyt *vo.l.ar*tt' oY ^t panta -o)'zrrk" unt*e*ts +- =1{1*^ ovurcowtes t-t^l a.-)bovz tro " iss ttls L\^a*, sin<-e ai$k*^t u)'z-ev'ks 62 "il'Le e,r.-LYnen*S c-onuzrt P r:Ge- S i ttr \* t^r?- Si-' t-["2-= a
.

Tvpes .-,j ImPuA\ttEs',OF * n.ali.-ro frivaLer^*, i rvrpurri


o,

tfas - E-t Borwt m Drr- h o[as v nl.e-n.-e artectrons =)


.

*vr,t'.ch has

3-

P-

stlicon

t\ re

u=-L:": :t +o f,*r^ uvalb\k ho",d. 4ror* nziXhto*i",1 ^tpun rs.s,^-tf,trr7o i o- t^ SU- \n th-e vr-e-fnh b o rr n7 o*p"t ^ Th-e \*pu.ritrq is .o-[l,eA " **&f*^ *I3 ".
Txiuu!..rt \.npu'.t\'r6 --) acc-uPts
e/
,

tl acssptov dogtnl coro.-e-raLYa,tfo n is NA, -hrl.e N n =)n i +lnu[-rr h r.Q.e cov\ c.entralfo4 ist Pp x Na -) \il'z?z^d2."'t o$ t*'P' Con..ent.na*,r on o| rr\iyr ot1L1 cay?rters i=,

rP= +=, N,1

@
o Tt^ur5 Co$rc-ent)firdrt"oyl "+ vlrt[norttl cq\rTteYs {s
t*-wrf
e.

raJurr*-

Ar-P

and'znt'

klu5-I.lgr s3gg$aF: e8 ' Pho=PhslfL\s r,,tn'r'h


has 6
val,e-ncL e-!'c-cLrovls
'

Fxe9. c,lz;-t.lcovl

Arnn&A br
N -LYPZ

iqgu^.r,[1

^ton

gilr-.r,n

P.r,t^, il;.,rr/- \- P "vi L1

a-kpwr

f,$ con cen.l,ro-b I au. ,] Nls >) r,r2 thc.n,

CA'o"^)
A-ov,

ox torrts
\

t t-u

,.,h-ar<

r^3
Fov - \F ",
si-{+c

N5

=)
2ni

nAzpe"A-e^t

"l

*zm prarahwe

o4, y1 n pn =

:) pnZ
wr

ni

1_

ND
tn

*-e*peria*U-ce

d-e.p-et

Azrt

E'l.r-ctrons cr{- MtoriLy cqtrfers


i "f \
co.

qvl& h'o,Qgs a r{

rrrtzrs-,

C U RREN\T r\'
'' ". ^"4/

t-uow
/^Va..^!.^

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f\,L

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cpN DuC T9RS,

DRte r Cu RRENT ..ra!,-v^.-\.4.-^


An.za.-

i?E-

Vz.0oci{u5

"$ h"&-s = *p-o-tlt = Fe E


o} elo.tro^s = *-or,'lt = A"E
h"0.e 'r\Aohihty

Vz.Loci{y

wwr<^ tr -/
I

= "pp.trerl ..t-octtt.c 4teld.

Pp=

x |eo .n'/ t,
:
ta 5o
c

\ntrrt nsrt- s i

$ot

F", = ")-2"*oq

nnobt"0ttl

\r.trinsic St

*Ytl" 4"'

Norp r\.,r{'',

t.^ zltrp Fn = vu n

:) :>

r=-l;.6drons rrto\,,< -e-Le6drons rrro\,,< S^=t<-v thon


h

".&-s.
h

alr"t

l',.tlL c uYrznt Fln*i'n1 thvoun h ba'r t = ' f,r = AT? *r_ar,$L


=)

rp\s

r<spr .tiu oly , Lh'q

o0z coYv\P o'z^t "+

I?= A?P fel,

The- c,^xroznL Aa-nsitX


5?

is 6iven bY,

T\e.

cur1.enL dr-nsill

&rc +D {-"2
l.tn

e-l'scbvo*\

lt,

5n=

Th.e tDta_|" Ar., lt cu\rrrln/U ,'=,

1/

Y\

e
(-

g=

5?

*Tn

'=

+ _f -*h*r{, G.

