Call for and Adjust Indirect Fire

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The Process

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Terminal Learning Objective

Action: Adjust Indirect Fire Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standard: Understand basic Call for Fire terminology and concepts. Achieve a minimum of 70% on a written test.

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References
Number
Navigation FM 6-30 Tactics, Techniques, Procedures for Observed Fire July 91

Title

Date
May 93

Para no.
Chap 4, para 4-5 and 4-6 Chap 3, Sec 1; Chap 4, Sec 1; Chap 5 Sec 1 and 2.

FM 21-26 Map Reading and Land

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Administrative Notes
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS RISK ASSESSMENT ENVIRON. CONSIDERATIONS EVALUATION NONE LOW NONE YES

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Enabling Learning Objective 1

Action: Review Map reading skills Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standards: Correctly identify a 6 digit grid coordinate with a standard issue military protractor and map

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Can you read a map?

If you cannot read a standard military map you will not be able to call for and adjust fire on the enemy!
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Brief Map Reading Review

The protractor is your friend!

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Where am I?
What is the grid coordinate? Answer:115813
2nd step

1st step

3rd step

4th step
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Enabling Learning Objective 2

Action: Understand common Observer terms used for Call of Fire / Adjust Indirect Fire Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standards: Determine the call for fire within 3 minutes without error.

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Approval
The maneuver commander is the approving authority for the fire support plan. The S3 and FSO only make recommendations as staff officers.

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Call for Fire

A call for fire is a request for fire. It is a concise message prepared by you, the observer. It contains the required information needed by the FDC to determine the method of target attack. It must be sent quickly and clearly enough that it can be understood, recorded and read back to you without error by the FDC recorder.
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Call for Adjust Fire

A call to adjust fire is also a request for fire.

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Adjust Fire
When the observer believes that an adjustment must be made because of questionable target location, he announces ADJUST FIRE.

Z57 this is H71 Adjust Fire, Over

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Fire for Effect (FFE)

The observer should always strive for first-round FFE. The accuracy required to fire for effect depends on the accuracy of target location and the ammunition being used. When the observer is certain that the target location is accurate and desired effect on the target requires little or no adjustment, he announces FIRE FOR EFFECT.

Example:
Z57 this is H71 Fire for Effect, Over
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The Six Elements

Observer Identification.
First Transmission

Warning Order. Target Location. Target Description. Method of Engagement. Method of Fire and Control.
Third Transmission Second Transmission

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Observer Identification
This element of the call for fire tells the FDC who is calling for fire. This is like your name, Using his name first. Example
His name is Z57 Your name is H71
The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

Z57 this is H71

Warning Order
The warning order clears the net for the fire mission and tells the FDC the type of mission and the type of target location that will be used. The warning order consists of the type of mission, the size of the element to fire for effect, and the method of target location. It is a request for fire unless prior authority has been given to order fire.
The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

Target / Target Location

Point or object suitable for attack (planned/opportunity, point / area, soft / hard) Where is the target? Three methods (only 2 for class)
Grid Polar
The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

Target Description?
1. What is the target? ( troops, equipment, trucks). 2. What the target is doing? (digging in). 3. The number of elements in the target. (squad, platoon, three trucks). 4. Degree of protection (in open, in foxhole). 5. The target size and shape, if significant. Does this look like an intelligence report?
The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

Method of Engagement
Limited to danger close and requesting specific ammunition for classroom purpose. Danger Close: within 600 meters of friendly units
The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

Method of Fire and Control

This tells the supported unit how you want to attack the target Time of Target At my Command Check Fire

The Six Elements Observer Identification Warning Order Target Location Target Description Method of Engagement TSP 061-D-6003 Method of Fire and Control 0502, Phase II, OCS

The Six Elements

Observer Identification.
First Transmission

Warning Order. Target Location. Target Description. Method of Engagement. Method of Fire and Control.
Third Transmission Second Transmission

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Danger Close
If you are firing within 600 meters of friendly troops you should tell the supporting unit by announcing DANGER CLOSE in the fire command. Included in Method in Engagement

