0% found this document useful (0 votes)
161 views16 pages

Saddam Hussein Did He Have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010

- The document discusses whether Saddam Hussein's Iraq had weapons of mass destruction programs prior to the 2003 US invasion. It provides evidence that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons programs in the 1980s during the Iran-Iraq war, using weapons like mustard gas against Iran and killing thousands of Kurds. It also discusses how the US exported dual-use technologies to Iraq in the 1980s that aided their WMD programs.

Uploaded by

api-162489559
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
161 views16 pages

Saddam Hussein Did He Have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010

- The document discusses whether Saddam Hussein's Iraq had weapons of mass destruction programs prior to the 2003 US invasion. It provides evidence that Iraq had chemical and biological weapons programs in the 1980s during the Iran-Iraq war, using weapons like mustard gas against Iran and killing thousands of Kurds. It also discusses how the US exported dual-use technologies to Iraq in the 1980s that aided their WMD programs.

Uploaded by

api-162489559
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction?

Dee Leggett 11/9/2010

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 [W]e urge you, after consulting with Congress, and consistent with the U.S. Constitution and laws, to take necessary actions (including, if appropriate, air and missile strikes on suspect Iraqi sites) to respond effectively to the threat posed by Iraqs refusal to end its weapons of mass destruction programs. Letter to President Clinton, signed by Sens. Carl Levin, Tom Daschle, John Kerry, and others Oct. 9 1998.1 The question of Iraq having a Weapons of Mass Destruction Program before the invasion in 2003 has been debated for quite some time. There is overwhelming evidence that Iraq did in fact have a WMD program because there are records of many nations that sold the components of his chemical and biological programs to him to support his effort against Iran. These nations and even the companies themselves were concerned about their proposed use. So the debate then becomes what the condition of the program was in just before the invasion 2003. The countries of Iran and Iraq have been fighting for centuries and long before each were their current nations. The Iraqis inherited the Persian Empire and the Iranians inherited the Babylonian Empire. Not only has the fighting between Persian and Arab ideals, the land that separates them, their resources, their access to the Persian Gulf but also their Islamic traditions; Sunni versus Shia. Other scholars have debated that it was the difference in their races Aryan versus Semitic heritage. Whatever the reason the weapons used by Iraq were devastating and exceptionally cruel; in particular those used by Saddam Hussein.

"CONCERN OVER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAQ (Senate - October 09, 1998)." Library of Congress THOMAS. October 9, 1998. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/query/F?r105:1:./temp/~r105IBvhvM:e0:. 2

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr appointed Saddam Hussein, his cousin, to the position of Vice President, deputy head of the Revolution Command Council (RCC), and chief interlocutor with the Kurds after a bloodless coup in 1968. President Al-Bakr resigned and was succeeded by Vice President Saddam Hussein July 16, 1979. In 1979 the U.S. State Department listed Iraq as a sponsor of terrorism.2 On September 17, 1980 Saddam Hussein attacked Iran allegedly over Shatt al-Arab, which Iraq signed over to Iran in 1975.3

In 1982 the Iraqis used riot control agents to repel Iranian attacks. They progressed to chemical warfare in 1983 with the use of mustard gas and 1984 with tabun. They had begun their research into the use of chemical and biological weapons in 1971 and in the 1980s began batch production. In the early stages and throughout the program they relied on the import of precursor

U.S. Depart of State. "Timeline: Saddam Hussein's Iraq." Almanac of Policy Issues. October 2002. http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/iraq_timeline.shtml.
3

Ibid. 3

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 chemicals and biological strains.4 The import of these precursors is significant in terms of whether or not we knew they had a Weapons of Mass Destruction program prior to the 2003 attack. They continued to use chemical and biological weapons until the end of the Iran Iraq War in 1988. Reports of the use of chemical and biological agents were made in the 1980s. In 1982 President Reagan without consulting congress removed Iraq from the State Sponsorship terrorism list. This made Iraq eligible for dual-use and military technology support.5 Donald Rumsfeld, who was President Fords defense secretary and now an envoy to President Reagan, discussed the use of chemical weapons with Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz on his 1983 trip to Iraq, "made clear that our efforts (U.S.) to assist were inhibited by certain things that made it difficult for us, citing the use of chemical weapons, possible escalation in the Gulf, and human rights." By Rumsfelds second trip in 1984, the U.S. had publicly condemned the use of chemical weapons by Iraq. They were used on Iranians and also Shia supporters within Iraq. They were used on the Shia and Kurdish rebels on a daily basis.6

