GRO. REFERENCE AND PRACTICE FOR INTERMEDIATE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH RAYMOND MURPHY with Roann Altman Consultant: William E. Rutherford CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE ‘The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 IRP, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, United Kingdom +40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Cambridge University Press 1989 ‘This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, ‘no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1989 Eleventh printing 1998 Printed in the United States of America ‘Typeset in Times Roman Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Murphy, Raymond. * Grammar in use Contents [1] Student's book - [2] Answer key. 1. English language - Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language - Grammar - 1950- 3. English language - United States. 1 Altman, Roann, Ui. Tite. PELI28M775 1989 428.2"4 8.29951 ISBN 0-521-34843-9 Student’s Book: paperback ISBN 0-521-35701-2 Answer Key: paperback Ilustrations by Daisy de Puthod Book design by Final Draft, Inc.CONTENTS Introduction Tenses Modal verbs Unit 25 Unit 26 Unit 27 Unit 28 Unit 29 Unit 30 Unit 31 Unit 32 Unit 33 ix Present continuous (Iam doing) 2 Simple present (Ido) 4 Present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (Ido)? 6 Present tenses (I am doing / I do) with a future meaning 8 Going to (I am going to do) 10 Will (1) 12 will (2) 14 Will or going to? 16 ‘When and If sentences (When I do... / If Ido. Will be doing and will have done 20 Simple past (Idid) 22 Past continuous (Iwas doing) 24 Present perfect (Ihave done) (1) 26 Present perfect (Ihave done) (2) 28 Present perfect (Ihave done) (3) 30 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) 32 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) or present perfect simple (Ihave done)? 34 Present perfect (I have done / I have been doing) with how long, for, since 36 Present perfect with how long; simple past with when; Since and for 38 Present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did)? 40 Past perfect (had done) 42 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) 44 Have and have got 46 Used to (I used todo) 48, Can, could, and be able to 50 Could (do) and could have (done) 52 ‘Must (have) and can’t (have) 54 May (have) and might (have) 56 May and might (future) 58 Can, could, may, and woul and invitations 60 Have to and must 62 Should 64 equests, permissions, offers, Subjunctive (I suggest you do) 66Contents Conditionals Unit 34 Unit 35 Unit 36 Unit 37 Unit 38 Unit 39 Passive Unit 40 Unit 41 Unit 42 Unit 43. Unit 44 If sentences (present/future) 68 If and wish sentences (present) 70 If and wish sentences (past) 72 Would 74 Incase 76 Unless, as long as, and provided/providing (that) 78 Passive (1) (be done / have been done) 80 Passive (2) (present and past tenses) 82 Passive (3) 84 Itis said that... /He is said to..., etc., and supposed to 86 Have something done 88 Reported speech Unit 45, Unit 46 Questions Unit 50 Reported speech (1) 90 Reported speech (2) 92 Questions (1) 94 Questions (2) (Do you know where...? / He asked me where...) 96 Auxiliary verbs in short answers / short questions, ete.: So/ Neither am I, etc. 98 Tag questions (are you? doesn’t he?, etc.) 100 -ing and the infinitive Unit 51 Unit 52 Unit 53 Unit 54 Unit 55 Unit 56 Unit 57 Unit 58 Unit 59 Unit 60 Unit 61 Unit 62 Unit 63 Unit 64 Articles Unit 65 Unit 66 vi Verb + -ing 102 Verb + infinitive 104 Verb + object + 106 Infinitive or -ing? (1) — like, would like, etc. 108 Infinitive or -ing? (2) — begin, start, continue, remember, try 110 Preposition + -ing 112 Verb + preposition + -ing 114 Expressions + -ing 116 Be/get used to something (I’m used to...) 118 Infinitive of purpose ~ “I went out to mail a letter.” Sothat 120 Prefer and would rather 122 Had better do something It’s time’someone did something 124 See someone do and see someone doing 126 -ing clauses ~ “Feeling tired, I went to bed carly.” 128 Uncountable nouns (gold, music, advice, etc.) 130 Countable nouns with a/an and some 132Unit 67 Unit 68 Unit 82 Unit 83 Relative clauses Unit 84 Unit 85 Unit 86 Unit 87 Unit 88 Unit 89 Alan and the 134 The (1) 136 The (2) 138 Plural and uncountable nouns with and without the (flowers / the flowers) 140 School / the school, prison / the prison, etc. 142 Geographical names with and without the 144 Names of streets, buildings, etc., with and without the Singular or plural? 148 ++.5 (apostrophe s) and... of ... 150 Reflexive pronouns (myself / yourself, etc.), by myself “A friend of mine,” “my own house” — 154 All / all of, no / none of, most / most of, etc. 156 Contents 146 152 Both / both of, neither / neither of, either / either of 158 ‘Some and any Some/any + -one/-body/-thing/-where 160 No/none/any No/any + one/-body/-thing/-where 162 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty 164 All, every, and whole 166 Relative clauses (1) ~ clauses with who/that/which 168 Relative clauses (2) ~ clauses with or without who/that Relative clauses (3) ~ whose, whom, and where 172 Relative clauses (4) ~ “extra information” clauses (1) Relative clauses (5) - “extra information” clauses (2) 170 174 176 -ing and -ed clauses (‘the woman talking to Tom,” “the man injured in the accident”) 178 Adjectives and adverbs Unit 90 Unit 91 Unit 92 Unit 93 Unit 94 Unit 95 Unit 96 Unit 97 Unit 98 Unit 99 Unit 100 Word order Unit 101 Unit 102 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored, etc.) Adjectives: Word order (‘“a nice new house”) After verbs (““Do you feel tired?”) 182 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) 184 180 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (good/well, fast/hard/late, hardly) — 186 So and such 188 Enough and too 190 The infinitive after adjectives 192 Comparison (1) ~ cheaper, more expensive, etc. 194 Comparison (2) 196 Comparison (3) —as...as/than 198 ‘Superlatives — the longest, the most enjoyable, etc. 200 Word order (1) - verb + object; place and time 202 Word order (2) ~ adverbs with the verb 204 viiContents Unit 103 Unit 104 Unit 105 Unit 106 Unit 107 Unit 108 Prepositions Unit 109 Unit 111 Unit 112 Unit 113 Unit 114 Unit 115 Unit 116 Unit 117 Unit 118 Unit 119 Unit 120 Unit 121 Unit 122 Unit 123 Unit 124 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Index 259 viii Still and yet Anymore / any longer / no longer 206 Although/though/even though In spite of / despite 208 Even 210 As (time) ~ “I watched her as she opened the letter.” As (reason) ~ “As I was feeling tired, I went to bed early.” 212 Like and as 214 Asif 216 At/on/in (time) 218 For, during, and while 220 By and until 222 By the time... In/at/on (position) (1) 224 In/at/on (position) (2) 228 To, been to, into 230 By car/in my car Noun + preposition (“reason for,” “cause of,” ete.) 232 Preposition + noun (“by mistake,” “on television,” etc.) 234 Adjective + preposition (1) 236 Adjective + preposition (2) 238 Verb + preposition (1) 240 Verb + preposition (2) 242 Verb + preposition (3) 244 Verb + object + preposition (1) 246 Verb + object + preposition (2) 248, Phrasal verbs (get up, break down, fill in, etc.) 250 List of present and past tenses 253 Regular and irregular verbs 254 Spelling 256 Short forms (I’m/didn’t, etc.) 258INTRODUCTION Grammar in Use is a textbook for intermediate students of English who need to study and practice using the grammar of the language. It can be used as a classroom text or for self-study. It will be especially useful in cases where, in the teacher's view, existing course materials do not provide adequate coverage of grammar. Level The book is intended mainly for intermediate students (that is, students who have already studied the basic structures of English). It concentrates on those structures which intermediate students want to use but which often cause difficulty. The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper-intermediate levels (where all or nearly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both as a basis for review and as a means of practicing new material. The book will also be useful for more advanced students who still make a lot of grammatical mistakes and who need a book for reference and practice. The book is not intended to be used by beginning-level students. How the book is organized ‘The book consists of 124 units, each of which concentrates on a particular point of grammar. Some areas (for example, the present perfect or the use of articles) are covered in more than one unit. In each unit there are explanations and examples (left-hand page) and exercises (right- hand page), except for Unit 112, which is a double unit. ‘At the beginning of the book the Contents pages provide a full list of units, and there is a detailed Index at the end for easy reference. ‘There are also four Appendixes at the end of the book: “List of Present and Past Tenses,” “Regular and Irregular Verbs,” Spelling,” and “Short Forms.” It might be useful for the teacher to draw students’ attention to these. Using the book Itis certainly not intended that anyone should work through this book from beginning to end. It is for the teacher to decide what to teach and in what order to teach it, so the book is best used selectively and flexibly. ‘The book can be used with the whole class or with individual students. When using the book with the whole class, it is suggested that teachers teach the grammar points concerned in whatever way they want. In this case the left-hand page is not used actively during the lesson but serves as a record of what has been taught and can be referred to by the student in the future. The exercises can then be done in class or as homework. Alternatively (and additionally), individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. Answer Key A separate answer key is available for teachers and self-study users. ixGrammar in Useica Present continuous (I am doing) a Study this example situation: Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work. This means: She is driving now, at the time of speaking. This is the present continuous tense: Iam (= I'm) he/she/(it) is (= he’s, etc.) ¢ driving welthey/you are (= we're, etc.) We use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening at the time of speaking: Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying. (not I study) “Where is Peggy?” _““She’s taking a bath.” (not she takes) Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining anymore. (ata party) Hello, Ann. Are you enjoying the party? (not do you enjoy) We also use the present continuous when we talk about something that is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking. Study this example situation: m= Tom and Ann are talking and having coffee in a cafe. Tom says: “I’m reading an interesting book at the moment. I'll lend it to you when I've finished it.” Tom is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has begun the book and hasn't finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it. Here are some more examples: = Maria is studying English at a language school. (not studies) m= Have you heard about Brian? He is building his own house. (not builds) But perhaps Maria and Brian are not doing these things exactly at the time of speaking. We often use the present continuous when we talk about a period around the present. For example: today, this week, this season, etc.: m= “You're working hard today.” “Yes, Ihave alot to do.” = Tom isn’t playing football this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies. uO We use the present continuous when we talk about changing situations: = The population of the world is rising very fast. (not rises) m= Is your English getting better? (nor does... . get)UNIT 1. Exercises Put the vert 0 the correct for Examples: Please don’t make so much noise. Iam. studying... (study). Let’s go out now. It ../s2’t.ra/enéng...... (not/rain) anymore. Listen to those people. What language .ane.thay.speakiiag...(theylspeak)? . Please be quiet. I... . - Look! It... (snow). Why (you/look) at me like that? Did I say something wrong? 1 ..(try) to concentrate. 2 3. 4. You... (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a little bit quieter? 5 6. 5 . Excuse me, 1 . (look) for a phone booth, Is there one near here? . (at the movies) I's a good movie, isn’t it? . (you/enjoy) it? . Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They ......1..-.. (yell) at each other again. 8. Why (you/wear) your coat today? It’s very warm 9. Daten (not/work) this week. I'm on vacation. (0. want to lose weight. I (notleat) anything today. ‘omplete these sentences using one of these verbs: get become change rise improve fall increase You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use some of them more than once. Example: The population of the world .../8. 8/29. very fast. 1, The number of people without jobs eos at the moment. 2. Heis still sick, but he . better slowly. 3. These days food ... more and more expensive, 4, The World ceo. . Things never stay the same. 5. The cost of living .. Every year things are more expensive. 6. George has gone to work in Spain. At first, his Spanish wasn’t very good, but now it 7. The economic situation is already very bad, andi. worse, B Read this conversation between Brian and Steve. Put each verb into the correct form. Brian and Steve meet in a restaurant. Brian: Hello, Steve. I haven’t seen you for ages. What (1) .8€.V2u.@eéng...... (youldo) these days? 212) creer ..u. (Work) in a department store. Really? (3) vss (you/enjoy) it? : Yeah, it's OK. How about you? Well, T(4) ‘not/work) at the moment, but I’m very busy. 16). (build) a house. Steve: Really? (6) Brian: No, some friends of mine (7) . . (you/do) it alone? (help) me.Simple present (I do) a Study this example situation: Alex is a bus driver. But now he is asleep in bed. So! He But: He drives a bus. not driving a bus (he is asleep) This is the simple present tense: I/we/you/they drive he/she/(it) drives We use the simple present to talk about things in general. We are not thinking only about the present. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general. It is not important whether the action is happening at the time of speaking: = The earth goes around the sun. m= Nurses take care of patients in hospitals. = In Canada, most stores close at 6:00 p.m. Remember that we say he/she/it -s. Don’t forget the s: = I work in a bank. Barry works in a department store. do I/we/you/they does he/she/it eed I/welyou/they don’t hhe/she/it doesn’t ¢ Work = Excuse me, do you speak English? m= “Would you like cigarette?” “No, thanks. I don’t smoke.” What does this word mean? (not What means this word?) m= Rice doesn’t grow in Alaska. For questions see also Unit 47. [a We use the simple present when we say how often we do things: [get up at 8:00 every morning. (not am getting) = How often do you go to the dentist? = Ann doesn’t go out very often. = In the summer, Tom usually plays tennis twice a week. Note that we say “Where do you come from?” (= Where are you from?): © Where do you come from? (not Where are you coming from?) = He comes from Japan. (not He is coming from Japan.)UNIT 2 Exercises 2.1] Put the verb into the correct fon Examples: Water ......04s. ..- (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius. George ...@aesr’t..ga. (not/go) to the movies very often. How many languages ..a@ yaw. SpeaK...... (youlspeak)? 1. The swimming pool .. seoee (Ope) at 9:00 ANU... sasnsseterneenrentete (close) at 6:30 every day. . “What (you/do)?” “I'm an electrical engineer.” 2. What time (the banks / close) here? 3. Ihave a car, but I nes (notuse) it very often. 4, How many cigarettes . (you/smoke) a day? 5. eo 6. . “Where .. wwe (Your father / come) from?” “He .. (come) from Mexico.” Te Mh senseseennnsne . (take) me an hour to get to work. How long... Gitake) you? . (play) the piano, but I . (notiplay) very well. 9. I don't ‘tunderstand the ‘word “deceive.” What (“deceive” / mean)? Read these sentences and correct them. The English is correct but the information is wrong. | Write two correct sentences each time. | Example: The sun goes around the earth. 7he.sun daesnit ga.araund. the. earth. The. Carel. gaes. aceUnd Lhe. SUN. . 1. The sun rises in the west. 2. Mice catch cats. 3. Carpenters make things from metal. 4, The Amazon River flows into the Pacific Ocean. 2.3] Use these sentences to make questions. Begin your questions with the word(s) in parentheses ( Examples: Tom plays tennis. (How often?) Hawotten. dees Tom play. tenns.2. 1 jog in the morning. (What time / usually?) WwAaz.time.da you usually jog... ‘Ann watches television. (How often?) How often . Iwrite to my parents, (How often?) Thave dinner in the evening. (What time usually?) Tom works. (Where?) Igo to the movies. (How often?) People do stupid things. (Why?) The car breaks down. (How often?) NoMeeNeCees Present continuous (I am doing) or simple present (I do)? Before you study this unit, study Units L and 2. Study this explanation and compare the examples: Present continuous (I am doing) ‘Simple present (I do) Use the present continuous to talk about | Use the simple present to talk about something that is happening at or close things in general or things that happen to the time of speaking: repeatedly: lam doing past now future | past now future ‘The water is boiling. Could you turn it Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. off, please? Listen to those people. What language Excuse me, do you speak English? are they speaking? “Where’s Tom?” “He’s playing tennis.” | ‘Tom plays tennis every Saturday. (you find a stranger in your room) What | What do you usually do on the weekend? are you doing here? What do you do? (= What's your job?) Maria is in Canada for three months. Most people learn to swim when they are She's learning English. children, Use the present continuous for a Use the simple present for a permanent temporary situation: situation: T’m living with some friends until can | My parents live in Boston. They have find an apartment. been there for 20 years. Mary usually has a summer job, but she | Jack doesn’t work during the summer. isn’t working this summer. He always takes a long vacation. Some verbs are used only in simple tenses. For example, you cannot say “I am knowing.” You can only say I know. Here is a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tenses (but there are exceptions): want like belong know suppose remember need love see realize mean forget prefer hate hear believe understand seem have (meaning “possess”; see also Unit 23) think (meaning “believe” / “have an opinion”) ® Do you like Rome? (not are you liking) = He doesn’t understand the problem. (not he isn’t understanding) m= These shoes belong to me. (not are belonging) = What do you think Tom will do? (= What do you believe he will do?) = Do you havea car? (not are you having) . but: _m What are you thinking about? (= What is going on in your mind?)UNIT 3. Exercises 3.1] Decide whether the verbs in these sentences are right or wrong. Correct the ones that are wrong. Examples: don’t know your telephone number. RIGHT... Please don’t make so much noise. I study. WRONG..4m studying Look! Somebody is climbing that tree over there. Can you hear those people? What do they talk about? Are you believing in God? ~ Look! That man tries to open the door of your car. ‘The moon goes around the earth. What are you thinking about my idea? ‘The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing. 8. I'm usually going to work by car. Rayaeeee 3.2] Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous (Lam doing) or simple present (I do). Examples: Please don’t make so much noise. I a”7.studying...... (study) How many languages ./aes.Zamspeak.... (Tom/speak)? Jean .agesn2t.speak..... (not speak) any foreign languages. Ld... -~-v= (00thbelong) tos poltial party 2. Hurry! The bus wo. sevens (come). I snes: (not/Want) to iss it. 3. The Nile River (fiow) into the Mediterranean. 4. The river - (flow) very fast today — much faster than usual. 5. 7 {itlever/snow) in India? 6. We usually ---. (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year WE verosnentn (not/grow) any. 7. A: Can you drive? : No, but I (learn). 