600 METERS

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Known Point
Point known to both observer and FDC

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Observer Target Line

Imaginary line extending from the observer to, through, and beyond, the target

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MIL
MIL: A unit of measure (or direction) used primarily for artillery, tank and mortar gunnery. 6400 MILS on a protractor. 6400 MILS = 360 degrees

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8 Cardinal Directions: MILS

NW 5600 MILS N 6400 MILS NE 800 MILS

W 4800 MILS

E 1600 MILS

SW 4000 MILS

S 3200 MILS

S E 2400 MILS
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Correction Terms
Range Corrections: (Y Axis) ADD (+) Used to denote and increase in horizontal distance DROP (-) Used to denote a decrease in horizontal distance
5 4 3 2 1

Range Correction: along Y Axis

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

X
1 23 4 5

Lateral Deviations Corrections: (X Axis) RIGHT (R) Used to denote a leteral shift to the right LEFT (L) Use to denote a lateral shift to the left
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Lateral Deviation Corrections: along X Axis

OT Factor
The OT factor is used to determine corrections for deviation and height. Estimate the distance (or scale it from a map) from your position to the target. Express the distance to the nearest one thousand meters. Then divide by 1,000. The result is the OT factor.
Distance = 1100 = 1000/1000 = 1 OT Factor
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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: Who approves the fire support plan? Answer: The maneuver commander

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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: What is adjust fire? Answer: A call for fire is a concise message prepared by the you, the observer. It contains all information needed by the FDC to determine the method of target attack. It must be sent quickly and clearly enough that it can be understood, recorded and read back to you without error by the FDC recorder.
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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: What is a known point? Answer: Point known to both observer and FDC

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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: The target description is the same as a what? Answer: Intelligence report

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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: What is the OT Line? Answer: Imaginary line extending from observer to, through, and beyond, the target

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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: What is a MIL? How many mils in 360 degrees Answer: A unit of measure 6400

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Check on Learning: ELO #2

Question: What is the OT factor? Answer: The OT factor is used to determine corrections for deviation and height. Estimate the distance (or scale it from a map) from your position to the target. Express the distance to the nearest one thousand meters. Then divide by 1,000. The result is the OT factor.
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Enabling Learning Objective 3

Action: Determine Call for fire Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standards: Determine the call for fire within 3 minutes without error.

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The Whole Process

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The Six Elements

Observer Identification.
First Transmission

Warning Order. Target Location. Target Description. Method of Engagement. Method of Fire and Control.
Third Transmission Second Transmission

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Example Using the Six Elements - Call for Fire (1st Round) 1st: Observer ID and WO
OBSERVER: T2F18 this is T2F24, Over Grid ZA123456, 155 degree,Over 3 Tanks and 3 BMPs in the open, DPICM in effect, at my command over I authenticate Charlie, out

2nd: Target Location

FIST / FDC T2F24 this is T2F18, Out Grid ZA123456, 155 degree, Out 3 Tanks and 3 BMPs in the open, DPICM in effect, at my command out, authenticate Papa Bravo

3rd: Target description, method of engagement of fire and control

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Target Location: Grid Mission

The location of the target will be given in a six or eight digit grid including the Grid Zone Identifier. Include a direction from you to the target in mils, degrees or a cardinal direction. Considered the standard method of target location Example of directions 2400 mils Mils is always assumed

Southwest 70 degrees
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Target Location: Polar Mission

The word POLAR alerts the FDC that the target will be located with respect to the observer's location. Supporting unit MUST know your location A polar plot is an azimuth (direction) and a distance from your location to the target Distance can be:
Estimate Using a map
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Corrections of Errors
You must minimize errors If an error is made during transmission you must announce CORRECTION and then transmit to correct information
Example: The observer transmitted LEFT 200, ADD 400, OVER. He then realizes that he should have sent DROP 400. To correct this element, he sends CORRECTION LEFT 200, DROP 400, OVER. The FDC must read back the entire subelement back to the observer.
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Call for Fire, GRID: Example 1

