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2c 2009 Partial Fractions

1. To decompose rational functions into partial fractions, distinct linear and quadratic factors in the denominator correspond to partial fractions with the form of A/(linear factor) or Ax + B/(quadratic factor). 2. Work through examples resolving partial fractions by setting the original rational function equal to the sum of its partial fractions and comparing/eliminating coefficients. 3. Repeated linear factors in the denominator correspond to the sum of multiple partial fractions with the form of Ai/(linear factor)i.

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323 views

2c 2009 Partial Fractions

1. To decompose rational functions into partial fractions, distinct linear and quadratic factors in the denominator correspond to partial fractions with the form of A/(linear factor) or Ax + B/(quadratic factor). 2. Work through examples resolving partial fractions by setting the original rational function equal to the sum of its partial fractions and comparing/eliminating coefficients. 3. Repeated linear factors in the denominator correspond to the sum of multiple partial fractions with the form of Ai/(linear factor)i.

Uploaded by

fabremil7472
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Fractions

In this chapter, you should recall an appropriate form for expressing


rational functions in partial fractions, and carry out the decomposition,
in cases where the denominator is no more complicated than
(ax + b)(cx + d)(ex + f), (ax + b)(cx + d) 2 , (ax + b)(x 2 + c 2 ) and where the
degree of the numerator does not exceed that of the denominator.

1. Distinct Linear Factors

To every linear factor (ax + b) in the denominator of a proper fraction,


A
there corresponds a partial fraction of the form where A is a
ax + b
constant (in other words do not have any square or cube terms etc).

5(x + 2)
Express as partial fractions.
(x + 1)(x + 6)

We can write this as

5(x + 2) A B
≡ + . So now all we have to do is finding A and B.
(x + 1)(x + 6) x + 1 x + 6

5( x + 2) A( x + 6) + B ( x + 1)
≡ . By comparison or elimination,
( x + 1)( x + 6) ( x + 1)( x + 6)

A = 1, B = 4.

5( x + 2) 1 4
Therefore = +
( x + 1)( x + 6) x + 1 x + 6

2x + 3 1 5 7
1. − +
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x − 2) 6( x + 1 ) 2( x − 1 ) 3(x − 2)

x 2 + 3x + 5 5 3
2. 2
1− +
x + 5x + 6 x+3 x+2

2. Repeated Linear Factors

To every linear factor (ax + b) repeated n times in the denominator, there


corresponds the sum of n partial fractions.

A1 A2 An
+ 2 + …… +
ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b) n

x 2 + 6x + 9
Resolve f(x) = into partial fractions.
( x − 3) 2 ( x + 5)

x 2 + 6x + 9 A B C
≡ + + .
( x − 3) ( x + 5) ( x − 3) ( x − 3) x+5
2 2

15 9 1
By comparison or elimination, A = , B = , C =
16 2 16
4x − 9 4 3
1. +
( x − 3) 2 x −3 2
(x − 3)
4x − 1 1 1 7 9
2. 2 2 − + + +
x ( x − 4) x 2 16( x − 2) 16( x + 2)
4x

3. Distinct Quadratic Factors

To every quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c in the denominator, there


Ax + B
corresponds a partial fraction of the form
ax 2 + bx + c

2x 2 + x − 3
Express in partial fractions.
( x + 1)(2 x 2 + 3 x − 4)

2x 2 + x − 3 A Bx + C
≡ +
( x + 1)(2 x + 3 x − 4) x + 1 (2 x + 3 x − 4)
2 2

2 6 7
By comparison or elimination, A = , B = ;C = −
5 5 5

3x − 4 7 1 x−8
1. − −
( x − 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 2)
2
10 ( x + 1) 2(x − 1) 2
5 ( x − 2x + 2)

1− x 1 1 x −1
2. − + +
x ( x 2 + 4)
2
4x 2 2
4x 4 (x + 4 )

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