Design for Environment
Prof. Steven D. Eppinger MIT Sloan School of Management
Discussion Outline
Fit with PD Process Dimensions of Environmental Impact Current Trends and Approaches
Green Marketing Life-Cycle Analysis Design for Recycling
Sustainability
Life-Cycle Models
Where to go from here?
Product Development Process
Planning Planning Concept System-Level Concept System-Level Development Design Development Design Detail Detail Design Design Testing and Testing and Refinement Refinement Production Production Ramp-Up Ramp-Up
Goals
Plans
Action
How can we best emphasize environmental impact of products during the product development process?
Dimensions of Environmental Impact
Limitless potential to confuse consumers
Resource Depletion
non-renewable energy (fossil fuels) natural resources (water, wood, minerals)
Human Toxic Exposure
carcinogens other health hazards
Environmental Impact air, water, solid
ozone depletion (CFCs) greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) smog-producing chemicals (VOCs) acid rain chemicals (sulfides) eutrophication [oxygen depletion] (nitrates, phosphates) eco-toxics (heavy metals) solid waste (landfill)
Paper versus Polystyrene Cups
Raw Materials (per cup) wood petroleum Utilities (per metric ton) steam power cooling water Water Effluent (per metric ton) suspended solids BOD organochlorines metal salts Air Emissions (per metric ton) chlorine chlorine dioxide reduced sulfides Recycle Potential after use Ultimate Disposal incineration recovery mass to landfill biodegradable Paper Cup 33 g 4.1 g 10,000 kg 980 kWh 50 m^3 50 kg 40 kg 6 kg 10 kg 0.5 kg 0.2 kg 2.0 kg low 20 MJ/kg 10.1 g yes Polyfoam Cup 0 3.2 g 5000 kg 150 kWh 154 m^3 trace 0.07 kg 0 20 kg 0 0 0 high 40 MJ/kg 1.5 g no
Extracted from: Science, Feb. 1991
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Quantifies environmental impact of a product Steps in LCA
Identify raw materials and energy sources used Identify outputs and waste streams Continue for products entire life cycle
production, transportation, use, recycling, disposal
Quantify impacts of each material, energy, waste Aggregate impact into categories for comparison
Normalize by reference materials for each class
Generally requires specialized training (in materials and chemical engineering) and LCA software Needs to be integrated with PD process
Environmental Report Card Scientific Certification Systems
Green Marketing
Single-issue green design encourages singleissue promotion
e.g., recyclable, low emission, all natural, ozone friendly, greener than before, compostable, etc. http://www.eco-directory.com/
Consumers prefer green products but will generally not pay more for them.
Products from recycled jeans, newspapers, money:
coffee
Product Life Cycle
Remanufacture Reuse
Resources
Production
Use
Disposal
Recycle Waste
Reduce, Reuse, Remanufacture, Recycle
Design for Recycling Guidelines
Use only recyclable materials Minimize materials variety Label all plastics Provide for simple disassembly (separation of materials) Use water-soluble adhesives Avoid toxic materials
Recycling in the US Automobile Industry
ASR to landfill parts $ $
Automakers Design and production $
Consumers Use and disposal $
Dismantlers Disassembly and sale $
Shredders Recovery and landfill $
new cars
junk cars $
hulks recovered materials
Coupling of technical, economic, and infrastructure issues
Cyclical Life Cycle Model
Renewable Energy Natural Cycles Use Materials Cycle Production Disposal
Consumption e l wab e Ren ts Bio rac Ext
Limited Deposits (Natural Resources)
Co B ns ioRe um so ab ur Cr les ce ea tio n
Resource
Reference: Karl-Henrik Robrt Natural Step Foundation
Conditions for Sustainability
Consider the earth as a closed system with limited solar input and natural bio cycles. Solar energy and other renewable fuels are sustainable energy sources. Resource usage must balance to the rate the earth creates each resource (e.g., rate at which earth creates fossil fuels). Toxic wastes, heavy metals, radiation, and other molecular garbage must be eliminated because they are not part of the bio cycle.
More Discussion
Have we come very far yet in terms of environmental awareness? How can sustainability (ever) be achieved? What is the role of each party?
Consumers Industry Government
What high-leverage solutions make sense to you?
Regulation Targets Technology Partnerships Education