8. You can borrow my umbrella. I. . (not/need) it right now. 9.1 ses ..-(get) hungry. Letsg0 get something to eat. 10. George is vegetarian, Heo. ccccesssse (not/eat) meat. 11, George says he’s 80 years old, but .. seo .. {not/believe) him. 12. Ronisin San Francisco now. He (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He usually ._ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he’s in San Francisco. In these sentences, think about whether the situation is temporary or permanent. 13. My parents ...... (live) in Winnipeg. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Where (your parents /live)? Ud. She ses on. (Stay) with her sister until she finds somewhere else to live. 15. A: What (your father / do)? He's a teacher, bUt HE coset (nOt/WOrK) right now.ice eee Present tenses (I am doing /I do) with a future meaning Hi Present continuous with a future meaning Study this example situation: This is Tom’s schedule for next week He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning. He is having dinner with Ann on Friday. Inall these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things. When you are talking about what you have already arranged to do, use the present continuous (I am doing). Do not use the simple present (Ido). mA: What are you doing tomorrow evening? (not what do you do) : I’m going to the theater. (not I go) : Are you playing tennis tomorrow? : Yes, but Tom isn’t playing. He hurt his leg. : Ann is coming tomorrow. : Oh, is she? What time is she arriving? 2 At 10:15. : Are you meeting her at the station? A: Ican’t, I’m working tomorrow morning. Itis also possible to use going to (do) in these sentences: = Whatare you going to do tomorrow evening? = Tomis going to play tennis on Monday afternoon. But the present continuous is usually more natural when you are talking about arrangements. See also Unit 5. Do not use will to talk about what you have already arranged to do: = What are you doing this evening? (nor what will you do) = Alex is getting married next month. (not Alex will get) For will see Units 6 and 7. oO Simple present with a future meaning We use the simple present when we are talking about timetables, schedules, etc. (for example, public transportation, movies): = What time does the movie begin? = The train leaves Boston at 7:25 a.m. and arrives in Washington, D.C., at 3:41 p.m. © The football game starts at 2:00. = Tomorrow is Wednesday. But we do not usually use the simple present for personal arrangements: = What time are you meeting Ann? (not do you meet)UNIT 4 Exercises A friend of yours is planning to go on vacation very soon. You ask him about his plans. Use the words in parentheses (... ) to make your questions. Example: (where! g0)? Where. Ve YOU. YOUNG 2..cccceseororen 1. (how long / stay?) 4. (go/ by car?) 2. (when /Ieave?) 5. (where / stay?) 3. (go/ alone?) . parentheses to write your sentences. Example: (go/ Hawaii) 5he.8.gatng.£0. Aa WAL cc. 1. (leave /next Friday) She 2. (stay / in Hawaii for two weeks) 3. (go/ with a friend of hers) 4, (stay/inahotel) They . 5. (go/ by plane) Tom wants you to visit him, but you are very busy. Look at your schedule for the next few days and explain to him why you can’t come. : Can you come on Monday evening? : Sorry, I'd love to, but Z'z2,alayiing volleyball, : What about Tuesday evening then? I'm afraid I can’t. I (1) ' Well, what are you doing on Wednesday evening? (2 Tees, Well, are you free on Thursday evening? : Pm afraid not. (3)... B Put the verb into the most appropriate form: present continuous (Lam doing) or simple present (Ido). . Example: We .. 8r8.92(1g............ (gO) to the theater this evening. Does the mavie begin. (the movie / begin) at 3:30 or 4:30? De We vssctnsestnsnusenee (Rave) a party next Saturday. Would you like to come? 21 j-vsn-n(NOt/go) away for my vacation next month because I don’t have enough money. .. (yow/go) away? 3. The concert this evening . (start) at 8:00. 4. George, is it true that you .... (get) married next week? 5. The art exhibit .... v.veeen (Open) on May 3rd and (close) on July 15th. 6. What time ...... (the next train / leave)? 7. Ann,we seve (g0)t0 the park. sve (you/come) withus? 9Ca eee Going to (I am going to do) oH ‘We use going to (do) when we say what we have already decided to do, or what we intend to do in the future: = A: There’s a movie on television tonight. Are you going to watch it? B: No, I’m too tired. I’m going to make it an early night. = A: [hear Ann has won alot of money. What is she going to do with it? B: I’ve heard she’s going to travel around the world. For the difference between will and going to see Unit 8. We prefer to use the present continuous (I am doing) when we say what someone has arranged to do ~ for example, arranged to meet someone, arranged to travel somewhere. Going to is also possible: m= What time are you meeting Ann? (or are you going to meet) m= [’mleaving for Europe on Monday. (or I'm going to leave) See also Unit 4a, We use was/were going to to say what someone intended to do in the past (but didn’t do): m= We were going to take the train, but then we decided to go by car. = A: Did Tom take the exam? B: No, he was going to take it, but then he changed his mind. Going to also has another meaning. Study this example situation: The man can’t see where he is going. There is a hole i in front of him. He is going to fall into the hole. [DANGER |e Here the speaker is saying what he thinks will hap- pen. Of course he doesn’t mean that the man intends to fall into the hole. We use going to in this way when we say what we think will happen. Usually there is something in the present situation (the man walking toward the hole) that makes the speaker sure about what will happen. = Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now) = Oh, I feel terrible. I think I’m going to he sick. (I feel terrible now) 10UNIT 5 Exercises Say when you are going to do something. Example: Have you cleaned the car? (tomorrow) Ma PE. N0.GRNG.20. MERLE LOLAQKER Ms... 1. Have you called Tom? (after lunch) Not yet. I 2. Have you had dinner? (ina little while) Not yet..... 3. Have you painted your apartment? (soon) Not 4, Have you fixed my bicycle? (this afternoon) Write questions with going to. Example: I've won a lot of money. (what / with it?) What.are you going tade with ite. 1. I’m going to a party tonight. (what / wear?) 2. Tom has just bought a painting. (where / hang it?) 3. T've decided to have a party. (who / invite?) Use was/were going to. Example: Did you travel by train? No, Z.nas.going.te travel. ty thal, but. changed my wnind.... 1, Did you buy that jacket you saw in the store window? No, I see 2. Did Sue get married? No, she . 3. Did Tom quit his job? or , but . 4. Did Wayne and Sharon go to Greece for their vacation? No, . 5, Did you play tennis yesterday? No, ... 6. Did you invite Ann to the party? NO, esssssssee eevee , but I changed my mind but she Say what you think is going to happen Example: The sky is full of black clouds. (rain) 1, Terry is taking his exams tomorrow. He hasn’t done any work for them, and he is not very intelligent. (fail) He ... 2. Itis 8:30. Tom is leaving his house. He has to be at work at 8:45, ‘but the trip takes 30 minutes. (be late)... 3, There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. Itis filling up with water very avickly. (snk) It .. 4. Annis driving. There is very litte gas left in the tank. The nearest gas station is a long way from here. (run out of gas) ao Wloe as Will (1) / oH ‘We use will (’Il) when we decide to do something at the time of speaking: b 12 = Oh, [left the door open. I'll go and shut it m= “What would you like to drink?” “D'll have some coffee, please.” = “Did you call Ann?” “Oh no, I forgot. I’ do it now.” = I’m too tired to walk home. I think I'll take a taxi ‘You cannot use the simple present (I do) in these sentences. L'llgo and shut it. (not I go and shut it) ‘Do not use will to say what someone has already decided to do or arranged to do: = Ican't meet you tomorrow because my parents are coming to see me. (not my parents will come) The negative of will is won't (or will not): ™ Receptionist: I'm afraid Mr. Wood can’t see you until 4:00. You: Oh, in that case I won't wait, We often use I think PN. . . or I don’t think Pll. . . when we decide to do something: = I think I'll stay home this evening. = Idon’t think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired. We often use will in these situations: Offering to do somet m= That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help) ™ “Ineed some money.” “Don’t worry. P'll lend you some.”” Agreeing ot refusing to do something: = A: You know that book I lent you? Can I have it back? = B: Of course. I'll bring it back this afternoon. (not I bring) ™ [’ve asked John to help me, but he won't. = The car won't start. (=the car “refuses” to start) Promising to do something: = Thank you for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday. (not Tpay) = I won't tell Tom what you said. I promise. = I promise I'll call you as soon as I arrive. Asking someone to, do something (Will you. ..?): = Will you shut the door, please? ™ Will you please be quiet? I’m trying to concentrate. For will see also Unit 7. For will and going to see Unit 8.UNIT 6 Exercises Oi Complete the sentences with VM + an appropriate verb, Example: Y'm too tired to walk home. I think Z.//.aKE.......a taxi, 1. ['malittle hungry. I think... _.. something to eat. 2. W's too late to call Tom now. nu him in the morning. 3. “It’s abit cold in this room.” “IS it? ....ccsoesenren OM the heat then.” 4. “We don’t have any milk.” “Oh, we don’t? sosseeeseees and get some.” 5. “Did you write that letter to Jack?” “Oh, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me. it tonight.” 6. “Would you like tea or coffee?” “. . coffee, please.” Use I think VIL. . . or I don’t think P' Examples: It's cold. You decide to close the window. .think. Z/elase.the...wivadaw. It’s raining. You decide not to go out. £.d@0076. BALAK. LG 2 PE toccoscoe . Read the situation and then write your sentence. 1. You feel tired. You decide to go to bed. I 2. A friend of yours offers you a ride home, but you decide to walk. ‘Thank you, but 3. You arranged to play tennis. Now you decide that ‘you don’t want to play. 4. You were going to go swimming, Now you decide that you don’t want to go. B Offer to do things. Tom has a lot of things to do and you offer to do them for him. Example: Tom: Oh, Ihave toclean up. You: Na,.thats. alrights LAU LIGBQMP: 1, Tom: Oh, Ihave to get dinner ready. You: No, that’s all right. I 2. Tom: Oh, Ihave to do the shopping. You: No, a 3. Tom: Oh, Ihave to water the plants. You: Agree and promise to do things “an you clean the windows? _B: Sure, ..4.°4/. ¢/@ar.theen. this afternoon. Example: 0 you promise? B: Yes, promise Luclean.them this aterndon. 1. A: Can you call me later? _B: Sure, tonight A: Do you promise? B: Yes, oon a 2. A: Can you fix the clock? B: Okay, . tomorrow. A: Do DOBe ccsannnnenesen 3. A: Please don’t tell anyone. PA right, Twon'’t tell ‘anyone. A: soerereneen’? BE 4. A: Please don’t hurt me. B: Don't worry,.. A: 2 B: 13Cae Will (2) oH When we talk about the future, we often say what someone has arranged to do or intends to do. Do not use will in this situation: = Tomis playing tennis on Monday. (not Tom will play) = Are you going to watch television this evening? (not will you watch) For arrangements and intentions see Units 4 and 5. But often when we are talking about the future, we are not talking about arrangements or intentions. Study this example: Tom: [mreally worried about my exam next week. Ann: Don’t worry, Tom. You'll pass. happen or what she thinks will happen; she is predicting the future. When we predict a | | “You'll pass” is not an arrangement or an intention. Annis just saying what will future happening or a future situation, we use will/won’t. = When you return home, you'll notice a lot of changes. = This time next year I'll be in Japan. Where will you be? ‘= When will you find out your exam results? = Tom won’t pass his exam. He hasn't done any work for it. ‘We often use will with these words and expressions probably I'll probably be a little late this evening. (I’m) sure You must meet Ann. I’m sure you’ll like her. (bet Thet Carol will get the job. (think Do you think we'll win the match? @)suppose I suppose we'll see John at the party. (@) guess —_I.guess I'll see you next week. Will and shall You can say I will or I shall (Pl) we will or we shall (we’ = Lwill (or I shall) probably go to Europe this summer. m= We will (or we shall) probably go to Europe this summer. ‘Will is more common than shall. In speech we normally use the short forms I'll and we'll: = I'll probably go to Europe. Do not use shalll with he / she /it/ they / you. = John will help you. (r10/ shall help you) We use shall (not will) in the questions Shall I... ? and Shall we . . .? (for offers, suggestions, etc. = Shall I open the window? (=Do you want me to open the window?) m= Where shall we go this evening? For will see also Units 6, 8, and 9. 14UNIT 7 Exercises Decide which form of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences. Cross out the one that is wrong. Example: Tom isn’t free on Saturday. He Witbwafk / is working. 1. Iwill go/ am going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 2. According to the weather forecast, it will rain /is raining tomorrow. 3. I'msure Tom will get /is getting the job. He has a lot of experience 4, Ican’t meet you this evening. A friend of mine will come /is coming to see me. 5. A: Have you decided where to go for your vacation yet? ——S : Yes, we will go / are going to Italy. 6. Don’t worry about the dog. Tt won't hurt /isn’t hurting you. ZB Write questions using do you think . .. will. ...Use a verb from the box each time. arrive come cost finish get married rain -pase- 1. Billistaking his final exam soon. 2e.yau.thitah...ne WUUPABS.occce 2. Pve invited her to the party. Do you SNE otccnirrnrnnrnrenses 3. Jack and Ann are coming over this evening ‘What time do they 4, The weather doesnt look very good. Do events eee 5. Mycar needs to be repaired. How much .. 2 6. They are in love. D0 ..cseerneee 2 7. The meeting is still going on. When 2 Answer these questions using the words in parentheses ( Example: Who do you think will win the prize? (bet/Sue) Z.2e#.Sme.mdll mins What do you think she'll say? (probably /nothing) She Where do you think she'll go? (bet / South America) I .. When do you think she'll leave? (think / tomorrow) I How do you think she'll go there? (suppose / by plane) I ‘When do you think she'll be back? (think / quite soon) I... Do you think you'll miss her? (I’m sure / very much) Yes, ayaenn Read each situation and then write a question with shall I? or shall we? In each situation you are talking to a friend. ; Example: Is very hot in the room. The window is shut. ShalLpenthe.windaw.?... 1. Your friend wants you to call him/her later. You don’t know what time to call. Ask your friend. You say: What ......cccccssssrssssstiussssssensstiunste 2. You and your friend haven’t decided what to have for dinner. You say: 3. You and your friend are going out. You haven't decided whether to #0 bycaror to walk. You say: . or... 15Ue as Will or going to? Talking about future actions ‘We use both will and going to to talk about our future actions, but there is a clear difference. Study this example situation: Helen’s bicycle has a flat tire. She tells her father. We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking. The speaker has not decided be- fore. Before Helen told her father, he didn’t know about the flat tire, Helen: My bicycle has a flat tire. Can you fix it for me? Father: Okay, but I can’t do it now. T'll fix it tomorrow. Later, Helen’s mother speaks to her husband. going to: We use going to Ca , D when we have already Mother:Can you fix Helen’s bieycle? decided to do someting, a Helen’s father had alread Father: Yes, I know. She told me at ready decided to fix the bicycle before his wife spoke to him. I’m going to fix it tomorrow. Here is another example: m= Tom is cooking when he suddenly discovers that there isn’t any salt. Tom: Ann, we don’t have any salt. Ann: Oh, we don’t? Pll get some from the store. (she decides at the time of speaking) Before going out, Ann says to Jim: Ann: I’m going to get some salt from the store. (she has already decided) Can I get you anything, Jim? LM Saying what will happen (predicting future happenings) We use both will and going to to say what we think will happen in the future: Do you think Laura will get the job? m= Oh no! It’s already 4:00. We're going to be late. We use going to (not will) when there is something in the present situation that shows what will happen in the future (especially the near future). The speaker feels sure about what will happen because of the situation now (see also Unit Sd): = Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now) m [feel terrible. I think I’m going to be sick. (I feel terrible now) Do not use will in situations like these. In other situations, use will (see also Unit 7): © Sue will probably arrive at about 8 o’clock. 1 [think George will like the present you bought for him. 16UNIT 8 Exercises Put the verb into the correct form, 1g will or going to. Examples: A: Why are you turning on the TV? 10. ul. 2. 13. B: 'en.gaing ta.natcn..........(watch) the news. A: Oh, I just realized — I don’t have any money. B: Don’t worry ~ that’s no problem. 1 /./@0% . (lend) you some. Those clouds are very black, aren’t they? I think it ./9.gaéng.¢a.ra/i.... (rain). . A: T’ve got a terrible headache. : Do you? Wait here and I. (get) you some aspirin. ‘Why are you filling that bucket with water? 1, (wash) the car. : P've decided to repaint this room. Oh, you have? What color (you/paint) it? Look! There's smoke coming out ofthat house. 100 fre! : Oh nol T . _(call) the fire department right away. A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look very safe, does it? B: No, it looks asf it -(fall) down. ‘A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? 2 YES, Tavern --rsnere( Duy) Something for dinner. can’t figure out how to use this camera. Ir’seasy. 1. seveee(SHOW) YOU, : What would you like to have — coffee or tea? Ni (have) coffee, please. ‘A: Has George decided what to do when he finishes school? B: Oh yes. Everything is settled. He few weeks, and then he. : A: Did you mail that letter for me? B: Oh, I’msorry. [completely forgot. L.....-.0.- A: What shall we have for dinner? B: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind. ‘A: Come on, hurry up! Make a decison! B: Okay. We.... Jack: We need some bread for lunch. Ben: Oh, We do? [.ecssossensnenesneesnenes(Q0) t0 the store and get some. I feel like taking a walk. Before he goes out, Ben talks to Jane: Ben: Doce. (get) some bread. Do you want anything from the store? Jane: Yes, I need some envelopes. Ben: Okay, I sesseused(get) You some. John has to go to the airport to catch a plane. He doesn’t have a car: John: Toshi, can you take me to the airport tonight? Toshi: Of course I (take) you. I'd be happy to. Later that day Eric offers to take John to the airport. Eric: John, do you want me to take you to the airport? John: No thanks, Eric. Toshi ......... (take) me. (take) a vacation for a (start) a computer programming course. (do) it now. (have) chicken. 