,/f

arhxv< f : TL?trP +nl"lil t

XVY,

+ "r{ril

l=

c orn drr.{:r

"

ty

n-

-/ I Ptar-t n Lt")
\
=

ond f
ohwrs
[a't"r,,

-C

xzstsLiuitl'=
aa^ \o*t^r.c t'

XApe+n/{
.

Ltr u,

a.s

,i L / = O/;i te"Li'neUts (n-'(tn =r/.*\ wVzve anits r+ f qr ohtns i'('c'n 9I9Jtf& - trt',d Te-sr stJ r, i L1 "| q-1.,t:ti ".:* nL= \'5xto''/''\t (lse a.n[ Q9 p^L\p SL r.rrt-t]-, NR= tot6fr''T3. sL' I3'e crrr-fVt4l?--48oc^-/t/s' 4"v i"'tvtnstc /tn= d*ped" si'

f=

E/l

fn= lrtoc^o/vt + lt?=4oo'^'/vs 'C'tlf ' tOFr- i'n\x insrt- Si ,

=n = n{ = l' 5x,rto /r*3 -fhrrs, , 2 2'a I XtOt -'-ffi ? (eru "nf 0 rli r,29x ,f/c^s tr") {:ov p-Lf fc sit nP= =

,r

F/, =

Nft=

lo''/r^3"=)

Nn

TIws" /

J)= I

t (frt +nfln)

= l'5 5"sl-'crvl

)k- Fov A"gzA


b1 d-op inq ry
[n.^.-'(.r

s; resistivi\ is Aalt*od, ?yy@


eon #-

ant

ra-tt o5,

Do

?\'I

red.aczs
,

.nesrsLi"ity by gX45 "4

Ynaq n

M0r^.^.-,^'-v

i{ixdr-

Houe
rNf,g,cTrotl

u)

J 2
0
Z

F c d t-

tJl

+r

lo(nifud.aCorA

.l cuvten* at eqqtn po,rtT=]^ropowtJ ohol c*ntra;bf on t*&-vLt,

w\,zrz, Sp

+ -?5r A*
=
PCr)= Ho.Qe

A Kxl

= Ho.h Cnvtenf D.ensi\ U/r^) b p = D i4furs [o n cons t /^t 1-r]$us iv ily /

cDy\czrrtvrtfon ..1r p o iruL">d',

A Kx)

i.. d'* ' r

naqaltvC (

+ posiUt,e cuylr"* +{",,., int


x- d,ire.{loq C,.rhf 2 ?)
wQ-

Foy d-e-ctron ,*llusfort .uv-e^i,

\atz,

Jn:?r" d ntx) #,
l$ocE..- 6f6n a*}-41 vLncR \n S,. L/\..A,/

& 59' }3 H Hg W??

F"t int-r[nstc stfucorr


t)- e ^"/g Dn= 35c^u/s, * tuheve- d."oes A*'f,ltrs f on c u)rrre nt *!n *
5p =

).

{t

Who c4xszs tJrQ- concznt-m.tioY1 Xr*d+e"t 2 \ (Nn"p $nusq in vrind , Wdll, q.mswzF it, t-"*'ev),

Rer-nrroNs*\P Qq.pEE{ ' v'^-Al

Dn =

lr"

Q,e &(:Sla DP =Vvr

wl*vx, V. = K T. = TT=

Thev*a.,{ f) o["LaXz

(: rso,L\ma.vrrs cons{-= \,3a X to-23*ttr6 -ftx' t(/-l'6xlo^'tc

= T"nnp.eva-lr.xe

in Ke{vr\

P.g1rg.-ru

?xsrxAg

2tr B$-)vN:xro
A N gDG.

-subst'r&

l,W $lt5
AtIosq

Rt R)-*rsuw
CAIH obE

PN *JuNCTtoN UNDER, OPesr CtR.cutT:.\-/\Arn-z'r.ra.n/;1,^.-,^'.^t\.^..^... ./-.

--)xp <=* ES
't ++ -t -t-t + tat*+ 1+ r+'t .t +1f
Hol{g

^_

-r+(+r-ra o +t{++t* ,9 iB,

ol oi o o'

e/t sJl EugcrRrsrg

^---l

se-rll+io\^

+
orrrtlfr

unA Ch avles

Q^ff{*stot (4-*4nL r- bt^e- t^o /\./\ .^./v\.^ nn .-.r...r^-r. C on cu-vrtxafu orn ,'rA qxadiev*h o.k* qp \vtL "*tjnis t *"1'1 o $rrrn "* e - Llpe tD n -bfoF.Cvno'o on
Csnc-ernLwatiort

>c-)

4ro* ,.''-typ{ to -tXpx-{iDirsr-cLtr^ ol cuvrap{, {nrrn p-{-yfe to n^t_\p^g.