Pike, John. "Chemical Weapons Programs: History." Federation of American Scientists. November 8, 1998. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/program.htm.
5

Hurd, Nathaniel. "U.S. Diplomatic and Commercial Relationships with Iraq, 1980 - 2 August 1990." Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq. July 15, 2000. http://www.casi.org.uk/info/usdocs/usiraq80s90s.html#three.
6

"Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein:The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82." George Washington University The National Security Archive. February 25, 2003. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/. 4

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010

One of Saddams closest military advisors and first cousins was Ali Hassan al-Majid. In March of 1987 Majid became Secretary General of the Northern Bureau of the Ba'ath Party. He was supportive in Saddams campaign against the Shia, Kurds, Kuwaitis and Baath party members who opposed the regime. One of the most notable campaigns was Al-Anfal, meant to wipe out Kurdish rebels who sought independence. Majid led this campaign, at this time he was already known as Chemical Ali, and killed 5,000 Kurds by poison gas in 1988 at Halabja.7

In 1990 President George H. W. Bush put Iraq back on the State Support of Terrorism list. In October 1992, the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, which has Senate
7

Hider, James. "Chemical Ali executed for Halabja massacre." The Times. January 26, 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article7001810.ece. 5

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 oversight responsibility for the Export Administration Act (EAA), held an Inquiry into the U.S. export policy to Iraq prior to the Persian Gulf War. During that hearing it was learned that UN inspectors identified many U.S.- manufactured items exported pursuant to licenses issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce that were used to further Iraq's chemical and nuclear weapons development and missile delivery system development programs. Veterans of the Gulf War were complaining of several illnesses and talked about possible exposure to chemical and biological they encountered in Iraq and Kuwait. In 1993 several of these veterans testified before the Senate Committee on Armed Services. In 1994 Senate Banking Committee Chairman Donald W. Riegle Jr. began to research the possibility that there must be a connection between the Iraqi chemical, biological, and radiological warfare research and development programs and a mysterious illness which was then being reported by thousands of returning Gulf War veterans. On May 25, 1994 a hearing was held in regards to U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Gulf War; A Report of Chairman Donald W. Riegle, Jr. and Ranking Member Alfonse M. D'Amato of the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs with Respect to Export Administration, United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session.8 What Senator Riegle discovered was very disconcerting. The report goes on to explain their findings in regards to biologicals sold and sent to Iraq.

"Hearing. UNITED STATES DUAL-USE EXPORTS TO IRAQ AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR VETERANS." GulfLink. May 25, 1994. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/hearing/hearing_toc.htm. 6

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 The Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs has oversight responsibility for the Export Administration Act. Pursuant to the Act, Committee staff contacted the U.S. Department of Commerce and requested information on the export of biological materials during the years prior to the Gulf War. After receiving this information, we contacted a principal supplier of these materials to determine what, if any, materials were exported to Iraq which might have contributed to an offensive or defensive biological warfare program. Records available from the supplier for the period from 1985 until the present show that during this time, pathogenic (meaning "disease producing"), toxigenic (meaning "poisonous"), and other biological research materials were exported to Iraq pursuant to application and licensing by the U.S. Department of Commerce.9 Some of the biological agents licensed by the U.S. Department of Commerce and provided by the American Type Culture Collection were Bacillus Anthracis, Clostridium Botulinum, Histoplasma Capsulatum, Brucella Melitensis, Clostridium Perfringens. In addition, several shipments of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) and genetic materials, as well as human and bacterial DNA, were shipped directly to the Iraq Atomic Energy Commission. UNSCOM reported to Committee staff that a biological warfare inspection (BW3) was conducted at the Iraq Atomic Energy Commission in 1993. This suggests that the Iraqi government may have been