7(When Ido.../IfIdo...) sey ti example A: What time will you call me tonight? B: I'll call you when I get home from work. | «il call you when I get home from work” is a sentence with two parts: “I'll call | you” (the main part) and “when I get home from work” (the when part). The sen- | tence is future (‘onight), but you cannot use will or going to in the when part of the | sentence. Instead we use a present tense, usually simple present (I do). oe = Ican’t talk to you now. I'll talk to you later when I have more time. (not when I'll have) = When the rain stops, we'll go out. (not when the rain will stop) ‘The same thing happens after: after before until/till as soon as = Can you take care of the children while I am out? (not will be) ™ Before you leave, you must visit the museum. (not will leave) m= Wait here until I come back. (not will come) ‘You can also use the present perfect (I have done) after when/after/until, etc., to show that the first action will be finished before the second: ™ After I’ve read this book, you can have it. m= Don’t say anything while Tom is here. Wait until he has gone. Itis often possible to use either the simple present or the present perfect: = T'll come as soon as I finish. or T'll come as soon as I’ve finished. = You'll feel better when you have or You'll feel better when youve had something to eat. something to eat. After if we also use the simple present (I do) for the future: = It’s raining. We'll get wet if we go out. (not if we will go) © Hurry up! Ifwe don’t hurry, we'll be late. (not if we won't hurry) Be careful not to confuse when and if. ‘Use when for things that are sure to happen: m P’mgoing shopping this afternoon. When I go shopping, I'll buy some food. Us (not when) for things that will possibly happen: = J might go shopping this afternoon. If I go shopping, I'll buy some food. = Ifit rains this evening, [ won’t go out. (not when it rains) = Don't worry if I’m late tonight. (not when I'm late) Ihe doesn’t come soon, I’m not going to wait. (not when he doesn’t come) 18UNIT 9 Exercises Alll the sentences in this exercise are about the future. Put the verbs into the correct form: the {future will/ won't or the simple present (1 do). Example: When 1 $46........(see) Tom tonight, 1° denvsite....(invite) him to our party. 1, Before you ....... . (leave), don’t forget to shut the windows. 21 (call) you as soon as 1 (arrive) in Tokyo. 3. Please don’t touch anything before the police (come). 4, EveryOne seers (be) very surprised if he sonst (PASS) the exam 5. When you . (see) Brian again, YOU... . (not! recognize) him. 6. We vismsnnnennnnees ... (not/start) dinner until Karen sorseeenenennes (QETIVE). Te cere (you/be) lonely without me while I (be) away? 8. If (need) any help, I ..... (ask) you. 9. Come on! Hurry up! Ann (be) annoyed if we ..... sun (be) late. 9.2] Make one sentence from two sentences. Example: You are going to leave soon. You must visit the museum before that. Yau must Uist. LBC KAMSLUM... before you. Leave. 1. T'lfind somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address. I When 2. It’s going to start raining. Let’s go out before that. Let’s.. before 3, Tim going todo the shopping. Then I'll come straight home. after .. 4, You'll be in Washington next month. You must come and see me then. When 5. I'm going to finish reading this book. Then I'll get the dinner ready. when 6. We’ make our decision. Then we'll let you know. as soon as B Fill in when or if. Example: .£€...... trains this evening, I won't go out. 1. I'm sorry you've decided to go away. I'll be very sad..........yOu leave. 2. Tom might call this evening. he does, can you take a message? 3. Ithink he'll get the job. I'll be very surprised ............he doesn’t get it. 4. Thope to be there by 10:30. But..........’m not there, don’t wait for me 5. P'm going shopping. you want anything, I can get it for you. 6. Ithink I'll go home now. I'm feeling very tired. I think I'll go right to bed I get home. 7. Pm going away for a few days. I'l call you... get back. 8. Iwant you to come to the party but..........you don’t want to come, you don’t have to. 19ce eae Will be doing and will have done EW First study this example situation: Tom is a football fan, and there is a football game on television this evening. The game begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15. Ann wants to go and see Tom this evening and ‘wants to know what time to come over: Ann: Isit all right if I come over at about 8:30? ‘Tom: No, don’t come then. I'll be watching the game on TV. Ann: Oh, Well, what about 9:30? Tom: Yes, that'll be fine. The game will have ended by then. oO We use will be doing (future continuous) to say that we will be in the middle of doing something at a certain time in the future. The football game begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:15. So during this time, for example at 8:30, Tom will be watching the match. Here are some more examples: = You'll recognize her when you see her. She'll be wearing a yellow hat. = This time next week I'll be on vacation. I'll probably be lying on a beautiful beach. Compare will be doing with the other continuous forms: Bill works every morning from 9 o’clock until noon. So: ® At 10 o'clock yesterday he was working. (past continuous — see Unit 12) m= It’s 10 o'clock now. He is working. (present continuous — see Unit 1) = At 10 o'clock tomorrow he will be working. ‘You can also use will be doing in another way: to talk about things that are already planned or decided: = Pll be going downtown later. Can I get you anything? With this meaning will be doing is similar to am doing (see Unit 4a): = I’m going downtown later. We often use Will (you) be -ing? to ask about people’s plans, especially when we want something or want someone to do something: = “Will you be using your bicycle this evening?” “No, you can take it.” = “Will you be passing the post office when you go out?” “Yes, why?” ‘We use will have done (future perfect) to say that something will already have happened before a certain time in the future. Tom’s football game ends at 9:15. So after this time, for example at 9:30,'the game will have ended. Here are some more examples: = Next year is Ted and Amy's 25th wedding anniversary. They will have been married for 25 years. (Now they have been married for 24 years.) @ We're late. I guess the movie will already have started by the time we get to the theater.UNIT 10 Exercises OA] Make sentences with will be -ing. Example: I'm going to watch television from 9 until 10 o’clock this evening. So at 9:301 wid he.watching.televisian. 1, Tomorrow afternoon I'm going to play tennis from 3:00 to 4:30. So at 1 a eesseneaeen 2. Jim is going to study from 7:00 until 1 Re orev 3. We are going to clean the apartment tomorrow. It will take from 9 until 11 o’cloc 10 o’clock tomorrow morning . . 00 tomorrow :00 this evening. So at 8:30 this evening 0 at Write three sentences, one each about the past, present, and future. Bob always reads the newspaper in the morning. It always takes him half an hour, from 8:00 until 8:30. So: 1, At8:15 yesterday morning Bob 2. It's 8:15 now. He . 3. At8:15 tomorrow morning he 110.3] Ask questions with Will you be -ing? Example: You want to borrow your friend’s bicycle this evening. (you/ use / . your bicycle this evening?) Mid. yeute.using.yaur bleycle this.evening ? 1. You want your friend to give Jean a message this afternoon. (you / see / Jean this afternoon?) 2. You want to use your friend’s typewriter tomorrow evening. (you /use / your typewriter tomorrow evening?) 3. Your friend is going shopping. You want him/her to buy some stamps for you at the post office. (you / pass / the post office while you're downtown?) . ww Use will have done. Example: Tom and Ann are going to the movies. The movie begins at 7:30, and it is already 7:20. It will take them 20 minutes to get there. When they get there, (the film/already/start) t¢. tilen will have, already, started. 1. Jim always goes to bed at 11:00. Peter is going to visit him at 11:30 this evening. When Peter arrives, (Jim / go / to bed)... 2. Tom is on vacation. He has very little money and he is spending too much too quick. Before the end of his vacation, (he / spend / all his money) 3. Sue went to Canada from the U.S. almost three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years since she arrived. Next Monday (she / be /in Canada / exactly three years). 21UNIT Simple past (I did) oH Study this example: 2 Tom: Look! It’s raining again. ‘Ann: Oh no, not again. It rained all day yesterday too. Rained is the simple past tense. We use the simple past to talk about actions or situations in the past. = Lenjoyed the party very much. _ = Mr. Brown died ten years ago. = When I lived in Athens, I worked in a bank. Very often the simple past ends in -ed: = We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come. = The police stopped me on my way home last night. 1m She passed her exam because she studied very hard. For spelling rules see Appendix 3. But many important verbs are irregular. This means that the simple past does not end in -ed: leave — left We all left the party at 11:00. go — went Last month I went to Rome to see a friend of mine. cost — cost — This house cost $75,000 in 1980. The past of the verb be (amvis/are) is was/were: Uhe/shelit was _we/you/they were Iwas angry because Tom and Ann were late, For a list of irregular verbs see Appendix 2. In simple past questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + the base form (do/open, etc.): itrained — diditrain? it didn’t rain = Ann: Did you go out last night, Tom? Tom: Yes, [went to the movies. But I didn’t enjoy it. = When did Mrs. Johnson die? = What did you do over the weekend? = We didn’t invite her to the party, so she didn’t come. = Why didn’t you call me on Tuesday? Note that we normally use did/didn’t with have: = Did you have time to write the letter? = I didn’t have enough money to buy anything to eat. But we do not use did with the verb be (was/were): = Why were youso angry? = Was Mark at work yesterday? @ They weren’t able to come because they were very busy. For the simple past see also Units 12, 19, and 20.UNIT 11 Exercises H Read a sentence about the present and then write a sentence about the past. Example: Carol usually gets up at 7:30. Yesterday she.gat.up.at. Carol usually wakes up early. Yesterday morning . Carol usually walks to work. Yesterday ........... Carol is usually late for work. Yesterday Carol usually has a sandwich for lunch. Yesterday Carol usually goes out in the evening. Yesterday evening Carol usually sleeps very well. Last night ....... HH Put one of these verbs in each sentence: hurt teach spend sell_~sthrow = fall = catch ~=—buy — cost aya enr Example: Iwas hungry, sol 4augAt.........something to eat at the store. 1. Tom’s father «...... ...him how to drive when he was 17. 2. DOM. coverrnrneeee«down the stairs this morning and onhis leg. 3. We needed some money, so we .. sevnes OUF CAF, 4. Ann .... alot of money yesterday. She a dress that fener $80. 5. Jim the ball to Sue, who it. B Write questions. A friend has just come back from vacation and you are asking about it. Examples: where / go? .Where.did.yau.ga.2. food / good? .Was.the.faed.gaad.?. how long / tay there? stay in a hotel? .. go alone? how/ travel? ... the weather /nice? what / do in the evenings? ‘meet any interesting people? w Put the verb into the correct form. Use the simple past. NOYEENE Example:1 dida?t.ga... (not!go) to work yesterday because I..v43e7?#..... (not/be) well. 1. Tom. .. (not/shave) this morning because he .... ... (not/have) time. 2. We (not/eat) anything because we . (not/be) hungry. 3.1. not/rush) because I s......sss--~ (nOUbe) in a hurry. 4, She. (not/be) interested in the book because she . (not/understand) it. 23eam Past continuous (I was doing) oH Study this example situation: Yesterday Dave and Jim played tennis. They began at 10:00 and finished at 11:00. What were they doing at 10:30? They were playing tennis (at 10:30). “They were playing” means that they were in the mid- dle of playing tennis. They had started playing, but, they hadn't finished. This is the past continuous tense: I/he/she was laying _ we/they/you were } LD We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time but hadn’t finished: 1 This time last year I was living in Brazil. m What were you doing at 10:00 last night? The past continuous does not tell us whether an action was finished or not. Pethaps it was finished, perhaps not. Compare: m= Dan was cooking dinner. (past continuous) = He was in the middle of cooking dinner and we don’t know whether he finished cooking it = Dan cooked dinner. (simple past) = He began and finished it EA We often use the past continuous (I was doing) and the simple past (I did) together to say 24 that something happened in the middle of something else: ® Dan burned his hand while he was cooking dinner. = [saw Jim in the park. He was sitting on the grass and reading a book ® It was raining when I got up. While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. But to say that one thing happened after another, use the simple past. = Last night Sue was taking a bath when the phone rang. She got out of the bathtub and answered the phone. Compare: . 1 When Helen arrived, we were having dinner. (past continuous) = We had already started dinner before Helen arrived. = When Helen arrived, we had dinner. (simple past) = Helen arrived and then we had dinner Note: There are some verbs (for example, know) that are not normally used in continuous tenses. For a list of these verbs see Unit 3b.UNIT 12 Exercises Bf Here is alisrof some things tha Ann did yesterday (andthe times at which she did them) 1, 8:45-9:15 _ had breakfast 4, 12:45-1:30 had lunch 2. 10:00 “read the newspaper 5. 2:30-3:30 washed some clothes 3. 10:00-12:00 cleanedher apartment 6. 4:00-6:00 watched TV Ll Now write sentences saying what she was doing at these times: 1. At9:00 she.was. nating eeabtast. 4. At 1:00 2. At9:30she : 5. At3:00 3. At 11:00 6. At5:00 A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Use the words in parentheses (... } 10 make sentences saying what each person was doing at the time. Example: (Don /take /a bath) 2on.was.taking.abath...... sossetesetees 1. (Ann/write/aletter in her room) AM ...ssscssissstssssinesceeetetanetne 2. (George / get / ready to go out) George 3. (Carol and Dennis /have/dinner) Carol and Dennis, 4, (Tom/make/a phone call) TOM acs B Make sentences from the words in parentheses. Put the verbs into the correct form: simple past (I did) or past continuous (1 was doing). Example: (1/ fall / asleep when 1/ watch / TV). Ltehasleap mhenLwas watching TVs. 1. (the phone /ring / while I/ take a shower) The phone 2. (it/ begin /to rain while I / walk / home) 3. (we /see / an accident while we / wait / for the bus) ast continuous or simple past. Example: While Tom #25.caaé/ng..(cook) dinner, the phone ...#.9.......... (ring). 1. George .... .-- (fall) off the ladder while he -.........1.es« (Paint) the ceiling. 2. Last night I (read) in bed when suddemly [css (RAE) a scream. 3. .. (youlwatch) TV when I called you? 4 (wait) for me when I (arrive). 5. (notidrive) very fast when the accident .......:.:se:.-.(happen). 6. (break) a plate last night. To... (wash) the dishes when it _.(Slip) out of my hand. 7 (take) a picture of me while I sessceeees (NOULOOK), 8 -(not/go) out because it... “(rain). 9. (you/do) at this time yesterday? 10. - (Gee) Carol at the patty. She... . (wear) a new dress. 25ioe ems Present perfect (I have done) (1) BH Study this example situation: Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it He has lost his key. “He has lost his key” means that he lost it a short time ago and he still doesn’t have it. This is the present perfect (simple) tense: Twe/they/you have (= I’ve, etc.) | jose he/she has (= he’s, etc.) he/she hasn’t has he/she I (etc.) haven’t } lost have you (etc.) | et We form the present perfect with have/has + the past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (opened, decided), but many important verbs are irregular (lost, written, done, etc,). See Appendix 2, Je When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with the present: Pye lost my key. (= Idon’t have it now.) 1m Jim has gone to Canada. (= He is in Canada or on his way there now.) PB We often use the present perfect to give new information or to announce a recent happening: m= Pye lost my key. Can you help me look for it? m= Did you hear about Jim? He’s gone to Canada. use the present perfect with just (= a short time ago): m= “Would you like something to eat?” “No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch.” = Hello, have you just arrived? Use the present perfect with already to say something has happened sooner than expected: ‘= “Don't forget to mail the letter.” “I’ve already mailed it.” = “When is Tom going to start his new job?” “He has already started.” Note that you can also use the simple past (I did / I lost, etc.) in the above situations. 1m [lost my key. Can you help me look for it? ‘= “Would you like something to eat?” “No thanks. I just had lunch.” ™ “Don’t forget to mail the letter.” “I already mailed it.” Youc: MM Study the difference between gone to and been to: ‘= Beth is on vacation. She has gone to Italy. (= She is there now or she is on her way there.) = Tom is back from his vacation. He has been to Italy. now he has come back.) (See also Unit 114.) For the present perfect see also Units 14-19. For the present perfect and simple past see Units 19-20. = He was there, but 26UNIT 13. Exercises You are writing a letter to a friend and giving news about people you both know. Use the words given to make sentences and put the verb into the correct form. Example: Phil/ find anew job 2h/thas found anew jabs. Dear Chris, Lots of things have happened since I last wrote to you Fred/go/Brazil Fred. Jack and Jill / decide / to get married Suzanne / have /a baby Liz/ give up/ smoking George / pass / his driving test 13.2] Read the situation and then write an appropriate sentence. Use the verb given. Example: Tom is looking for his key. He can’tfind it. (lose) He /7a8 /ast..his Hey. yaeee 1. Sue’s hair was dirty. Now it is clean. (wash) She. 2. Tom weighed 190 pounds. Now he weighs 170. (lose weight) 3. The car has just Stopped because there isn't any more gas in the tank. (run out of gas) 4. This morning Bill was playing football. Now he can’t walk and his leg isin a cast. (break) a . B Use just. Answer the questions using the words given. Example: Would you like something to eat? (no thank you /T/ just / have / dinner) Na.thank youLve just. had.dinnets 1. Have you seen John anywhere? (yes /I/just/see/him) Yes, 2. Has Ann called yet? (yes / she / just / call) 3. Would you like a cigarette? (no thanks /I/ just / put / one out) B Write sentences with already. Example: Don’t forget to mail that letter. Z’ve.a/ready.mmailed tt 1. Don’t forget tocall Eric. I 2. Why don’t you read the paper? 3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I H Fill in been or gone." Example: “Where's Amy?” “She’s on vacation. She has. gave... to Italy.” 1. Hello! I’ve just to the store. Look at all the things I've bought. 2. Jimisn’t here at the moment. He's..............to the store. 3. “Are you going to the bank?” “‘No, I've already. . to the bank.” 27ice ees Present perfect (I have done) (2) oH Study this example conversation: Dave: Have you traveled a lot, Jane? Jane: Yes, P've been to 47 different countries. JANES LIFE Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China? - Jane: Yes, I’ve visited China twice. i, ~ Dave: What about India? past D (present Jane: No, I've never been to India. ‘When we talk about a period of time that continues up to the present, we use the present perfect. Jane and Dave are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period continuing up to the present). Here are some more examples: = “Have you read Hamlet?” “No, I haven’t read any of Shakespeare’s plays.” = How many times have you been to the United States? 1m Susan really loves that movie. She’s seen it eight times. ™ Carlos has lived in Argentina all his life. (or Carlos has always lived in Argentina.) We often use ever and never with the present perfect: Have you ever eaten caviar? = We have never had a car. We often use the present perfect after a superlative (see Unit 100d): = What a boring movie! It’s the most boring movie I’ve ever seen. You have to use the present perfect with This is the first time... It's the first time... ete, Study this example situation: = Ronis driving a car. He is very nervous and unsure because it’s his first time behind the wheel of a car. You can say This is the first time he has driven a ca or: He has never driven a car before. Here are some more examples: = Kathy has lost her passport again. It’s the second time she has lost it. = Is this the first time you've been in the hospital? . (not drives) [2 Use the present perfect to say that you have never done something or that you haven’t done something during a period of time that continues up to the present: = [have never smoked. = [haven’t smoked for three years. (not I don’t smoke for...) [haven't smoked since September. (not I don’t smoke since . ..) m= Jill hasn’t written to me for nearly a month, m Jill has never driven a car. For the difference between for and since see Unit 19b. 28UNIT 14 Exercises You are asking someone about things she has done in her life. Use the words in parentheses (...) to make your questions Example: (you ever/be/to China?) Have.yau.ever.heen ta. China... (you ever / be / to South America?) (you / read / any English novels? (you / live /in this town all your life?) (how many times / you /be /in love?) (what's the most beautiful country you / ever / visit?) veer (you ever / speak / to a famous person?) 