You see 2 tanks in the tree line at grid AJ560812. Direction to the tanks is 155 degrees at a distance of 2000 meters. Your call sign is H99 and FDC is B39. Formulate your call for fire. Answer: B39 THIS IS H99, ADJUST FIRE, OVER. GRID AJ560812, DIRECTION 155 DEGREES, OVER. 2 TANKS IN TREE LINE,OVER.
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Call for Fire, GRID: Example 2

You have a squad of infantry soldiers moving on your position at grid AK307998. They are Northwest from your OP at about 500 meters. You are N24 and the FDC is R81. Formulate your call for fire. R81 THIS IS N24, ADJUST FIRE, OVER. GRID AK307998, DIRECTION NW, OVER. INFANTRY SQUAD IN THE OPEN, DANGER CLOSE, OVER.
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Call for Fire, POLAR: Example 3

You see a company assembly area in a valley. The distance to the target 3000 meters at a direction of 1730 mils. Your call sign G81 and FDC is P66. Formulate your call for fire. P66 THIS IS G81, POLAR, OVER. DIR 1730, DIS 3000, OVER. COMPANY ASSEMBLY AREA IN THE OPEN, OVER.
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Message to Observer
After the FDC receives the call for fire, it determines how the target will be attacked. The decision is announced to the observer in the form of a message to observer or MTO. The MTO consists of 4 items:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Units to fire Changes to the call for fire Number of rounds Target number
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MTO Example
The battalion call sign is A8T36. Battery A call sign is R6G36. No changes to the call for fire are made. FDC wants to shoot 4 rounds per tube and wants to shoot VT (Variable Time). The MTO would be: T, G,: VT IN EFFECT, 4 ROUNDS, OVER. The observer reads back the MTO: T, G,: VT IN EFFECT, 4 ROUNDS, OUT.
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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: How many transmissions are in the call for fire? Answer: 3 Transmissions 1. Observer identification and warning order 2. Target location 3. Target description, method of engagement method of fire and control.
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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: What are two ways that you can give the direction to the target? Answer: Grid coordinates Polar plot

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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: What are the elements for a Call for Fire? Answer: Observer identification Warning order Target location Target description Method of engagement Method of fire and control.
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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: What is the difference between a GRID mission and a POLAR Mission? Answer: Grid: location of the target with direction from you to the target Polar: Supporting unit MUST know your location. A polar plot is an azimuth (direction) and a distance from your location to the target
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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: What are the 4 items given to the observer in the message to observer? Answer: What unit will fire your mission Changes made to your call for fire The number of rounds that will be fired in effect on your target The target number assigned to your target.
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Check on Learning: ELO #3

Question: Why does the FO send the FDC the direction to the target? Answer: To orient the FDC to the observers view of the target

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Enabling Learning Objective 4

Action: Determine required round corrections Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standards: Determine the call for fire within 3 minutes without error.

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Determine Corrections
OT Factor Range Spotting Deviation Spotting 1: Binoculars Deviation Spotting 2: Hand Measurements

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OT Factor
The OT factor is based on the distance from you (your location) to the target and is used to compute the lateral deviation correction that you are going to send to FDC.

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Computing OT Factor
Distance to target: 4200 meters Distance expressed to the nearest thousand: 4000 Divide by 1000 = OT factor of 4

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Range Spotting
Over correction is DROP Left correction is RIGHT Right correction is LEFT The corrections are made in the opposite direction of the spotting based where they land relative to the OT Line

OT Line

Short correction is ADD

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Deviation Spotting 1: Binoculars

Using the Reticle Pattern on the Binos. This example shows that the round has impacted 50 mils to the LEFT of the target

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Deviation Spotting 1: Binoculars (another way of looking at it)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

5 43 2 1

1 23 4 5

5 43 2 1

1 23 4 5

TARGET IS 50 MILS RIGHT

TARGET IS 30 MILS LEFT

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Deviation Spotting 2: Hand Measurement