"U.S. Chemical and Biological Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War Committee Staff Report No. 3: Chemical Warfare Agent Identification, Chemical Injuries, and Other Findings." GulfLINK. October 7, 1994. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/staff_report/staff_report_toc.ht m. 7

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 experimenting with the materials cited above (E. Coli and rDNA) in an effort to create genetically altered microorganisms (novel biological warfare agents).10 Iraq also had a well established chemical warfare program. In 2006 the Permanent Representative of Iraq wrote to the Acting Executive Chairman of UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission released an account of Iraqs chemical weapons program stating that, the Government of Iraq intended to accede to the Chemical Weapons Convention. In the account it is listed that: According to declarations made by Iraq, in the period from 1981 to 1991 the chemical weapon programme produced approximately 3,850 tons of the chemical warfare agents mustard, tabun, sarin and VX, the report states.

Of the total of some 3,850 tons of chemical warfare agents produced, approximately 3,300 tons of agents were weaponized in different types of aerial bombs, artillery munitions and missile warheads.11

These weapons were used in the invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The invasion of Kuwait was met with immediate condemnation and the UN placed economic sanctions on Iraq and led up to

10

"U.S. Chemical and Biological Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War Committee Staff Report No. 3: Chemical Warfare Agent Identification, Chemical Injuries, and Other Findings." GulfLINK. October 7, 1994. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/staff_report/staff_report_toc.ht m. "UN releases report on Iraqs chemical weapons programme." UN News Centre. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18714&Cr=iraq&Cr1
11

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 the Persian Gulf War. A full trade embargo with the exception of medical and humanitarian supplies went into effect. It was during this war that troops became aware of more munitions and stored cw/bw agents. Illnesses arising from their exposure were investigated by Senator Riegle, Jr. Exposure came from and was not limited to the destruction of storage facilities, manufacturing facilities, munitions and contact with people exposed. After the Gulf war the UN Secretary-General dispatched an inter-agency mission to assess the humanitarian needs arising in Iraq and Kuwait.12 While the US vetoed the lifting of the embargo because Iraq would not comply with weapons verification, the UN moved forward in creating the Oil-for-Food Program. Resolution 986: On 14 April 1995, acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Security Council adopted resolution 986, establishing the "oil-for-food" programme, providing Iraq with another opportunity to sell oil to finance the purchase of humanitarian goods, and various mandated United Nations activities concerning Iraq. The programme, as established by the Security Council, is intended to be a "temporary measure to provide for the humanitarian needs of the Iraqi people, until the fulfillment by Iraq of the relevant Security Council resolutions, including notably resolution 687 (1991) of 3 April 1991". The Oil-for-Food Program was terminated in late 2003 prior to the Operation Iraqi Enduring Freedom. Investigations into the program by the United States, United Nations and Iraqi officials revealed that Saddam Hussein had manipulated the program. Iraq illicitly sold oil

12

"Letter Dated Mar 20 1991 From the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council." United Nations. Mar 20, 1991. http://www.un.org/Depts/oip/background/reports/s22366.pdf. 9

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 to some neighboring countries from 1990 to 2003 in violation of U.N. sanctions that predated and remained outside of the auspices or control of the U.N. OFFP. Second, Iraq allegedly exploited loopholes in U.N. OFFP regulations to impose surcharges on buyers purchasing OFFPapproved oil shipments and to solicit kickbacks from suppliers of humanitarian and other civilian goods purchased with funds from the U.N. OFFP escrow account. It is believed that some of the illicit funds were used to purchase banned military supplies and commodities.13

President George W. Bush began making it publicly known the dangers we face as a nation that Saddam Hussein possibly has nuclear weapons. The UN not liking the rhetoric Bush was using put more pressure on Saddam Hussein to let in UN Inspectors. In 2002, United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) headed by Hans Blix began searching for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and eventually concluded that there were none.14 Former inspector Scott Ritter also denied that Iraq had any WMDs.15 But the Bush administration was adamant and they had proof in the form of a document from Nigeria that Hussein wanted to purchase aluminum tubes. However, the said document turned out to be a blatant forgery. So why was it relied upon?