14.2) Complete the answers to these questions. Use the verb in parentheses. Example: Is it a beautiful painting? (see) Yes, itt the smast heautitul paintiag Ive aver seen. 1. Isita good movie? (see) Yes, it’s the best 2. Isitalong book? (read) Yes, it’s the 3. Isshe an interesting person? (meet) Yes, she’s the most wm Write questions and answers as shown in the example. Example: Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do. Youask: Z8th/s.the ticst. time. you've. Aciven.a.car.?. Jack: YO8, LUE NEVEL AVEO. a LAL DELILE... 1. Lenis playing tennis. He’s not very good and doesn’t know the rules, You ask: Is this the first time ..... Len: ‘Yes, I've 2. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable. You ask: Sue: 3. Marie isin Canada, She’s just arrived and it’s very new to her. You ask: Mari w Answer these questions using the words in parentheses. Example: When did you last smoke? (for two years) Zhavan't smoked ter. twe years. When did it last rain? (for ages) It... ese oven FOF ageS. When did they last visit you? (since June) They When did you last play tennis? (for a long time) When did you last eat caviar? (never) When did you last drive? (for six months) When did you last go to Puerto Rico? (never) When did she last write to you? (since last summer) RaVaeye 29cee Present perfect (I have done) (3) EW Study this example: Tom: Have you heard from George? Ann: No, he hasn’t written to me lately. RECENT ‘We use the present perfect when we talk about PAST a period of time that continues up to the present. Tom and Ann are talking about the - period between a short time ago and now. So (past present they say “have you heard” and “he hasn’t written.” Here are some more examples: m= Have you seen my umbrella? I can’t find it anywhere. = Everything is going fine. We haven’t had any problems so far. m= We've met a lot of interesting people in the last few days. = Fred has been sick a lot in the past few years, hasn’t he? = Ihaven’t seen Maria recently. Have you? For sentences with for and sinee see Unit 18. oO We often use the present perfect with yet (see also Unit 103). Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: m= Hasit stopped raining yet? = Thaven’t told them about the accident yet. ‘You can also use yet with the simple past: = Did it stop raining yet? m I didn’t tell them yet. (See also Unit 20.) We use the present perfect with this morning / this evening / today / this week / this semester, etc. (when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking): m= [ve had five cups of coffee today. (Perhaps I'll Fi have more before the day is over.) today | m= Has Ann had a vacation this year? this week = [haven’t seen Tom this morning, Have you? — |- = Lizhasn’t studied very much this semester. this month = Billis calling his girlfriend again. That's the po third time he’s called her this evening. past resent Ei We also use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) when we talk about a period of time continuing up to the present: = [haven't been feeling very well lately. For the present perfect continuous see Units 16-18. For the present perfect and simple past see Units 19-20.UNIT 15 Exercises B Make questions with the words given. Example: (you / hear / from George recently?) Have yau.heard tram Gearge.receetly? (you / read / a newspaper lately?) (you / see / Lisa in the past few days?) (you / play / tennis lately?) (you /eat / anything today?) (you / see / any good movies lately?) (you / take / your vacation yet?) B Answer the questions in the way shown. Use yet. Example: Have you seen the new film at the local cinema? havent. seenit. yet .., but Zm.gaing te.see dt, ay aey 1. Have you eaten at the new Japanese restaurant? io . yet, but I’m 2. Have you bought a car? I. wee, but 3. Has Jerry asked Diana to marry him? He seo B Complete the sentence. Use so far. Examples: saw Tom yesterday, but Zhaven't.seen hi.safar........ today. It rained a lot last week, but /t.hasn7Z.rained much.so.far...... this week. 1. We ate a lot yesterday, but we . much so far today. 2. Itsnowed a lot last winter, but it . . $0 far this winter. 3. Iplayed tennis a lot last year, but ... this year. 4, She worked hard last semester, but . this semester. 5. Iwatched television last night, but 6. tonight, My favorite baseball team won a lot of games last season, but they . many games so far this season. Read the situation and then finish the last sentence. Example: Ronis calling Jill again. He has already called her twice this evening, It’sthe third time he. has.caled her.this evening... 1. You're late again. You've already been late once this week. It’s the second .. this week, 2. The car has broken down. It has already broken down twice this month, It’s the .. 3. Ann has just finished drinking a cup of tea. She has already had four cups this morning, It’s the fifth sevens en 31Cea Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) Study this example situation: Is it raining? No, it isn’t, but the ground is wet. It has been raining. This is the present perfect continuous tense: T/we/they/you have he/she/it has ( Tye, ete.) | been doing e's, etc.) We use the present perfect continuous when we talk about an action that began in the past and has recently stopped or just stopped. Here are some examples: m= You're out of breath. Have you been running? = Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? m= [’ve been talking to Tom about your problem, and he thinks We also use the present perfect continuous to ask or say how long something has been happening. This time the action or situation began in the past and is still happening or has, just stopped. Study this example: Its raining now. It began to rain two hours ago, and it is still raining. Tt has been raining for two hours. We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for, and since. Here are some more examples: = How long have you been studying English? = They’ve been waiting here for over an hour. = [’ve been watching television since 2:00. ™ George hasn’t been feeling very well lately. m= Have you been working hard today? You can also use the present perfect continuous (with how long, for, and since) for actions repeated over a period of time: m= She has been playing tennis since she was eight. ® How long have you been smoking? For more information about the present perfect + since/for, see Units 18-19. For the dif- ference between the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous, see Units 17-18. 32UNIT 16 Exercises Ey Read the situation and then write a sentence with the present perfect continuous (Chave been doing) Example: Carlosis out of breath. (he/run) Hé.has. heen. running,. 1. Jane is very tired. (she / work / hard) 2. Bob hasa black eye, and Bill has a cut lip. (Bob and Bill/ fight)... 3. George has just come back from the beach. He is very red. (he /lie /in the sun). 4, Janet is hot and tired. (she / play tennis) $] Ask a question for each situation. Example: Your friend’s hands are covered with grease. (you / work / on the car?) HANE..Y0U, BEEN. WOKING. ANCA. 68! 1. You see alittle boy. His eyes are red and watery. (you / cry?) 2. You have just arrived to meet your friend, who is waiting for you. (you / wait ong?) 3. Your friend comes in. Her face and hands are very dirty. (what / you /do?) ww Say how long something has been happening. Example: Itis raining now. It began raining two hours ago. St. has.keen,. raining... ... for two hours, 1. Kevinis studying. He began studying three hours ago. He for three hours. 2. I'm learning Spanish. I started learning Spanish in December. I ... Since December. 3, Annis looking for a job. She began looking six months ago. for six months. 4, Mary is working in Toronto. She started working there on January 18th. since January 18th. 5. Mark smokes. He started smoking five years ago. for five years. ww Ask questions with how long. Example: Itisraining. Hew.leng has it been raining ?... 1. Sueis reading War and Peace. How long .. 2. Mike plays chess. How 3. Jim sells washing machines. 4. Lindais living on Main Street. 33meg Present perfect continuous (I have been doing) or present perfect simple (I have done)? a Study these example situations: Ann's clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling, Has been painting is the present perfect continuous tense. We are interested in the action. It does not matter whether something has been finished or not. In the example, the action has not been finished Here are some pairs of examples: Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been fixing the car. You've been smoking too much lately. You should smoke less. “9 The ceiling was white. Now it’s blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple tense. This time, the important thing is that something has been finished. We are interested in the result of the action, not in the action itself. The car is working again now. Tom has fixed it. Somebody has smoked all my cigar- ettes. The packet is empty. how long something has been oi ‘We use the continuous form to say | | happening: | Ann has been writing letters all day How long have you been reading that book? Jim has been playing tennis since 2:00. We use the simple form to say how much we have done, how many things we have done, or how many times we have done something: ‘Ann has written ten letters today. How many pages of that book have you read? Jim has played tennis three times this week. See Unit 18 for more information about the present perfect and how long? [4 Some verbs are not used in the continuous form, for example know. You have to say have known (nor have been knowing). For a list of these verbs see Unit 3b. 34UNIT 17. Exercises Read the situation and then write two sentences, one with the present perfect simple (Ihave done) and one with the present perfect continuous (Ihave been doing) : Tom is reading a book. He started two hours ago, and he is on page 53. (he / read / for two hours) ./e has been.reading for twa. heures. (he / read /53 pages so far) .e.as.néad $3, pages s0 Ar. Examp 1. Linda is from Canada. Now she is traveling around Europe. She began her trip three months ago. (she / travel / around Europe for three months) (she / visit six countries so far) . 2. Sue isa tennis champion. She began playing tennis when she was 11 years old. Now she has just won the national championship for the fourth time. (she / play / tennis since she was 11) (she / win / the national championship four times) 3. Bill and Andy make films. They started making films together when they left college. (they / make / films since they left college vse (they / make / ten films since they left college) Imagine that you are talking to a friend. Read the situation and ask a question beginning in the way shown. Example: Your friend is studying Arabic. How long have. you. been studying Arabic? Your friend is waiting for you. How long Your friend writes books. How many books ... Your friend writes books. How long... ‘Your friend is fishing by the river. How many fish Sep Put the verb into the correct form: present perfect simple (have done) or continuous (Ihave been doing) Examples: 1... QUE MISE oo (lost) my key. Can you help me look for it? ‘You look tired. ave. you. been.warking (you/work) too hard? 1. Look! Somebody (break) that window. ie vise. (Fad) the book you gave me, but I ferns . (not/finish) it yet. 3. “Sorry Pmlate.” “That's all right. I. sssccee (not/wait) long.” 4, Hello! T.....- _-. (lean) the windows, So far I (clean) five of them and there are two more to do. 5, There's a strange smell in here. cesses sss (you/cook) something? . (appear) in several movies. 6. My brother is an actor. He .. 35NLT Present perfect (I have done / I have been doing) with how long, for, since oi Study this example situation: Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary. ‘They have been married for 20 years. ‘We use the present perfect to say how long something has existed or how long something has been happening. How long have they been married? They are married. 4 They have been married for ; 20 years. We use the present perfect continuous (I have been doing) to say how long something has been happening. Note that the action is still happening now. @ I’ve been studying English for a long time. 1m Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long? m= It’s been raining since I got up this morning. Sometimes the action is a repeated action (see also Unit 16b): = Lizhas been driving for ten years. & How long have you been smoking? ‘The continuous (I have been doing) or the simple (I have done) can be used for actions repeated over a long period: m= [’ve been collecting / I’ve collected stamps since I was a child. We use the simple (I have done) for situations that exist for a long time (especially if we say always). Note that the situation still exists now. m= My father has always worked hard. (not has always been working) We use the continuous for situations over a shorter time. Compare: = John has been living in Caracas since January. = John has always lived in Caracas. Some verbs (for example be, have, know) are not normally used in the continuous (see Unit 3b for a list and Unit 23 for have): = How long have Bob and Alice been married? ™ Sue has had a cold for the past week. (not has been having) = Bill and I have known each other since high school. Do not use the simple present (I do) or present continuous (I am doing) to say how long something has been happening: = [’ye been waiting here for an hour. (nor I am waiting) = How long have you known Jane? (not do you know) 36UNIT 18 Exercises HH Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. Examples: How long have Bob and Alice been married? AUGHT. I know Bob for five years. WhanG: have known Sue and Alan are married since July. Itis raining all day. How long has George been unemployed? Have you always been living in this house? How long does Ken have a beard? How long do you know Ann? She has been sick for a long time. 8.2] Write questions with how long? Examples: Jimis studying Chinese. Hane/ang has. he.been. studylag. Chinese... Iknow Bob. .#ew./ong have. you. known Bob. 2. Nova yyr 1. Mysister is married. How long 2. Carol is on vacation. How long... 3. live in Australia. 4. Itis snowing. 5. Jack smokes. 6. [know about her problem. 7. Robert and Jill are looking for an apartment. 8. Diana teaches English in Brazil. 9. Dennis is in love with Liz. 10. John has a car. mH Read a sentence and then write another sentence with since or for. Example: I know Bob. (for five years) LAave.knawn Bob ter tive years. Jack lives in Chicago. (since he was born) Jack .. Mary is unemployed. (since April) Mary Ann has a bad cold. (for the last few days) I want to go to the moon. (since I was a child) Aer ‘My brother is studying languages in college. (for two years) 6. Tim and Jane are working in Peru. (since February) 7. My cousin isin the army. (since he was 18) 8. They are waiting for us. (for half an hour) 37ve ee Present perfect with how long; simple past with when; since and for i Use the simple past (I did) to ask or say when something happened: = A: When did it start raining? It started raining at one o’clock / an hour ago. = A: When did Joe and Carol first meet? = B: They first met when they were in college /a long time ago. Use the present perfect (Ihave done / I have been doing) to ask or say how long something has been happening (up to the present): How long has it been raining? : It’s been raining since one o’clock / for an hour. How long have Joe and Carol known each other? They've known cach other since they were in college / for a long time. oO Since and for We use both since and for to say how long something has been happening: m= I've been waiting for you since 8 o'clock. ® I’ve been waiting for you for two hours. We use since when we say the beginning of the period (8 o’clock). We use for when we say the period of time (two hours) since for 8o'clock 1977 two hours a week Monday Christmas | ten minutes five years May 12 lunchtime | three days a long time April we arrived | six months ages = She's been working here since April. (= from April until now) She’s been working here for six months. (riot since six months) m= [haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= from Monday until now) Thaven't seen Tom for three days. (riot since three days) We do not use for in expressions with all (all day /all morning / all week / all my life, etc.): [ve lived here all my life. (not for all my life) Note the structure How long has it been since... ? = A: How long hasit been since you had a vacation? = B: It’s been (= ithas been) two years since I had a vacation. (= Thaven’t had a vacation for two years.) = It’s been ages since Aunt Helen visited us. (= She hasn't visited us for ages.) 38UNIT 19 Exercises f19.1| Write questions with how long and when. Example: Itis raining. (how long /it/ rain?) Haw./eng.as./t.heen raining.2... (when /it/start/raining?) When.did it, start. raining... . 1. Ann is studying Italian. (how long / she /study /Ttalian?) ...... (when / she / begin / studying Italian?) 2. [know Tom. (how long / you / know / Tom?) (when / you /first / meet /Tom?) 3. Glen and Mary are married. (how long / they / be / married?) (when / they / get / married?) Example: Tom and I have known each other... fer. six months. 1, It’s been raining ............. [gotup this morning. 2. Randy’s father has been a policeman .... . 20 years. 3. Have you been studying English along time? 4 se Christmas, the weather has been quite mild. 5. Janet has been on vacation three days. 6. That’s a very old car. I've had it ns ARES. BH Make a new sentence beginning in the way shown. Examples: I know Liz. I first met her six months ago. Ihave Anawi.ter for. sik ments, It’s been raining since 2:00. It started raéning.at. 2:02... Maria’s sick. She got sick three days ago. She has We have been married for five years. We got Jim has a beard. He grew it ten years ago. He has She has been in France for three weeks. She went .. He has had his new car since February. He bought B Imagine that two people are talking. Make sentences with It’s .. .since. .. Example: A: Do you take a vacation very often? (no / five years) . B: Was.10°3. 