A = target, B = Location of round

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Check on Learning: ELO #4

Question: What are the 4 methods to determine correction Answer: OT Factor Range Spotting Deviation Spotting 1: Binoculars Deviation Spotting 2: Hand Measurements
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Check on Learning: ELO #4

Question: How do you calculate OT Factor? Answer: Distance to target in meters Distance expressed to the nearest thousand Divide by 1000 = OT factor

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Check on Learning: ELO #4

Question: What is the spacing in MILS between recticle lines in binos? Answer: 10 mils

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Check on Learning: ELO #4

Question: What is the distance in MILS if two fingers are used to adjust fire? Answer: 70 Mils

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Enabling Learning Objective 5

Action: Determine round adjustments Conditions: Provide instruction using PowerPoint in a classroom setting Standards: Determine the call for fire within 3 minutes without error.

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Range Corrections 1: Bracketing

1st Correction: add/drop 400 2nd Correction: add/drop 200 3rd Correction: add/drop 100 4th Correction: add/drop 50 FIRE FOR EFFECT When you make the first correcting for RANGE you are attempting to BRACKET - use the a 400 meter bracket rule We want to bracket the target by having one round over and one round short. If the first round impacted over the target, the correction would be DROP 400.
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OT Line

st Range Correction Bracketing: 1

1st round is over target Correction: Drop 400

OT Line
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nd Range Correction Bracketing: 2

2nd round is under target Correction: Add 200

OT Line
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rd Range Correction Bracketing: 3

3nd round is over target Correction: Drop 100

OT Line
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th Range Correction Bracketing: 4

4nd round is under target Correction: Add 50, Fire for Effect
You will receive 6 to 8 rounds impacting the target

OT Line
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Range Corrections with Lateral Deviation Corrections Putting it all together

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Using the OT Factor

The distance to the target is 2200 meters OT Factor: 2200/1000 = 2.2 2 Round impacted 50 mils LEFT of the target Correction is: 50 mils * 2 (OT Factor) = 100 There is no lateral deviation if: (Mils * OT ) < 30
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st Correction 1

The distance to the target is 2200 meters. The 1st round impacted ABOVE & 50 mils to the RIGHT of the target. What is your correction?
Deviation Range correction

LEFT 100
OT Line

DROP 400 2
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OT = 2200/1000=2.2 2x50 = 100

nd Correction 2

The 2nd round impacted 30 mils to the LEFT and BELOW the target. What is your correction?
Deviation Range correction

OT Line
Distance to target: 2200 meters

RIGHT 60 ADD 200 OT = 2200/1000=2.2 2 2x30 = 60

TSP 061-D-6003 0502, Phase II, OCS

3rd Correction
The 3rd round impacted 10mils to the LEFT and ABOVE the target. What is your correction?
Deviation Range correction

NONE DROP 100 OT = 2200/1000=2.2 2 2x10 = 20

OT Line
Distance to target: 2200 meters

Remember: There are no deviations if (Mils * OT ) < 30

TSP 061-D-6003 0502, Phase II, OCS

4th Correction
Your correction for the 4th round will be ADD 50 FFE
Deviation Range correction

NONE

ADD 50

You will receive 6 to 8 rounds impacting the target

OT Line

Lastly, send OEM to FDC and state what occurred (killed, no effect, etc.)
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Check on Learning: ELO #5

Question: What is the distance you always want to use when bracketing a target? Answer: 400 meters

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Check on Learning: ELO #5

Question: FFE will usually consist of how many rounds? Answer: 6 to 8

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Check on Learning: ELO #5

Question: How do you calculate OT Factor? Answer: Distance to target in meters Distance expressed to the nearest thousand Divide by 1000 = OT factor

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Summary
Review Map reading skills common Observer terms Determine Call for fire Determine required round corrections Determine round adjustments

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Questions

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Conclusion
Not knowing Call for Fire / Adjust for fire when you need it will have devistating effects on your unit. You are the leader! Do not let that happen

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