Xradrent "+ {'t,"t) 'p ('ruto"<

u-Lu.*o,.s

%otr(t

$EPLErtoN ReoroN /\-^./^*,4.,/ @

^.P

.
t .

\{

oll.s &if,fu.z
.1

&r*
a\

-LrPa +o n {1Pz '


"{.q=
c'ovrbivrz
t'r'

r', h aA qp os it-r re .ha r?& c, -ntzv p arf in the {ot- '{ u th,e n,.r.c&us "{ tL{ pzntavo-ln* i*PuriLY' l5 u.c tr rLco*kinet,t on nu^a"lr +-k .Juh "t1"o'n
v'zr.rtra.t
.
o.

'$rax- &.troY\S 7 tn L}* n - t19e *Af ovr ' Th n - \ pe r-eq ion Lu 4s o r i7 i^^ilr p-le'cIxi'a-19
'i

Nz-ar L\\z

u ncLt

l-l''.e-sc- h

ith

, ,.r) rrT

lrzz

"a)-e.tjrt

th,e- genta ,&t *. \vnp,mtL1 "tptn -hnc-h h ad' P'sittv-Q. .ho Xf is sa id. tp b haue 6 u"t sa-i{ to *ryx:gyg{. T\.,i:' P osiUvr- .kary is

rqron wdyx- "trzeonn b(nclL on h"Ppznsd is t*rlz6d ,$ [o*- eLL"1;roy\s Ve-ncx- u'1"t x"7to" is .oJlaJ.. "&f,&#.X XA-i99"
The-

bz " [gg pg*Xg .^!'1S"'

ff*r Thz, *f&;$* X?ptA is *t..


",bSrte Tgt{g}
Rec4r,LSe
f te,oA,"u
'.

,e*^cL saro/r.e tJni^1 hagPzv\s in thx- P-LYP{aqte} /ca "4 hr&-s. vaj.uon *hich
T\nx-

b-Uad "spac-qax\ ,-ls&v-''e-,c,

,l

th"c-

eho\qz6

tj,ore ts

"-

T\n'is

,l ho,ks e^nd- ur{,e&"rp1t-s o.c Yoss Lh{ j^.{,"rtl

e-{rcL:r*._

?t'll' ?rLve-ts -$artl"st A''{lusi"l

thrrs rrz&run7 +J.z

$UHg1 Xtt(I&.

@
Detr-r CuRRENT -,O,t:* 61./^.,/\.a../^A., o 3 ue- +, +)r$\\"11 / frzv:LYa*l-& vni'noTltf CarrliR-ws, tl o Thc- barrtev v oLLaTr" cat)'sLg t\^z wrlnrvtt:1 caTrteYs 'L, I btxt ', -

e-lz.t-rvrs

4tr*

-Lfroz

to

-L1pe

.,cu

u, is coJ,SzL

off"Ih

o I-e i s a- stror,,7 X-*cLr'r rr ",| &^p.raJ.,qye ' r-s is A in/a f."d"^t nl tlr-(- vap,(.leLton W*" vol*nqt Vo. 6J
.
(

lw ff;IsY- ._=;:'z 4gl! cS,Xf! ,


'
/

P_rrrz-

U
n

xr

, . -^

seR

O Pexr Crn cul


11'6...a1l..^.-^.a,

CpfsefaqN.A-^-'z-

rD: r<
anA ts mqrnt&trsd, u"olryW t*ro ca-seg

by barf te x vo!*af Uo. VtS *lr-erm Is * Is.

tA= f ',- fs, ) Es :) M ore bo..r,d .ho\ff-s ruill bz qn c ovlx Ld, o n both si&s , d. ylzLrrn 9a1n *rll *d,e.ut aud Uo wu!')" i^c rtaeL t-ht h *kI. cars-Q- Ip to lec.",.qsp- t "^ti,1 Sp = 15.
CAse-2 n,a..r^.-z--\

Lu 4 }s + Th<.ve u,&l L2- Q'e'st bow'td' ;n^rt" => :*:zArtcn-;. de-?!ztio,,1 9,nyz, =) Vo t,,W'()-acx,Lxsz =) :tr-D has tp \nc^rq'sz *'tt.tl- \ =qs'

txx*:xx hxx: Es k!rAGE",-hr-xr,


tr\ n

8, H$ qYe
iAe

bPrry.