2&6 R41. YERUS. NE. be LOOK. HOCAE: : Do you eat in restaurants very often? (no / six months) NO, it ocescenesnes a - Does it snow here very often? (no / year NO, seesssesesseeseinsesnnsnernenee . : Do you go swimming very often? (no / a long time) wayne 39ve ee Present perfect (I have done) or simple past (I did)? fa | It is often possible to use the present perfect (I have done) or the simple past (I did): m T'velost my key. Have you seen it anywhere? or: Host my key. Did you see it anywhere? But do not use the present perfect to say when something happened (for example, yesterday, two years ago, when I was a child, etc.). Use a past tense in these sentences: m= [lost my key yesterday. (not have lost) = Did you see the movie on TV last night? (not have you seen) = Tate a lot of candy when I was a child. (not have eaten) Use a past tense to ask when or what time something happened m= What time did they arrive? (not have they arrived) = When were you born? (not have been born) Do not use the present perfect (I have done) for happenings and actions that are not connected with the present (for example, historical events): m= The Chinese invented printing. (not have invented) 40 = How many symphonies did Beethoven compose? (not has Now compare these sentences: - - composed) Present perfect (I have done) D've smoked 20 cigarettes today. Today is a period of time that continues up to the present. It is not a finished time. So we use the present perfect. present today (unfinished|—p time) past ———— Dan hasn’t been sick this year. Have you seen Ann this morning? (tis still morning.) Have you seen Ann recently? ‘We've been waiting for an hour. (We are still waiting.) Pierre has lived in Quebec for six years. (He still lives there.) I have never played golf (in my life) ‘The present perfect always has a connection with the present. | See Units 13-19. ‘Simple past (1 did) I smoked 20 cigarettes yesterday. Yesterday is a finished time in the past. So we use the simple past. present yesterday (finished | — time) past Dan wasn’t sick last year Did you see Ann this morning? (it is now afternoon.) Did you see Ann last week? We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (We are no longer waiting.) Pierre lived in Quebec for ten years. (He no longer lives there.) I didn’t play golf when I was on vacation last summer. The simple past tells us only about the past. See Units 11-12.UNIT 20 Exercises ‘Are the underlined parts of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. Examples: Have you heard? Suzanne has gotten married! ‘The Chinese have invented printing. 1. Who has written the play Hamlet? 2. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. 3. Ow! I've cut my finger. It’s bleeding. 4. My grandparents got married in Montreal 5. Einstein was the physicist who has developed the theory of relativity. 6. Abraham Lincoln was President of the U.S. from 1861 to 1865. 7. The U.S. has bought Alaska from Russia in 1867, 8. Jill bought a new car two weeks ago. 9 10. lL 12. ited many museums when you were in Paris? When did You give up smoking? isn’there. Somebody has taken it. . Thaven’t eaten anything yesterday because I haven't been hungry. Examples: (I/ smoke / 20 cigarettes yesterday) Zstmoked.20.6(garettes. YeSterdays (how many cigarettes / you / smoke / today?) Hewmany. cigarettes have yousmoked taday. 2. (L/be / sick twice so far this year) I (how many times /be / you /sick last year?) How many times (I/not/ drink / any coffee so far today) (he / be / late three times this week) (how many games / the team / win / last season?) yaenr a (how many games / the team / win / so far this season?) 20.3 the verb into the correct form: present perfect (Ihave done) or simple past (I did) Example: 1 ...avida’t. play. (not/play) golf when I was on vacation last summer. 1. Mr. Clark (work) in a bank for 15 years, Then he gave it up. 2. George lives in Athens. He - .. (live) there all his life, 3. Bob and Alice are married. They . (be) married for 20 years. 4. When we were on vacation, the weather ses (be) terrible. 5. The weather sss (Be) Very nice lately. 6. My grandfather died 30 years ag0. T.....eone (never/meet) him. 7. Idon’t know Carol’s husband. I... Josten (ever/meet) him. 4Cas Past perfect (I had done) EW Study this example situation: too. Tom went home at 10:30. So, when I arrived at 11:00, Tom wasn’t there. a Ty I went to a party last week. Tom went to the party When I arrived at the party, Tom wasn’t there. He had gone home. This is the past perfect (simple) tense: Ihe/she (ete.) had (= ’'d/he’d /she’d, etc.) gone Tihe/she (ete.) hadn’t gone ME had you/he/she (etc.) gone? We form the past perfect with had + the past participle (gone/opened/written, etc.). For irregular past participles see Appendix 2. Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: = [arrived at the party. We use the past perfect to say that something had already happened before this time: ‘= When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home. Here are some more examples: m= When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my apartment and had stolen my fur coat. = George didn’t want to come to the movies with us because he had already seen the film twice m= It was my first time in an airplane. I was very nervous because I had never flown before. ‘The past perfect (I had done) is the past of the present perfect (I have done). Compare these situations: Present Past T'mnot hungry. I've just had lunch. | I wasn’t hungry. I'd just had lunch. The house is dirty. We haven’t ‘The house was dirty, We hadn’t cleaned it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks. El Compare the past perfect (I had done) and the simple past (I did): m= “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he had already gone home.” but: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he went home soon afterward.” = Ann wasn’t home when I called her. She was at work. but: Ann had just gotten home when I called her. She had been at work. For the past perfect continuous see Unit 22. 42UNIT 21 Exercises BABE Complete these sentences using the verbs in parentheses (...). You went back to your home town after many years, and you found that many things were different. Example: Most of my friends were no longer there. They ad. /eté. (leave). 1. My best friend, Kevin, was no longer there. He .. (go) away. 2. The local movie theater was no longer open. It (close) down. 3. Mr. Johnson was no longer alive. He » (die). 4, Ididn’t recognize Mrs. Johnson. She ............ (change) a lot. 5. Bill no longer had his car. He ......0e--eee (Sell) it, EE Complete these sentences as in the example. Use the verb in parentheses. Example: Mr. and Mrs. Davis were in an airplane. They were very nervous as the plane took off because they (never/fly) fad never town Leflore. . before. 1, The woman was a complete stranger to me. (never/see) I... 2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised. (never /be /late) She 3, Jane played tennis yesterday — at least she tried to play tenni because she (never / play) - 4, Tewas Carls first driving lesson, He was very nervous and didn’t know what to do. (never/ drive) He oe EB Make sentences using the words in parentheses. Example: I wasn’t hungry. (I/just/have/lunch) L.had/ust had lunch. ‘Tom wasn’t home when I artived. (he / just / go / out) We arrived at the theater late. (the movie / already / begin) They weren't cating when I went to see them. (they! just /Bnish/ their dinner) he wasn’t very good at it eer fe couldn't come. (she / already / make plans /to 4, Tinvited Ann to dinner last night, do something else) 5. Iwas very pleased to see Diane again after such a long time. (1/not/ see /her for five years) eo - 21.3] Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect (had done) or simple past (I did). Examples: “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “No, he [email protected]@N2.....(go) home.” “Was Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, buthe W#/1E.......... (go) home soon afterward.” 1. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody -(go) to bed. 2. [felt very tired when I got home, $0 Ts... (go) straight to bed. 3. Sorry I'mlate. The car “ (break) down on my way here. 4. There was a car by the side of the road. It. ... (break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we ..... (stop) to see if we could help. 8Ce eae Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) EW Study this example situation: Yesterday morning I got up and looked out the [Sta window. The sun was shining, but the ground was very 7 wet. I Ithad been raining. It wasn’t raining when I looked out the window; the sun was shining. But it had been raining. That’s why the ground was wet. Had been raining is the past perfect continuous tense: Uhe/she (etc.) had (= I’d/he?d/she’d, etc.) been doing Here are some more examples: = When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was a mess, and one had a black eye. They had been fighting. m= Iwas very tired when I arrived home, I'd been working hard all day. oO You can use the past perfect continuous to say how long something had been happening before something else happened: = The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when there was a terrible storm. = Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. ‘The past perfect continuous ({ had been doing) is the past of the present perfect continuous (Ihave been doing). Compare: a Present Past | How long have you been waiting? | How long had you been waiting | (until now) when the bus finally came? He's out of breath. He hasbeen _| He was out of breath. He had | running. been running. EEd compare the past perfect continuous (I had been doing) with the past continuous (I was doing): m= When I looked out the window, it had been raining. (= It wasn’t raining when'I looked out; it had stopped.) = When I looked out the window, it was raining. (= Rain was falling at the time I looked out.) Some verbs (for example, know) cannot be used in the continuous form. See Unit 3b for a list of these verbs. For the past perfect simple see Unit 21 44UNIT 22. Exercises Example: The two boys came into the house. One had a black eye and the other had a cut lip. (they/ fight) They. had heen. fighting. 1, Tom was watching TV. He was feeling very tired, (he / study /hard all day) He 2. When I walked into the room, it was empty. But it smelled of cigarettes. (somebody /smoke /in the room) Somebody ...e.e.0-» 3. When Mary came back from the beach, she looked very red from the sun, (She /lie fin the sun t00 long) ..s.scesenteserssereneseneveseteet 4. The two boys came into the house. They had a football, and they were both very tired. (they / play /football) 5. Ann woke up in the middie of the night. She was frightened, and she didn’t know where she was. (she / dream) . 22.2) Read the situation and then write a sentence Example: We began playing football. After half an hour there was a terrible storm. We had been playing for haltan hour. when there was.a terrible, storm 1. The orchestra began playing at the concert. After about ten minutes a man in the audience suddenly began shouting The orchestra cree for about ten minutes when 2. [had arranged to meet Sue in a cafe. I arrived and began waiting. After 20 minutes I realized that I had come to the wrong cafe. 1 cesses When T . 3. Mr. and Mrs. Jenkins went to live in the south of France. Six months later Mr. Jenkins. died. They . when Put the verb into the correct form: past perfect continuous (I had been doing) or past continuous (I was doing). Examples: Sue was leaning against the wall, out of breath. She had been.cunning. (run). I tried to catch Sue but I couldn’t. She .was.rtining...... (run) very fast, 1, Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor. He ... (look) for his contact lens. 2. We (walk) along the road for about 20 minutes when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift. 3. When | arrived, everyone was sitting around the table with their mouths full. They (cat), 4, When I arrived, everyone was sitting around the table and talking. Their mouths were empty but their stomachs were full. They (cat). 5. When Tarrived, Ann .... (wait) for me, She was annoyed because I was late, and she (wait) for a very long time. 45,Have and have got Have / has / had =. possess, but we also use have for other things (for example, family relationships): m= We have a new car. m [have a brother and two sisters. = Tom hasa headache / a cold/ the flu / etc. = When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. In questions use do/ does/ did: = How many brothers and sisters do you have? = Does Ann have a car? = Did you have a car when you lived in California? (not had you a car) In negative sentences use don’t / doesn’t / didn’t: = I don’t have any money. Ann doesn’t have any brothers or sisters. = [wanted to call you, but I didn’t have your number. (not I hadn’t your number) = He didn’t have a watch, so he didn’t know what time it was. LM Have got / has got ‘You can use have got / has got rather than have / has alone: = We've got anew car. (= We have a new car.) = Tom has got a headache. (= Tom has a headache.) ‘The question and negative forms are: = Have you got a headache? (= do you have) = Has she got any brothers or sisters? (= does she have) Thaven’t got any money. (= I don’t have) = Ann hasn’t got a car. (= Ann doesn’t have) But don’t use got for the past: ‘m When she was a child, she had long blonde hair. (not she had got) We also use have for a number of actions (especially eating and drinking): have breakfast / lunch / dinner / a meal / a cup of coffee / a cigarette / etc. have a good time / a nice day / etc have a party (= give a party) have a look (at something) have a baby (= give birth toa baby) | (You cannot use have got in these expressions.) m= [always have a big breakfast in the morning. (not have got) m Did you have a good time last night? m= We're having a party on Saturday. Would you like to come? m= What time does Ann usually have lunch?UNIT 23 Exercises a Make negative sentences with have. Some sentences are present (can’t) and some past (couldn’t). Examples: [can’t make a phone call. (any change) Z.0on't. Aav€.Any.change.. C28: LAAAVANE. gat. any. ChANGE«). Icouldn’t read the notice. (my glasses) L.a/dint.have.im: a g1aS8e8. Ican’t climb up onto the roof. (aladder) I... ‘We couldn't visit the museum. (enough time) We He couldn't find his way to our house. (map) She can’t pay her bills. (any money) Icouldn’t make an omelette. (any eggs) Ican’t get into the house. (my key) They couldn’t take any photographs. (a camera) ‘We couldn't go out in the rain. (an umbrella) EE Complete these questions with have. Some are present and some are past. Examples: Excuse me, .../[email protected]........ alight, please? Did youd have......... aot of friends when you lived in Greece? 1. Why ae you holding your mouth like that? ... atoothache? . enough time to answer all the questions when you took your PIAA Ewe exam last week? 3. Ineed a stamp for this letter. ... sees AMY? 4. “It started to rain when I was walking home.” “Did it? ..... an umbrella?” Es Crete .. the time, please?” “Yes, it's ten after seven.” 6. your own room when you were a child? Complete these sentences using the expressions below. Put the verb into the correct form where necessary. have a baby have a good time —_have a party have a look have a good have a nice day have a cigarette -have-a-niee-Huneh- have something to drink 1, Tom has just come back from a restaurant. You say: Hi, Tom. - Qéd yeu. Have... a.nige Lancs. We : ‘Thank you for shopping here, and Suzanne took six months off her job when she Excuse me, CANT... cece at your newspaper, please? ‘You meet Ann at the airport. She has j just tarrived. You say: Hello, Ann. «last week. It was great ~ we invited lots of people. ferstnee! ayaen Tdon’t usually smoke, but I was feeling nervous, so T Ifyou're thirsty, why don’t you ........ Thaven’t seen you since you came back 47(CRN ae Used to (I used to do) EW Study this example situation: SHER) | [ovS@ncl This is Dennis. He gave up smoking two years ago. [Sterion| He no longer smokes. But he used to smoke. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes | a day He used to smoke means that he smoked regularly for some time in the past, but he doesn’t smoke now: past — now | 2 years ago F he used to smoke >| ‘We use used to with the base form (used to do / used to smoke, etc.) to say that something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens: = Tused to play tennis a lot, but now I’m too lazy. “Do you go to the movies very often?” -““Not now, but I used to.” = Sue used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away very often. ‘We also use used to for past situations (that no longer exist): = We used to live in a small village, but now we live in Milan. = This building is now a furniture store. It used to be a movie theater. = Do you sce that hill over there? There used to be a castle on that hill. m I've started drinking tea lately. I never used to like it before. m= Ann used to have long hair, but she cut it some time ago. he doesn’t smoke ne i Lo Used to + base form is always past. There is no present. You cannot say “I use to do.” For the present, use the simple present (I do). Compare the present and past: past he used to smoke — we used tolive there used to be present he smokes we live there is ‘The normal question form is did... use to... ?: = Did you use to eat a lot of candy when you were a child? The negative form is didn’t use to... (or never used to) m Jim didn’t use to go out very often until he met Jill. (or never used to go out) Be careful not to confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 59). The structures and meanings are different: = Tused tolive alone. (= Ilived alone but I no longer live alone.) m= Lam used to living alone. (= I live alone and don’t find it strange or new because I've been living alone for some time.) 48UNIT 24 Exercises BBY ompicc each sentence with used to... Example: Dennis doesn’t smoke anymore, buthe usedta,smoke....... 40 cigarettes a day. ‘The baby doesn’t cry so much now, but she .. every night, She . my best friend, but we aren’t friends anymore. We live in Barcelona now, but we ..... ove it Madrid. Now there’s only one cafe in the village, but there When I was a child... Now Tom has a car. He three. .. ice cream, but I don’t like it now. . amotorcycle. aveenr EAE Write some sentences about a man who changed his lifestyle. Ron stopped doing some things and started doing other things: studying hard smoking He stopped 4. going to bed early Hestarted } staying out late Tuning three miles every morning spending a lot of money Make sentences like these: Examples: He. used ta study hard. . He neverusedtosmake,.or. Hedda use. 2.8100KE.. pepe PAE] Write sentences about the present. Remember there is no present tense of used to. Examples: Ron used to study hard, but now e..daesn't. study. wary tera Ron didn’t use to smoke, but now A4.8+704€8... a Mark used to play tennis a lot, but now Mary never used to drink coffee, but now Jill didn’t use to be fat, but now, Jack didn’t use to go out much, but now 24.3] Ask some questions. Mr. Park is an old man now. You are asking someone what he used to do when he was younger. eye Example: I know he doesn’t smoke now, but .4¢€4€.48€.£0.8/00K€.... see D 1. [know he doesn’t play the piano now, but ..... 2. [know he isn’t very rich now, but 3. [know he doesn’t go out very often these days, but 4. Iknow he doesn’t dance these days, but 5. [know he doesn’t have many friends now, but 49Ces Can, could, and be able to PI we use can (do) to say that something something. ‘The negative is can’t (cannot), = You can see the ocean from our bedroom window. m= Can you speak any foreign languages? m= ['mafraid I can’t come to your party next Friday, possible or that someone has the ability to do Be able to is possible instead of can, but can is more usual: ® Are you able to speak any foreign languages? But can has only two forms: can (present) and could (past). So sometimes you have to use be able to: m= [haven’t been able to sleep recently. (can has no present perfect) m Sue might not be able to come tomorrow. (can has no infinitive) = T'mvery busy today, but I should be able to meet with you tomorrow. Could and was able to Sometimes could is the past of can, We use could especially with these verbs: see hear smell taste feel remember —_understand m= When we went into the house, we could smell something burnin; m= She spoke in a low voice, but I could understand what she was saying. We also use could to say that someone had the general ability to do something: m= My grandfather could speak five languages. m= When Joe was 16, he could run 100 meters in 11 seconds. But if you mean that someone managed to do something in one particular situation, you have to use was/were able to (not could) a The fire spread through the building very quickly, but everyone was able (= managed) to escape. (not could escape) = They didn’t want to come with us at first, but finally we were able (= managed) to persuade them. (not could persuade) Compare could and was able to in this example: m= Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody. (= He had the ability to beat anybody.) = But once he had a difficult game against Bob. Bob played very well, but in the end Jack was able to beat him. (= He managed to beat him in this particular game.) ‘The negative couldn't is possible in all situations: m= My grandfather couldn’t swim. m= We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us. For can see also Unit 30. For could see also Units 26 and 30. 