13

Katzman, Kenneth, and Christopher M. Blanchard. "Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, and Investigations." Federation of American Scientists. June 4, 2005. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL30472.pdf.
14

MacAskill, Ewen. "Blix insists there was no firm weapons evidence." The Guardian. April 28, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/apr/28/iraq.iraq.
15

Calabresi, Massimo. "Exclusive: Scott Ritter in His Own Words." Time Magazine. September 14, 2002. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,351165,00.html. 10

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 During this time in the administration the filters that have been in place as far as intelligence analysis and vetting had been discarded. Those in power to make decisions and influence wanted the broadest picture of what was going on, in other words the raw intelligence. This is known in the intelligence community as Stovepiping. One of the biggest influencers and played a vital role to the run up to the war was Ahmed Chalabi. Ahmed Chalabi was a Shiite member of the Iraq National Congress and an opponent of Saddam Hussein. Chalabi had helped the Bush Administration make its case against Saddam, in part by disseminating the notion that the Baathist regime had maintained stockpiles of biological and chemical weapons, and was poised to become a nuclear power.16 In President Bushs attempt to sell the war to the country he mentions that they have information from an important defector. The defector was Rafid Ahmed Alwan codename Curveball. Alwan arrived in 1999 at a German refugee center and it is believed that he used the story of Saddam Hussein having mobile biological lab units in order to gain asylum.17 This unsubstantiated information; Chalabi, Alwan and the Nigerian document were enough to tip the scales in favor of war. The Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 was also cited for a reason to take military action. In 2003 we returned to Iraq to oust Saddam Hussein.

As news came to light that there were many discrepancies between the push to go to war by the Bush administration and the actual intelligence, investigations into the claim that Iraq had WMDs took place. In September of 2004, the Iraq Survey Group (ISG) published their findings

16

Mayer, Jane. "The Manipulator." The New Yorker. June 7, 2004. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/06/07/040607fa_fact1.
17

Drumheller, Tyler, interview by Bob Simon. Faulty Intel Source "Curve Ball" Revealed (November 4, 2007). 11

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 in the Duelfer Report. While they did not find any evidence of WMDs in Iraq they did not dismiss the possibility of weapons being moved into Syria. They also found that Saddam did want to recreate the WMD program. He wanted to create a nuclear program but concentrated his efforts on a ballistic and tactical chemical warfare program.18 In October of 2005, another analysis was completed; the Volcker Report came out discussing the fraud and abuse in the Oil for Food Program.19 While this did not report on the possibilities of WMDs it did show that there was plenty of financing to fund a program. Iraq did have a very prominent WMD program before the Persian Gulf War. During this war the program was decimated, not only by unified forces but also the UNs program to disarm Saddam Hussein. I believe though that Saddam did have the desire to rebuild a program and also had the funding. The main issue is that what he wanted was very different from what he had at the time and this is the crux of it all. It is negligent or worse to bet someone elses life on what one believes is a possibility. While it is stated that Hussein wanted to abide by the UN to lift sanctions, I have some doubts as to the motivation of some members in the UN who had direct influence over the program. Some serious conflict of interest issues have been brought to light by the Volcker Report. There is also rumor that Ahmed Chalabi was actually a double agent spreading disinformation from Iran. It seems as though George W. Bush was manipulated not only by Iran but possibly by those of his closest advisors on the matter. One might question their
18

Duelfer, Charles. "Comprehensive Report of the DCI Special Advisor Report on Iraq's WMD." Central Intelligence Agency. September 30, 2004. https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/generalreports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/index.html.
19

Volcker, Paul. "Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime." Federation of American Scientists. October 27, 2005. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL30472.pdf. 12

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 motivation when they have so much to gain financially from the conflict. I also think that we were not prepared for this war. We wanted Saddam Hussein out of office but it doesnt seem that we took a good look at what we would do after that and how much of a role neighboring countries would take both strategically and financially.