Concz

ntr,arttovls,

sihr 'cespecti "r4. F oY ,Ls Vo t\p \.4 varics bztt-QQ\\ o'LV "-r4 o'1v @ )roonn te*pe rdwYz-.
,of p-s

c r.rt n -

t^l hV car^, '{}ii\^.

'L X.,i vs (=4-s \Y! -a!- qs inq a- V^"1&)C&-y ? l?)--,{ u) z l .-F,-*^- V o n't''(^ "^ ' Crtztct vol*ay @ YAaUI - sjrQicondr..tor ju,.ctions
6L

th{ {rr*irnat, t L^^ct& LoL""z LUe- bo-r ie-x


.

v o.Qiagc

RN

lxxxxl

W.w NAiIP "f tf f + ++ + +-t + +ff + ++ I + r+ *t t t f f

p;

Pt

{*

Pp=Na

a;L 1\Po= M

( r> t ',9 .rr. rt''(

flr, : trtg
(

3 Ot

gl

oni r\ole.+\ =

2_

lC

-&,
&-t^J , 'fr

A1/ Np Xq

The

bo.rr,A ,hra

t*

1.,

Lt\r p-stJz & n-s;A!- qYz five"


N> xn

b;',

\Q-\ = A 7, Nn xP

,rnA. \a*\
u,,h.g.rt,

--

fr1

A--

cYosg'-s"cLir.^.{, a'rt?-L "} P-^ i*.n'tior1

i, tl^z- g.Q.o*z. PuPenir.,.Q-o-v to thz


Nnxp

P"ff'

No-,

\a-\ = \a* \

)A
4
A,Q.ro

41, Nr x^
Nn
^\u
P

xh
Xp

, 4trrn Aev t c{

hY 5i c s

,
"
= \ \' v Lo

W = Xr,-rXp=
,oherr,

Lrt= [- ),ec6.o! ?xrv\ittvt'lr4 ,f s;

a\\'?x S.gsxio-ttF /r^=

l-o4xro-t'ol

T\r;.^il,.'U'
T h*rs2

is in tk{ r_uny? 4rt"n D'lpwr


Na
N* rNo NP NA +ND

L' \F''

"^

Xn = \ J

anAT

xe ='w

Cha yX7-

st orqd o n ciLh-er,- srdelzgtr.-Urn Yet f tzn i t,

.t

on.tj o*

Y1

a; ? [ a*l

+a5=47

Nn No \.\n * No

= \ q-\

w=oJr16g;v"

PN &r.reTroN UNoeR RR"YEA:E r\.n^ a\Alr^\/\^_Aa-i .4,.Atzr-2.r,**"2.A,'S (4" A Li rnrr uE, A vn uvs,s) -) to
->TU *tg

*ts

(.
1

?.res c sJ&r

Reunse Bres 71rrA*rt-Z


^.,4..^-

t/./rrh 'rLvqrs

) s.z-fls{ion -> fa eTs


t*:hose
C

fas

tLgio vt tt, r dzns


wl

(u:t y ??)
inori1
tA.rn

-> S\nc< Ls is )" 2 +"


on

carrtrr7s

pryo*UrL &pen )evvb, bh" ^rcve.rsc- htas cu.:-vent rb sLr on gly tcwr Vero*urz dnp"r"t^ert, . -+ Th ouero!& cut-re n.t, uhdtr rev{<Tse_ bi4s is vyf sv,na.t,t t/Jl^4t is tU tr.s{PXt .-jr"ctJ'rn qy,dsr Tveysqas\rtra.*,r'av1

is

Ltas

"$

Ths davi.-<ca.

pac

ta

tr.

,pLra*as

a-s

L volLa72 M?*^dtrr*, 6

G. =ro)

* AE r-svorrS tros incrr{agrs t[r{- c,a?actfanc2 d,etreAses =) v o.Lt^32 d'oqznd.t^rt ca-pacilgtnc-e' CvnRAcro0 )F Th& .^pqcitana.e ,$ ju^.tfr"r u" i*, at.La ts, f c.j=

Cj,

. t-

-T-

Vr-

*W9 Cjr =

gt
VR io'n trrrdtv rL-v 8-\s z

tl)

iath ,+ Lzgl,zLto n rq
lN=xn

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