50UNIT 25 Exercises Use can or be able to. Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only be able to possible. Examples: George has traveled a lot. He ¢@”.(gr./s.ab/é.t0).. speak four languages. Thaven't.. 22¢0.4b/¢.42.........leep very well lately. 1. Tom ne drive, but he doesn’t have a car. 2. Ican’t understand Martin. I've never ...... understand him. 3. Tused to --sen Stand on my head, but I can’t do it now. 4, Ask Ann about your problem. She should .. help you. Es Complete the sentence with could... Example: I can’t sing now, but I .... c@mla 8/129............very well when I was a child. 1. He can’t play tennis very well now, but he fairly well when he was younger. 2. She can't run very fast now, but when she was in school she... faster than anyone else. 3. Ican’t swim very far these days, but ten years ago I from one side of the lake to the other. Example: Did you persuade them? Yes. It was difficult, but we .were.ahle. Lo. persdade. thems. 1. Did they find your house? ‘Yes. It took them a long time, but they. 2. Did you win the match? Yes. It wasn't easy, but I 3. Did the thief escape? ‘Yes. The police officer chased the thief, but he Ey Complete each sentence with could, wasiwere able to, or couldn Examples: My grandfather was very clever. He ¢auld. (ar. was.able.£a) speak five languages. Tlooked everywhere for the book, but I...ceuddna.t. find it. ‘The fire spread quickly, but everyone ...W/a$.24/2.2...... escape. 1. He had hurt his leg, so he... walk very well, 2. She wasn’t at home when I called, but I contact her at her office. 3. Llooked very carefully, and I see a figure in the distance. 4. They didn’t have any tomatoes in the first store I went to, but I get some in the next store. 5. My grandmother loved music. She s-sseuse. lay the piano very well. 6. The boy fell into the river, but fortunately we rescue him. SLCe eee Could (do) and could have (done) Dan: What do you want to do this evening? Sue: We could go to the movies We use could (do) in a number of ways. Sometimes it is the past of ean (do) (see Unit 25), but sometimes it has a present or future meaning. For example, we sometimes use could to talk about possible future actions, especially when we make suggestions: “When you go to New York, you could stay with Linda.” Can is also possible in these sentences. (“We ean go to the movies.”) Could is more unsure than can. We also use could to talk about possible future happenings: m There could be another rise in the price of ga there will be.) Sometimes could means would be able to: = Why doesn’t Tom apply for the job? He could get it. = [don’t know how she works 14 hours a day. I couldn’t do it. Itis possible that The past of could (do) is could have (done). We use could have (done) to say that we had the ability or the opportunity to do something but did not do it: m= We didn’t go out last night. We could have gone to the movies, but we decided to stay home. (We had the opportunity to go out, but we didn't.) = Why did you stay at a hotel in New York? You could have stayed with Linda. (You had the opportunity to stay with her but you didn’t.) = Why didn’t Tom apply for the job? He could have gotten it. (He had the ability to get it.) We also use could have (done) to say something was a possibility but didn’t happen: a He was lucky when he fell off the ladder. He could have hurt himself Here are some examples of couldn’t have (done). “I couldn’t have done something” wouldn’t have been able to do it if I had wanted or tried to do it: = When I went to New York last year, I decided not to stay with Linda, Later I found out that she was away while I was there, so I couldn’t have stayed with her anyway. = The hockey game was canceled last week. Tom couldn’t have played anyway because he was sick. For could/couldn’t see also Units 25, 27b, 28c, 30. For could in if sentences see Units 34-35 and 36c. I 52UNIT 26 Exercises El Make suggestions. Use could. Example: Where should we go for our vacation? (Mexico) Alé.¢ee/d GO.L0MEKLQr... 1. What should we have for dinner tonight? (fish) 2. When should we go and see Tom? (on Friday) 3. What should I give Ann for her birthday? (a book) Use could have. Answer the questions in the way shown. Example: “Did you go to the movies?” . “No. We @auld havegone.te.the. movies, but.wedecided. not.t0,.” 1. “Did you go to the concert last night?” “No. We eee 2. “Did John take the exam?” “NO. He ...csessseses senna 2 3. “Did you buy anew car?” “No. I 26.3] Write sentences with could or could have. Examples: She doesn’t want to stay with Linda. Bat.she.caula stay. with Linder. She didn’t want to stay with Linda. But she. cauld have. stayed with Linda, He didn’t want to help us. But he .. He doesn’t want to help us. But They don’t want to lend us any money. But ... She didn’t want to have anything to eat. 26.4) irst read this information about Ken: Ken doesn’t know any Spanish. Ken doesn’t know anything about machines. Kenis very rich and generous. Ken can’t drive. Ken was sick on Friday night. Ken was free on Monday afternoon. SeRe A lot of people wanted Ken to do different things last week, but they couldn't contact him. So he didn't do any of these things. Say whether he could have done or couldn’t have done these things (if he had known). Example: His aunt wanted him to drive her to the station. . He.coulda't have.driven.her.ta the station (because. he cant.drive), 1. Ann wanted him to come to a party on Friday night. He cesses Because 2. Jim wanted him to play tennis on Monday afternoon. He orcs 3. Sue wanted him to translate a Spanish newspaper article into English. because seven Jack wanted Ken to lend him $20. Ken’s mother wanted him to fix her washing machine. because 53Cee Must (have) and can’t (have) oH Study this example situation: Liz is a very good tennis player, and not many players beat her. But yesterday she played against Bill and Bill won. So: Bill must be a very good player (otherwise he wouldn’t have won). We use must to say we are sure that something is true: m You've been traveling all day. You must be tired. (= Lam sure that you are tired.) m= Thear that your exams are next week. You must he studying very hard right now. (= Lam sure that you are studying.) 1 Carol knows a lot about films. She must like to go to the movies. (= Tam sure she likes to go to the movies.) We use can’t to say that we think something is impossible: m You've just had dinner. You can’t be hungry already. (= Itis imp that you are hungry.) = Tom said that he would be here ten minutes ago, and he is never late. He can’t be coming. Study the structure: ble be studying/waiting/coming, etc. know/like, etc. can’t be tired/hungry, etc. Tyou/he (etc.) { must } For the past we use must have (done) and can’t have (done). Study this example: ‘We went to Roy's house last night and rang the doorbell. There was no answer. He must have gone out (otherwise he would have answered) m= The phone rang, but I didn’t hear it. I must have been asleep. m= [made a lot of noise when I came home. You must have heard me. = She passed me on the street without speaking. She can’t have seen me. m= Tom walked into the wall. He ean’t have been looking where he was going. Study the structure: F must been asleep/tired, etc. Vyoushe (etc.) } Gant { have 1 been looking/waiting, etc. gone/done/seen/heard, etc. “Couldn’t have (done)” is possible instead of “can’t have (done)”: = She couldn’t have seen me. = He couldn’t have been looking where he was going. For other meanings of must and can’t see Units 25 and 31. 54UNIT 27 Exercises EA Complete these sentences using must (have). .., couldn’t (have)... or can’t (have)... Examples: “Ishe American?” “Yes, Ae.smust.be. Anmeclean. a a “Did she see you?” “No, she.can't.Mave.SOM.I08.. a “Are they married?” “Yes, they must “Ishe serious?” “No, he can’t «cee “Were they in a hurry?” “Yes, they ... “Does Ann know alot of people?” “Yes, she “Did Tom know about the plan?” “Yes, he “Do they have much money?” “No, they “Was she driving carefully?” “No, she “Are they waiting for somebody?” “Yes, they . Ez Complete these sentences with must or can’t + an appropriate verb. Example: You've been traveling all day. You .austé.2@........ very tired. er awsene 1. Brian has three houses, six cars, a yacht, and a helicopter. He ceoseeneees Alot of money, 2. (The doorbell rings.) I wonder who that is. It .. Jim. He said he would come after 7:00 and it’s only 6:30 now. Twonder why Sue isn’t at work today. She evovee SiCk. John seems to know a lot about history. He . .. alot of books. . Jane’s putting on her hat and coat. She .......:es.eseeves OU Read each situation and write a sentence with must have or can’t have. Use the words in parentheses (... ). Example: The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I must be / asleep) SF LNUSb AE DERM. AERPs. a 1, That dress you bought is very good quality. (it must / be / very expensive) Tt must, 2. Thaven’t seen Jim for ages. (lie must /go/ away) He. 3. [wonder where my umbrella is. (you must /Ieave /it on the bus) 4. Don passed the exam. He didn't study very much forit, (the exam can’t/ be/ very difficult) enn 5. She knew everything about our plans. (she must /listen / to our conversation) 6. Dennis did the opposite of what I asked him to do, (he can't/ understand /what I said) 7. When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I must / forget / to turn it off) 8, [don’t understand how the accident happened. (the driver can't/see/the red light) 55Cam 8 May (have) and might (have) H Study this example situation: You are looking for Jack. Nobody knows for sure where he is, but you get some suggestions: He may be in his office. (= perhaps he is in his office) He might be having lunch. (= perhaps he is having lunch) Ask Ann, She might know. (= perhaps Ann knows) ‘We use may or might to say that something is possible. You can say: = He may be in his office. or He might be in his office. ‘The negative is may not and might no! & Jack might not be in his office. (= perhaps he isn’t in his office) m I’mnot sure whether I can lend you any money. I may not have enough. (= pethaps I don’t have enough) Study the structure: be in his office Tiyoushe (ete.) Es } (not) } be having/waiting, ete. | might know/have/do, etc. 10 To say what was possible in the past, we use may have (done) and might have (done): = A: Iwonder why Ann didn’t answer the doorbell. Well, I suppose she may have been asleep. (= perhaps she was asleep) Why didn’t he say hello when he passed us on the street? ‘He might have been daydreaming. (= perhaps he was daydreaming) Ican’t find my bag anywhere ‘You might have left it in the store. (= perhaps you left it) Iwonder why Jill didn’t come to the meeting. : She might not have known about it. (= perhaps she didn’t know) Study the structure: =. BPP U>w been asleep | Lyou/he (etc.) es } (not) have } been daydreaming/waiting, etc. might known/left/had, etc. FF You can use could instead of may or might. But with could the possibility is smaller: m= “Where’s Jack?” “I'm not sure. He could be in his office, I suppose, but he’s not usually there at this time.”” For may and might see also Units 29 and 30. 56UNIT 28 Exercises Make sentences with may or might. The first four sentences are present. Examples: “Do you know if Jack is in his office?” “‘Ziernot. sure, He.rnay be. in.his abtic “Do you know if Joan likes ice cream?” “Liamat.sure. She might like Jee. ereara.” “Do you know if they are married?” ‘I’m not sure. They ....sessenonensee p “Do you know if she wants to go?” “I'm not sure. “Do you know if he’s telling the truth?” “I'm “Do you know ifhe hasa car?” “I The next three sentences are past. Examples: “Do you know if he was serious?” “‘Z’mnot.susre. He might. have. been seriaus.” “Do you know if they were looking?” “Z’munot.sura, They may have. teen looking.” 5. “Do you know if she was sick?” “I’m not sure. She 6. “Do you knowif she told anybody?” “T 7. “Do you know if they were listening?” “ Use may not or might not. Example: “Is Jack in his office?” “I’m not.sure,.de.enight.not.be.in his oftice.. ” 8. “Does she want to go?” evsnnteninnentens even 9. “Ishe telling the truth?” onan oo 10. “Are they ready?” “..... BEB Write sentences to explain each situation. Use the words in parentheses (...) to make your sentences, Example: [can't find George anywhere. I wonder where he a) (he might/ go/shopping) e.right.have.gone shopping. b) (he could /play/tennis) 4 eaula be playing tennis. 1. Look! Sue’s going out. I wonder where she’s going. a) (she may / go/to the theater) b) (she could /go/to a party) 2. Why didn’t Tom answer the doorbell? I'm sure he was in the house at the time. a) (he may /go/ to bed early) b) (he might not / hear / the bell) 3. How do you think the fire started? a) (someone may / drop / a cigarette) b) (it could /be /a short circuit) 4. [wonder where Liz was going when you saw her. a) (she might / go / to work) b) (she may/ go / shopping) 5. George didn’t come to the party. I wonder why not. a) (he might / have / to go somewhere else) b) (he may not / know / about it) 7aes 9 May and might (future) We use may or might to talk about possible happenings or possible actions in the future, Study these examples: m= I’mnot sure where to go on my vacation, but I may go to Puerto Rico. perhaps I will go) = The weather forecast is not very good. It might rain this afternoon. perhaps it will rain) = can’t help you. Why don’t you ask Tom? He might be able to help you. perhaps he will be able to help) ‘The negative form is may not or might not: = Ann may not come to the party tonight. She isn’t feeling well. perhaps she won’t come) = There might not be a meeting on Friday because the director is sick. (= perhaps there won't be a meeting) It doesn’t matter whether you use may or might. You can say: w= Imay gotoltaly. or Imight goto Italy. oO ‘There is also a continuous form: may/might be doing. Compare this with will be doing (see Unit 10a,b): = Don’t call at 8:30. I'l be watching the football game on TV. = Don’t call at 8:30. I may (or might) be watching the football game on TV. (= perhaps I'll be in the middle of watching it) You can also use the continuous (may/might be doing) when you are talking about possible plans. Compare: m= I’m going to Puerto Rico in July. (for sure) = I may (or might) be going to Puerto Rico in July. (it’s possible) But you can also say: I may/might go to Puerto Rico in July. May as well, might as well Study this example [ A: What do you want to do this evening? don’t know. Any ideas? ‘A: Well, there’s a movie on television. It sounds interesting B: We might as well watch it, There’s nothing else to do. ‘We use may/might as well to say that we should do something, but only because there is no reason not to do it and because there is nothing better to do. We might as well watch it means, “Why not watch it? There’s nothing better to do.” @ You'll have to wait an hour for the next bus, so you might as well walk. = Wemay as well go to the party. We have nothing else to do. = “Should we have dinner now?” “We might as well.” For may and might see also Units 28 and 34c. For may only, see Unit 30. 58UNIT 29 Exercises 29.1] Talk about future plans. You are not sure what is going to happen. Use may or might. Example: Where are you going on your vacation? (to Brazil???) Thaven’t decided yet, but Zmay. lar. mmight.).g0.t0 Branth.... 1. What kind of car are you going to buy? (a Toyota???) T'mnot sure yet, but I. oe 2. What are you doing this weekend? (go skiing???) I don’t know for sure, but ..... freee 3. Where are you going to hang that pi Thaven’t made up my mind yet, but .. 4. When is Tom coming to see us? (tomorrow evening???) I’m notsure, but 5. What's Jill going to do when she graduates? (go toab She hasn't decided yet, but EE Talk about possible happenings. Use the word(s) in parentheses (... ). Examples: Do you think it will rain this afternoon? (may) Zé.maay.cain.this. afternoon. Do you think Ann will come to the party? (might not) SAE. Might MOL. LONE LOIRE. PUES 1, Do you think Bob will be late? (may) He 2. Do you think Amy will be able to find our house? (might not) She .. 3, Do you think there be a rainstorm tonight? (might) There 4. Do you think Tony will pass the exam? (may not) 5. Do you think they be waiting forus when we artve? (might), 6. Do you think it'll snow later? (may) 29.3] Read these situations and make sentences with may/might as well. Example: A friend has invited you to a party. You're not very excited about going, but there isn’t anything else to do. So you think you should go. You say: Lenght. as.wel, go..There.isn'tanything ela ta das... 1. You're in a coffee shop with a friend. You've just finished your coffee. You're not ina hurry, so you think you should both have another cup Yousay: We 7 cue Ate you ready for one? 2. Someone has given you a free ticket to a concert. You're not very interested in the concert, but you think you should go because you have a free ticket. Yousay: I so. Ita shame to waste a free ticket. 3. You invited some friends to dinner, but they haven't come. The dinner has been ready for half an hour and you think you should begin without them. You say: We cisessvseeensn T don’t think they are coming. 59Ce eae Can, could, may, and would: requests, permission, offers, and invitations ja Asking people to do things (requests) WY; ti We often use can or could when we ask someone to Catt gu pm do something: the door, place f Can you wait a moment, please? Kt Ann, can you do me a favor? Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the bus station? | Do you think you could lend me some money? I wonder if you could help me. We also use would to ask someone to do something: Ann, would you do me a favor? Would you wait here, please? Le To ask for something you can say Can I have...?/ Could I have... 2/ May I have... 2: ™ (ina gift shop) Can Ihave these postcards, please? (atthe dinner table) Could Thave the salt, please? Asking for and giving permission We often use can, could, or may to ask permission to do something: = (on the telephone) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please? = “Could [use your telephone?” “Yes, of course.” = “Do you think I could borrow your bicycle?” “Yes, help yourself.” = “May Icome in?” “Yes, please do.” To give permission, we use can or may (but nor could): m You can (or may) smoke if you like. ‘We sometimes use can or may when we offer to do things. (May is more formal.): = “Can I get you a cup of coffee?” “That’s very nice of you.” = (inastore) “May Ihelp you, ma’am?” “No thank you. I’m being helped.” For offering and inviting we use Would you like...? (not do you like): = Would you like a cup of coffee? (not do you like) = Would you like to go to the movies with us tomorrow evening? (not do you like to come) Ld like (= I would like) isa polite way of saying what you want or what you want to d = T’d like some information about hoteis, please. ® I'd like to try on this jacket, please.UNIT 30 Exercises Read the and write what you would say. Use the words given in parentheses Example: You've got a $20 bill, and you need some change. You ask gomebody to help you. (Canyou-..?) .... Canyau. ChBNGCA PAO BM. Boor 1. You want to borrow your friend’s camera. What do you say to him/her? (Could I. . .?) 2. You have a car and you want to give somebody a lift. What do you say? (Can I. 3. You have to go tothe airport, but you don't know how to get there. You aka passerby (Could you...2) 4, You are telephoning the owner of an apartment that was advertised in a newspaper. You are interested in the apartment, and you want to stop by and see it today. (Do you think 1...2) 7 5. You are at a meeting with your boss. You want to smoke a cigarette. What do you ask first? (May I...) 6. You want to leave work early because you have some important things to do. What do you ask your boss? (Do you think I... ?) 