Bibliography American Type Culture Collection. http://www.atcc.org/. Calabresi, Massimo. "Exclusive: Scott Ritter in His Own Words." Time Magazine. September 14, 2002. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,351165,00.html. "CONCERN OVER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAQ (Senate - October 09, 1998)." Library of Congress THOMAS. October 9, 1998. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgibin/query/F?r105:1:./temp/~r105IBvhvM:e0:. Drumheller, Tyler, interview by Bob Simon. Faulty Intel Source "Curve Ball" Revealed (November 4, 2007). Duelfer, Charles. "Comprehensive Report of the DCI Special Advisor Report on Iraq's WMD." Central Intelligence Agency. September 30, 2004. https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/generalreports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/index.html. "Hearing. UNITED STATES DUAL-USE EXPORTS TO IRAQ AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE HEALTH OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR VETERANS." GulfLink. May 25, 1994. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/hearing/hearing_toc.htm.

13

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 Hider, James. "Chemical Ali executed for Halabja massacre." The Times. January 26, 2010. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article7001810.ece. Hiltermann, Joost R. "America Didn't Seem to Mind Poison Gas." Global Policy Forum. January 17, 2003. http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/169/36403.html. Hurd, Nathaniel. "U.S. Diplomatic and Commercial Relationships with Iraq, 1980 - 2 August 1990." Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq. July 15, 2000. http://www.casi.org.uk/info/usdocs/usiraq80s90s.html#three. Katzman, Kenneth, and Christopher M. Blanchard. "Iraq: Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, and Investigations." Federation of American Scientists. June 4, 2005. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL30472.pdf. "Letter Dated Mar 20 1991 From the Secretary-General Addressed to the President of the Security Council." United Nations. Mar 20, 1991. http://www.un.org/Depts/oip/background/reports/s22366.pdf. MacAskill, Ewen. "Blix insists there was no firm weapons evidence." The Guardian. April 28, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/apr/28/iraq.iraq. Mayer, Jane. "The Manipulator." The New Yorker. June 7, 2004. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/06/07/040607fa_fact1. Phillips, James. "Disarming Iraq: The Lessons of UNSCOM." The Heritage Foundation. October 28, 2002. http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2002/10/Disarming-Iraq-TheLessons-of-UNSCOM.

14

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 Pike, John. "Chemical Weapons Programs: History." Federation of American Scientists. November 8, 1998. http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/iraq/cw/program.htm. "Report of the Select Committee of Intelligence on Post war findings about Iraq's WMD Programs and links to terrorism and how they compare with pre-war assessments together with additional views." Federation of American Scientists. September 8, 2006. http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2006_rpt/srpt109-331.pdf. "Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein:The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq, 1980-1984 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82." George Washington University The National Security Archive. February 25, 2003. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/. Sullivan, Mark P. "Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terrorism List." Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/RL32251.pdf. "U.S. Chemical and Biological Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War Committee Staff Report No. 3: Chemical Warfare Agent Identification, Chemical Injuries, and Other Findings." GulfLINK. October 7, 1994. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/staff_report/staff_report_toc.ht m. U.S. Depart of State. "Timeline: Saddam Hussein's Iraq." Almanac of Policy Issues. October 2002. http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/iraq_timeline.shtml. "U.S. SENATE COMMITTEE ON BANKING, HOUSING, AND URBAN AFFAIRS U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare-Related Dual-Use Exports to Iraq and Their Possible Impact

15

Saddam Hussein Did he have Weapons of Mass Destruction? Dee Leggett 11/9/2010 on the Health Consequences of the Persian Gulf War." GulfLINK. http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medsearch/FocusAreas/riegle_report/report/report_index.htm. "UN releases report on Iraqs chemical weapons programme." UN News Centre. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=18714&Cr=iraq&Cr1. "US-Iraq 1980s." History Commons. http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_iraq_80s. Volcker, Paul. "Manipulation of the Oil-for-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime." Federation of American Scientists. October 27, 2005. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL30472.pdf.

16

You might also like