7. You want to invite someone to come and stay with you for the weekend. (Would you Wke 26.2) cessor 8. The person in the next room has some music on very loud. How do you ask him politely to turn it down? (Do you think you... ?) EE Decide how to say what you want to sa} Examples: You have to carry some heavy boxes upstairs. Ask someone to help you. Do.youthink you.could give.me.ahand.with these bases? A friend has just come to see you in your apartment. Offer him some coffee or tea. Can LT get you.some.cotfee.ar.tea.2. 1. You want your friend to show you how to change the film in your camera. What do you say to him/her? 2. You're ona train. The woman next to you has finished reading her newspaper. Now you want to look at it. What do you say? 3. You need a match to light your cigarette. You don’t have any, but the man sitting next to you bas some. What do you ask him? 4, There is a concert tonight and you are going with some friends. You think Mary would enjoy it too. Invite her. 5. You're in the post office. You want three airmail stamps. What do you say? 6. Youare sitting on a crowded bus. There is an old lady standing. Offer her your seat. 7. You are having a party next Saturday. Invite your friend Tim. 61Ca aes Have to and must oH We use have to (do) and must (do) to say that it is necessary to do something: = Oh, it’s later than I thought, I {tars | gonow. st have ‘| = You have a passport to visit most foreign countries. must There is sometimes a difference between must and have to. With must the speaker is expressing personal feelings, saying what he or she thinks is necessary: = [must write to Ann. Ihaven’t written to her for ages. (= The speaker personally feels that he or she must write to Ann.) m= The government really must do something about unemployment. (= The speaker personally feels that the government must do something.) With have to the speaker is not expressing feelings. The speaker is just giving facts. For example: m= Karen’s eyes are not very good. She has to wear glasses for reading. = I can’t meet you on Friday. I have to work. fom You use must to talk only about the present and future: = We must go now. 1m Must you leave tomorrow? Have to can be used in all forms. For example: = Thad to go to the hospital. (past) = I might have to go to the hospital. (base form) 1 Have you ever had to go to the hospital? (present perfect) Note that we use do/does/did with have to in questions and negative sentences: = What do I have to do to get a driver’s license? (not “have I to do”) | Why did you have to go to the hospital? (not “thad you to go”) m= Tom doesn’t have to work on Saturdays. (not “hasn’t to work”) [i Mustn’t and don’t have to are completely different. “You mustn’t do something” means “it is necessary that you do not do it”: = You mustn’t tell anyone what I said. (= Don’t tell anyone.) m= I promised I'd be on time. Imustn’t be late. (= I must be on time.) “You don’t have to do something” means “it is not necessary to do it; you don’t need to do it” m= [don’t have to wear a suit to work, but I usually do. = She stayed in bed this morning because she didn’t have to go to work. ul ‘You can use “have got to” instead of “have to.” So you can say: = [ve got to work tomorrow. or [have to work tomorrow. 62UNIT 31. Exercises Complete these sentences with must or have to (in its correct form). Sometimes itis possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible. Examples: Well, it’s 10:00. 1 mmust.(ar. haveta). go now. Tom may . go away next week. We couldn't repair the car ourselves. We . soe take it to a garage. When you come to Houston again, you ... Ann wasn’t feeling well last night. She ... had £2. leave the party early. 1. You really sc... work harder if you want to pass that exam. 2. Some children ... Wear uniforms when they go to school. 3. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We call the doctor. 4. Ann has wear glasses since she was eight years old. 5. P'mafraid I can’t come tomorrow. I. work late. 6. 'msorry I couldn't come yesterday. I work late. 7. 8 9. come and see us. BE Make questions with have to. Example: “Tom had to go to the police station.” “Why did he have tagota che palice Station... a 1. “Linda has to leave tomorrow.” “What time exactly. a 2, “We hel to scrwer alot of questions on the exam” “How many questions 3. “George had to pay a parking fine.” “How much... 4. “Thave to get up early tomorrow.” “Why BB Make negative sentences with have to Example: “Did they change planes?” “No, it wasa direct flight, so they.dédn’t have.ta.change planes...” 1. “Did you pay to get into the concert?” “No, we had free tickets, so we ecssenese 2. “Does Jack shave?” “No, he has a beard, $0... svntnenetenntnnnesenee a 3. “Did you get up early this morning?” “No, it’s my day off, so 4, “Do you work?” “No, I’m extremely rich, so. Ee Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’ t/doesn’t have to. Examples: 1 don't want anyone to know. You..2asty1?6, tell anyone what I said. 1 don’t.ave. ta... weat a suit to work, but I usually do, can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I.... ‘Whatever you do, you touch that switch. It’s very dangerous. YOU were forget what I told you. It’s very important. She .. get up so early. She gets up early because she likes to. We leave yet. We've got plenty of time. vaene 63ice me Should oH Study this example: ‘Tom has just come back from the movies: Ann: Hello, Tom, Did you enjoy the movie? Tom: Yes, it was great. You should go and see it. Tom is advising Ann to go and see the movie. “You should go” means that it would be a good thing to do. We often use should (do) when we say what we think is a good thing to do or the right thing to do, = The government should do something about the economy, = “Should we invite Sue to the party?” “Yes, I think we should.” “You shouldn’t do something” means that it is not a good thing to do: = You've been coughing a lot lately. You shouldn’t smoke so much. = Tom really shouldn’t go out. He has too much homework to do. Should is not as strong as must: = You should stop smoking. (= It would be a good idea.) = You must stop smoking. (= It is necessary that you stop.) We often use should when we ask for or give an opinion about something. Often we use I think / I don’t think / do you think?: ® [think the government should do something about the economy. m= Idon’t think you should work so hard. = “Do you think I should apply for this job?” “Yes, I think you should.” ‘We also use should to say something is not “right” or not what we expect: = The price on this package is wrong. It says 65¢ but it should be 50¢. = Those children shouldn’t be playing. They should be at school. oO For the past, we use should have (done) to say that someone did the wrong thing: m= The party was great. You should have come. Why didn’t you? I feel sick. | shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate. = She shouldn’t have been listening to our conversation. It was private. a We also use should to say that something will probably happen: = A: Do you think you'll be home late tonight? don’t think so. I should be home at the usual time. Here, “I should be home” means “I will probably be home.” You can use should to say what will probably happen. uo ‘You can use ought to instead of should in the sentences in this unit: m It’s really a good movie. You ought to go and see it. = She’s been studying very hard, so she ought to pass the exam. 64UNIT 32 Exercises El You are giving advice to a friend. Use should or shouldn't Example: Your friend is always coughing because he smokes too much. Advise him to stop smoking. - Yau.shauld stop. sraaking. 1. Your friend has a bad toothache. Advise her to go to the dentist. You 2. Your friend rides his bicycle at night without lights. You think this is dangerous. Advise him not to do it. 3. Your friend is going to visit Greece. Advise her to learn a few words of Greek before she goes. Example: Tom has just been offered a job. You think it would be a good idea for him to acceptit. L.think Tom.shaule.accept.the,ja 1. You think it would be a good idea for all drivers to wear seat belts. I think 2. You don’t think it would be a good idea for Jill and Sam to get married. Tosseosstntnnnenene 3. Your friend has a bad cold. Tell him that you think it would be a good idea for him to stay home tonight. - ; Read the situations and write sentences with should (have) and shouldn't (have). Sometimes you have to use the present, sometimes the past. Examples: The speed limit is 55 miles an hour, but Tom is doing 70. He. Shouldn't be driving 30 tast.. When we got to the restaurani there were no empty tables. We hadn't reserved one. We. Should. have. reserved a.table... 1. It's very cold. Mrs. Taylor, who has been sick lately, is standing at the bus stop without a coat. She 2. We went fora walk. While we were walking we got hungry, but we hadn't brought anything with us to eat. We said: We.. 3. [went to Paris. Marcel lives in Paris, but I didn’t go to see him while I was there. When I saw him later, he said: You... 4. The notice says that the store opens every day at 8:30. It is now 9:00, but the store isn’t open. 5. The driver in front of me stopped suddenly without warning, and I drove into the back of her car. It wasn’t my fault. 6. The children normally go to bed at 9:00, It is now 9:30. They are not in bed; they are watching television. (two sentences) . . see 7. The accident happened because Tom was driving on the wrong side of the road. 65ea eee Subjunctive (I suggest you do) tudy this example: Mary said to Pete, “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?” Mary suggested (that) Pete buy some new clothes. ‘The subjunctive is always the same as the base form (I buy, he buy, she buy, etc.). I/he/she/it we/you/they } do/buyibe, ete. You can use the subjunctive after these verbs: suggest propose recommend insist demand Tsuggest (that) you take a vacation, ‘They insisted (that) we have dinner with them. insisted (that) he have dinner with me. He demanded (that) she apologize to him. ‘The doctor recommended (that) I rest for a few days. You can use the subjunctive for the present, past, or future: = Linsist (that) you come with us. m= They insisted (that) I go with them. Note the subjunctive be (usually passive): m Linsisted (that) something be done about the problem. m= The chairperson proposed (that) the plans be changed, @ Other structures are possible after insist and suggest: m= They insisted on my having dinner with them. (see Unit 57a) = Itwas a beautiful evening, so I suggested going for a walk. (see Unit 51) You cannot use the infinitive after suggest: = She suggested that he buy some new clothes. (not suggested him to buy) m= What do you suggest I do? (nor suggest me to do) oO Should is sometimes used instead of the subjunctive, = She suggested that he should buy some new clothes. = The doctor recommended that I should rest for a few days. 66UNIT 33 Exercises 33.1] Write a sentence that means the same as the first sentence. Begin in the way shown. Example: “Why don’t you buy some new clothes?” she said to him. She suggested that Ae. buy.20me. MEW. L/AENES».... 1. “You really must stay a little longer,” she said to me. She insisted that 2. “Why don’t you visit the museum after lunch?” I said to her. Tsuggested that . 3. “I think it would be a good idea to see a specialist,” the doctor said to me. The doctor recommended that 4. “You have to pay the rent by Friday at the latest,” the landlord said to the tenant. ‘The landlord demanded .. . 5. “Why don’t you go away for a few days?” Jack said to me. Jack suggested that . 6. “Let’s have dinner early,” Alice said to us. Alice proposed that . EE Complete these sentences with an appropriate verb. Examples: Isuggest that you ...... 0@K@ . a-vacation. insisted that something [email protected] done about the problem. 1, Our friends recommended that we our vacation in the mountains. 2. You were not invited to the party. I demand that you. the house immediately. 3. The workers at the factory are demanding that their wages .... soso increased. 4, She doesn’t use her car very often, so I suggested that she . itand use the money for something else. 5. You have insulted me! I insist that you . 6 The local council has proposed that a new shopping center . soe built, 7. What do you suggest I to the party? A dress? 8. I didn’t want her to come to the party, but Jack insisted that she cesses invited, Tom is out of shape and his aren made some suggestions: (“ow about doatkng to work Gezts) Write sentences beginning “(Ann) suggested . ..” etc. 1. Ann suggested that. he. gite.up. amaking. 2. Bill suggested that he 3. Sandra suggested 4, Linda... 67Cees If sentences (present/future) Tom: I think [eft my lighter at your house, Have you seen it? Ann: No, but l'lllook. If find it, Ill give it to you In this example there is a real possibility that Ann will find the lighter. So she says: “If T find ...P...”” (see also Unit 9c). Ann: If I found a $100 bill on the street, I would keep it. This is a different type of s imagining the situation. So she say: ri... uation. Annis not thinking about a real possibility; she is “IfT found... I would...” (not “IfT find... When you imagine a future happening like this, you use a past rense form (did/came/found, etc.) after if. But the meaning is not past: = What would you do if you won a million dollars? = If we didn’t go to their party next week, they would be very angry. = Ann wouldn't lend me any money if | asked her. 1 We do not normally use would in the if part of the sentence: = I'd be very frightened if someone pointed a gun at me. (not if someone would point) = Ifwe didn’t go to their party next week, they would be angry. (not if we wouldn’t go) Sometimes it is possible to say if. .. would, especially when you ask someone to do something in a formal way: & would be very grateful if you would send me your brochure and price list as soon as possible. (from a formal letter) In the other part of the sentence (not the if part) we use would/wouldn’t. Would is often shortened to 4, especially in spoken English: Ifyou stopped smoking, you’d probably feel healthier. = They wouldn't come to the party if you invited them. You can also use could and might: = They might be angry if I didn’t visit them. (= perhaps they would be) = Ifit stopped raining, we could go out. (= we would be able to go out) oO Do not use when in sentences like the ones in this unit: = Tom would be angry if I didn’t visit him. (nor when I didn’t visit) = What would you do if you were bitten by a snake? (nor when you were) See also Unit 9c. Forif sentences see also Units 35 and 36. 68UNIT 34 Exercises 34.1] Put the verb into the correct form. Examples: If Lfound a $100 bill on the street, | .Wwoudd. keef........ (keep) it They'd be very angry if you ....@¢aa’t..w/s/t.....(notivisit) them. 1. Ifthe company offered me the job, I think I...... (take) it. 2. I'm sure Liz will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if she ... (refuse). 3. Many people would be out of work if that factory... . (close) down. 4, Ifshe sold her car, she (not/get) much money forit. 5. They're expecting us. They would be disappointed if we ; (not/come). 6. Would George be angry if I... ... (take) his bicycle without asking? 7. Ann gave me this ring. She......... (be) terribly upset if [lost it. 8. Ifsomeone...... (walk) in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened. 9. What would happen ifyou. (not/go) to work tomorrow? 10. I'm sure she : (understand) if you explained the situation to her. BEccn Example: Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money. What. wala. you. da tt sameane.gave. you. lat.of Kenney. 1. Perhaps one day a milionaire wil ak you tomarry him/her. What would you do if 2. Pethaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign county. What 3. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an eee ‘at you. ‘What .... wesc 4. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen. What .... 5. Perhaps one day somebody will pat car on your foot. 34.3] ‘Answer these questions in the way show! Example: Are you going to take the 10:30 train? (we / arrive too early) No. 14.Wé, £00k £06.10: BOL0AL, We, WAKA. BLLIVE TO EBAY coco. 1, Ishe going to take the exam? (he / fail it) No. Ifhe he .. 2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I/ have to invite Linda too) No. If . eesseneensees 3. Are you going to bed now? (L/ not /sleep) No. a 4, Isshe going to apply for the ob? (she /not get it) NO. eocsesscsesnersensenenecsessscanensarsnnassansssensaceneeseersae If and wish sentences (present) Study this example situation: ‘Tom wants to call Sue, but he can’t because he doesn’t know her telephone number. He says: If knew her number, I would call her. | Tom says “If I knew her number... . .”’ This tells us that he doesn’t know her number. | He is imagining the situation. The real situation is that he doesn’t know her number. | When you imagine a situation like this, you use a past tense form (“I did / T had / I knew,” etc.) after if. But the meaning is present, not pa = Tom would travel if he had more money: (but he doesn’t have much money) m If I didn’t want to go, I wouldn’t. (but I want to go) = We wouldn't have any money if we didn’t work, (but we work) We also use the past for a present situation after wish. We use wish to say that we regret something, that something is not as we would like it to be: I wish I knew Sue’s telephone number. (I don’t know it.) Do you ever wish you could fly? (You can’t fly.) I wish it didn’t rain so much in this city. (It rains a lot.) It’s crowded here. I wish there weren’t so many In if sentences and after wish we use were instead of was: = IfI were you, I wouldn’t buy that coat. (but I am not you) = I'd go out if it weren’t raining. (but it is raining) m= [wish my room were larger. (but it isn’t very large) uo Do not use would in the if part of the sentence or after wish: @ If L were rich, I would buy a castle. (not if I would be rich) m= I wish I were taller. (nor I wish I would be taller.) But sometimes I wish.. . . would . . . is possible. See Unit 37. Could sometimes means “would be able to” and sometimes “was able to”: 1 She could (= would be able to) get a job more easily if she could able to) type. was For if sentences and wish see also Units 34, 36, and 37. 70UNIT 35. Exercises Examples: lf .2.Anew.......... T.weuldn't. Bley. . (know) her number, I would call her. (not/buy) that coat if I were you LI ..(give) you a cigarette if I had one, but I'm afraid I don’t. 2. This soup would taste better if it (have) more salt in it. Be TEYOU sorcerer (not/go) to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be so tired ali the time. 4, Iwouldn’t mind living in England if the weather... sone (be) better. 5. Pd help you if] ..(can), but I'm afraid I can’t. 6. If I were you, I........ (not/marry) him. 7. We would gladly buy that house if it ........0..c:-eeneee(not/be) so small. Example: We don’t visit you very often because you live so far away. Butit you. didnt Live so. tar away, We.woald.visit you. raare olen. 1, People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak very clearly. Butifhe ......... - , people... 2. Pm not going to buy that book because it's too expensive. But if that book 3. She doesn't go out very often because she can’t walk without help. But if 4. He’s fat because She doesn’t get any exercise. But... 5, We can’t have lunch outside because it’s raining. 6. Ican’t meet you tomorrow evening because I have to work BEM] Write sentences with I wish... Example: Udon’t know many people (and I’'mlonely). Liwish.Z Anew mare people. Tean’t give up smoking (but I'd like to). Twish T Idon’t have any cigarettes (and I need one). I wish George isn’t here (and Ineed him). I wish George It’s cold (and I hate cold weather). [Wish «oc... Tlive in New York City (and I hate New York City). 1. Tina can’t come to the party (she’s your best friend). I... Thave to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed)... I don’t know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). SIDA aeNE I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that’s a shame). 1Cae If and wish sentences (past) Hi Study this example situation: Last month Ann was sick. Tom didn’t know this, and he didn’t go to see her. They met ] again after Ann got better. Tom said: If Thad known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you. ‘The real situation was that Tom didn’t know Ann was sick. So he says IfThad known... When you are talking about the past, you use the past perfect (I had done /Thad been /I had known, ete.) after if. = If Thad seen you when you passed me in the street, I would have said hello. (but I didn’t see you) = I would have gone out if I hadn’t been so tired. (but I was too tired) = Ifhe had been looking where he was going, he wouldn’t have walked into the wall. (but he wasn’t looking) Do not use would (have) in the if part of the sentence: = If Thad seen you, I would have said hello. (not if I would have seen) Both would and had can be shortened to ’d: m If I'd seen (= had seen) you, I'd have said (= would have said) hello. Use the past perfect (I had done) after wish when you say that you regret something that happened or didn’t happen in the past: ® I wish I had known that Ann was sick. I would have gone to see her. (I didn’t know that she was sick.) = [feel sick. I wish [hadn't eaten so much. (Late too much.) = Do you wish you had studied science instead of languages? (You didn’t study science.) m= The weather was terrible. I wish it had been warmer. (It wasn’t warm.) You cannot use would have after wish: = I wish it had been warmer. (not would have been) Would have (done) is the past form of would (do): ™ IfThad gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (Iam not tired now — present.) = If {had gone to the party last night, I would have seen Ann. (I didn’t see Ann — past.) Might have and could have are possible instead of would have: m Ifwe'd played better, we might have won. (= perhaps we would have won) m= We could have gone out if the weather hadn’t been so bad. (= we would have been able to go out) For if sentences and wish see also Units 34, 35, and 37.UNIT 36 Exercises Put the verb into the correct form. Examples: Uf 1 .... AAA AQUA ......000.000-0--- (Know) that you were sick last week, I'd have gone to see you Tom mouldnt. have taken......(notitake) the exam if he had known that it would be so difficult. 1, Jim got to the bus stop in time. If he ...... sssesren: (miss) the bus, he would have been late for his interview. 2. It’s good that Ann reminded me about Tom's birthday. I (forget) if she hadn’t reminded me. 3. We might not have stayed at this hotel if Debbie (not/recommend) it to us. 4, T'd have sent you a postcard while I was on vacation if 1 (have) your address. EE Read the situation and write a sentence with if. Example: She didn’t eat anything because she wasn't hungry. If she.had. been hungry, she would have.caian something. 1. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly If the driver in front 2. [didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to eet ‘up early HT - 3. Twas able to buy the car because Jim lent me the money. If. 4, She wasn’t in jure in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt. If 5. You're hungry now because you didn’t have breakfast. TE ese 6. She didn’t buy the coat because she didn’t have enough money on her. if ecsnensnenenense 36.3] Imagine that you are in each situation. Make a sentence with Lwish .. Example: You've eaten too much and now you feel sick. Yousay: S.wish L.hada't. ealen.sQ.macn.... 1. You've just painted the door red. Now you decide that it doesn’t look very nice. You say: EwWish I... 2. You are walking in the country. You would like to take some Photographs, but you didn’t bring your camera. You say: T - 3. A good friend of yours visited your town, but unfortunately you were away when he came. So you didn’t see him. You say: 4. You've just come back from your vacation. Everything was fine except for the hotel, which wasn’t very good. You say: sosseeee esetCees Would 4 For would and would have in if sentences (conditional), see Units 34, 35, and 36. For would in offers, invitations, etc., see Unit 30. This unit explains some other uses of would. EW Sometimes we use would after I wish... . Study this example: Itis raining. Tom wants to go out, but not in the rain. He says: I wish it would stop raining. This means that Tom is complaining about the rain and wants it to stop. We use I wish... . would . .. when we want something to happen or somebody to do something. The speaker is complaining about the present situation. Ss ty Be = Lwish someone would answer that telephone. It’s been ringing for about five minutes. m= The music next door is very loud. I wish they would turn it down, We often use I wish .. . wouldn’t to complain about the way people do things: @ I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast. It makes me nervous. We use I wish . .. would when we want something to change or somebody else to do something. So you cannot say “I wish would... ..” For more information about wish, see Units 35 and 36. Would/wouldn’t is sometimes the past of will/won't: present Tom: T’lllend you some money, Ann, past Tom said that he would lend Ann some money. present Ann: I promise I won't be late. past Ann promised that she wouldn’t be late. present Tom: Darnit! The car won't start. past ‘Tom was angry because the car wouldn’t start. Ei You can also use would when you look back on the past and remember things that often happened: When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer, if the weather was nice, we would all get up early and go for a swim. m= Whenever Linda was angry, she would just walk out of the room. Used to is also possible in these sentences: m=... we all used to get up early and go... See Unit 24 for used to.UNIT 37 Exercises Ez Read the situation and then write a sentence with I wish... would... Example: It’s raining. You want to go out, but not in the rain. So you want it to ]ostop raining. What do you say? .Z.wish.ct..wacald step raining... 1. You're waiting for Tim. He’s late and you’re getting impatient. You want him to come. What do yousay? I wish a 2. A baby is crying and you're trying to sleep. You want the baby to stop crying. What do yousay? I...... 3. You're looking for a job ~ so far without success. You want somebody to give you a job. What do you say? I wish somebody 4, Brian has been wearing the same old clothes for years. You think he needs some new clothes, and you want him to buy some. What do you say to him? Es Use I wish... wouldn’t.... Example: Tom drives very fast. You don’t like this. What do you say to him? Amish you. wouldnt drive,$0. fast. : 1. You are telling your friend about the man in the apartment next door. He often plays the piano in the middle of the night, and you don’t like this. What do you say to your friend? 2. A lot of people drop litter in the street. You don’t like this. What do you say? I wish people........-. evseeeee 3. Jane always leaves the door open. You don’t like this. What do you say to her? I se 7 137.3] Write a sentence with promised. Example: | wonder why she’slate. She promised she.wouldialt be lates. 1. Iwonder why Steve hasn’t written to me. He promised 2. Iwonder why Ann told Tom what I said. She promised. 3. Iwonder why they haven't come. They... 37.4] These sentences are about things that often happened in the past. Put in would with one of these verbs: be = -watk- take shake Example: Whenever Carol was angry, she .. Walla. walk, out of the room. 1. We used to live next to a railroad track. Every time a train went past, the whole house . 2. That cafe is nearly always empty now. I remember a few years ago it crowded every night. 3. When he went out, Jack _ always... umbrella with him, whether it was raining or not. an 15Cams In case Hi Study this example situation: Jeffs a soccer referee. He always wears two watches during a game because it is possible that one watch will stop. He wears two watches in case one of them stops. In case one of them stops = “because itis possible that one of them will stop.” Here are some more examples of in case: = John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out in case he calls. (= because it is possible that he will call) ® [’ll draw a map for you in case you can’t find our house. (= because it is possible that you won't be able to find it) Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense when you are talking about the future: = Tdon’t want to go out tonight in case Sue calls. (not “in case she will call”) In case is not the same as if. Compare these sentences: = We'll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we'll buy some more food; if he doesn’t come, we won't buy any more food.) = We'll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (= Perhaps Tom will come; we'll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we'll already have the food if he comes.) Compare: m= This letter is for Ann. Can you give it to her if you see her? m This letter is for Ann, Can you take it with you in case you see her? | d | You can use in case to say why someone did something in the past: m= We bought some more food in case Tom came. (= because it was possible that Tom would come) = [drew a map for her in case she couldn’t find our house. ™ We rang the bell again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time. a “In case of...” is different from in case. In ease of fire means “if there is a fire”: = Incase of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. m Incase of emergency, telephone this number. (= i 16UNIT 38 Exercises om is going for a long walk in the country. He has decided to take these things with him: his camera, some chocolate, an umbrella, a towel, a map, and some lemonade. He is taking these things because: pethaps he'll get thirsty perhaps he'll get lost pethaps he'll want to go swimming perhaps it will rain pethaps he'll want to take some pictures _ perhaps he'll get hungry Now write sentences with in ease saying why Tom has decided to take these things. Example: e's going ta. take. his.camerain.case. he.wants.tatakesome pictures, 1. He’s going to take some chocolate in case 2. He’s going to take. 3. 4 5, Example: It was possible that John would call. So I didn’t go out Ldidnart.g0..aikt.([email protected]... 1. Itwas possible that he would come to Los Angeles one day. So I gave him my address. Tgave him my address in case 2. Itwas possible that I wouldn’t see her again. So I said goodbye. Tsaid feestnnninenntee seosnntnrtnsnttnenseeeeel 3. Itwas possible that her parents were worried about her. So she called them She 4, Itwas possible that I would forget the name of the street. So I wrote it down. 5. It was possible that they hadn't received my first letter. So I wrote them a second letter. Examples: John might call tonight. I don’t want to go out /#a 2&8€... he calls. Could you give this book to Bill you see him? 1, Ihope you'll come to Tokyo sometime. you come, you must visit us. 2. I’ve just painted the door. I'll put a “wet paint” sign next to it someone doesn’t realize the paint is still wet. 3. We have installed a burglar alarm in our house... somebody tries to break in. 4. The alarm will go off. somebody tries to break into the house. 5. Write your name and address on your bag .. you lose it. 6. Goto the lost and found office ..... you lose your bag 7. Lwas advised to arrange for insurance Ineeded medical treatment while I was abroad on vacation.Caen Unless, as long as, and provided/providing (that) Study this example situation: Joe is always listening to music. If you speak to him normally, he can't hear you. If you want him to hear you, you have to shout. Joe can’t hear unless you shout. This means: “Joe can hear only if you shout.” Unless means except if. We use unless to make an exception to something we say. Here are some more examples of unless: m= Don’t tell Ann what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you) m= [ll come tomorrow unless Ihave to work. (= except if I have to work) = I wouldn’t eat between meals unless I were extremely hungry. (= except if I were extremely hungry) We often use unless in warnings: We'll be late unless we hurry. (~ except if we hurry) = Unless you work harder, you're not going to pass the exam. (= except if you work harder) = The thief said he would hit me unless I told him where the money was. (= except if I told him) Instead of unless it is possible to say if. . . not: m= Don’t tell Ann what I said if she doesn’t ask you. m We'll be late if we don’t hurry. oO ‘As long as provided (that) —_ providing (that) ‘These expressions mean but only if: = You can use my car as long as (or so long as) you drive carefully. (= but only if you drive carefully) = Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park. (= but only if you have somewhere to park) m Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the exam. (= but only if, she studies hard) When you are talking about the future, do nor use will with unless, as long as, provided, or providing. Use a present tense: = We'll be late unless we hurry. (not unless we will hurry) = Providing she studies hard . . . (not providing she will study) See Unit 9 for more information about this rule. 8UNIT 39 Exercises Read the sentence and then wi anew sentence with the same meaning. Use unless. Example: You have to study more or you won't pass the exam. You.won't.pass.the, exam.unless.you.study Ore... 1. You should listen carefully or you won't know what to do. You won’t know what to do . esses 2. We have to hurry or we'll miss the train. We'll. 3. You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able to understand you. 4, Thave to get a raise or I'l look for another job. EE Read the sentence with only if and then write a new sentence with unless. Example: Joe can hear only if you shout. Jaé..cann't. NEAL MOESS. YOK SOK. 1. I’m going to the party only if you go too. I’m not going to the party 2. You are allowed into the club only if you are amember. You're not 3. The dog will attack you only if you move. The dog ..... 4, She'll speak to you only if you ask her a question. She Choose the correct word or express mn for each sentence. Example: You can use my car you drive carefully. (“as long as” is correct) as long as unless 1. Pm playing tennis tomorrow | ev iing it rains. unless 2. We're going to start painting the house tomorrow | deal it’s not raining. unless 3. You can smoke in here as long as you leave a window open to let the smoke out. unless 4. George doesn’t trust anyone. He won’tlend you any money} oe as writing to pay him back. you promise in unless 5. The children can stay here providing they don’t make too much noise. | unless 6. Lim going now | royidea| You want me to stay unless 7. Lcan’t understand why he’s late, as long as| he didn’t get our message. 9Cees Passive (1) (be done / have been done) oi Active and passive Study this example: This house was built in 1920. This is a passive sentence. Compare: in 1920. (active) We often prefer the passive when it is not so important, who or what did the action. In this example, it is not so important (or not known) who built the house. Ina passive sentence, if you want to say who did or what caused the action, use by: 1 This house was built by my grandfather. (= my grandfather built it) m= Have you ever been bitten by a dog? (= Has a dog ever bitten you?) oO In passive sentences we use the correct form of be (is/are/was/were/has been, etc.) + the past participle: (be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen For irregular past participles (done/seen/written, etc.) see Appendix 2. For the passive of the present and past tenses see Unit 41. We use the base form (.. . be done, be cleaned, be built, etc.) after modal verbs (will, can, must, etc.) and some other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to). Compare: Active: We can solve _ | this problem. a Passive: [This problem | can be solved. = The new hotel will be opened next year. jcorge might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August. 1e music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away. This room is going to be painted next week Go away! I want to be left alone. oO ‘There is a past form after modal verbs: haye been done / have been cleaned, etc. Active: Somebody should have cleaned | the windows | yesterday. —r Passive: | The windows | should have been cleaned yesterday. = My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen. '§ She wouldn’t have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt. = The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled.UNIT 40 Exercises Complete these sentences with one of the following verbs (in the correct form). arrest wake knock check translate find drive make spend Deaf carry Example: The music at the party was very loud and could . be. earcdl... from far away. 1. A decision will not sce tntil the next meeting. 2. That building is dangerous. It ought to down before it falls down. 3. When you go through Customs, your luggage may... soon BY a Customs officer. 4. Itold the hotel receptionist that I wanted to.... up at 6:30 5. Her new book will probably .. ito a number of foreign languages. 6. Ifyou kicked a police officer, you'd .... eevee 7. The police are looking for the missing boy. He can’t... anywhere. 8. Do you think that less money should....... on the military? 9. The injured woman couldn’t walk and had to .. sen 10. Idon’t mind driving, but I prefer to . by other people. EB] Complete the sentences. This time use these verbs: must ed =~ shouldn’t’ ~— might ~— would Example: Did anyone clean the windows? No. They .socld.have. been cleaned but they weren't. 1. A: Did anyone invite Ann to the party? B: don’t know. She ......ccsssseise . -Tmnotsure. 2. A: Did anyone see you? B: No, but. if it hadn’t been so dark. 3. AD Has someone fixed this machine’ B: Well, it’s working again so it 4. A: Did someone throw those old letters away? B: Yes, but it was a mistake. They... BD eect the sentence and write another sentence with the same meaning. Example: We can solve the problem. The problem ,2a7.4e..£a/ved... 1, People should send their complaints to the main office. Complaints 2. They had to postpone the meeting because of illness. The meeting ...... 3. Somebody might have stolen your car if you had left the keys in it. ‘Your car sesseeee 4. A short circuit could have caused the fire The fire .. 5. They are going to hold next year's convention in San Francisco. Next year’s convention . - 6. They shouldn't have played the soccer match in such bad weather. The soccer match a 81ea ae Passive (2) (present and past tenses) ‘These are the passive forms of the present and past tenses: Simple present _amlis/are + done/cl ‘Active: Somebody cleans { thi ete, room | every day. s cleaned every day. Passive: [This room’ Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving I’m not often invited How many people are injured in car accidents every day? Simple past wasiwere + done/cleaned, etc. ‘Active: Somebody cleaned| this room] yesterday. —————— Passive: [This room | was cleaned yesterday. During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion. ‘When was that castle built? ‘The house wasn’t damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down. Present continuous am/is/are_ being + done/cleaned, etc. Active: Somebody is cleaning [the room] right now. Passive: [The room| is being cleaned right now. Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down, (shop assistant to customer) Are you being helped, ma’am? Past continuous _ wasiwere being + done/eleaned, etc. ‘Active: Somebody was cleaning [the room] when I arrived. Passive: [The room] was being cleaned when I arrived. ‘Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed. Present perfect _havelhas been + done/cleaned, etc. ‘Active: The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned [it. | Passive: ‘The room looks nice. [Tt |has been cleaned. Have you heard the news? The President has been shot. Have you ever been bitten by a dog? T’'m not going to, the party. I haven’t been invited. Past perfect. had been + done/cleaned, etc. ‘Active: The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned [ it. Passive: The room looked much better. [ It ] had been cleaned. Jim didn’t know about the change of plans. He hadn’t been told. 82