Scribd
Upload
189 views3 pages

Lecture 6 - Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical components allow the analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems by decomposing voltages and currents into balanced positive, negative, and zero sequence components. Any unbalanced condition can be represented as the sum of these symmetrical components. For a three-phase power system, there are three symmetrical components: positive sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120 degrees), negative sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120 degrees but in opposite sequence to the originals), and zero sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude and phase). Using symmetrical components, the voltages and currents of an unbalanced system can be expressed as the sum of their symmetrical components through transformation matrices.

Uploaded by

12onn1e
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
189 views3 pages

Lecture 6 - Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical components allow the analysis of unbalanced three-phase power systems by decomposing voltages and currents into balanced positive, negative, and zero sequence components. Any unbalanced condition can be represented as the sum of these symmetrical components. For a three-phase power system, there are three symmetrical components: positive sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120 degrees), negative sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120 degrees but in opposite sequence to the originals), and zero sequence (three phasors of equal magnitude and phase). Using symmetrical components, the voltages and currents of an unbalanced system can be expressed as the sum of their symmetrical components through transformation matrices.

Uploaded by

12onn1e
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Symmetrical Components

During unbalanced conditions all three phase need to be considered simultaneously


giving rise to three simultaneous equations. Symmetrical components provides a
methodology by which unbalanced conditions can be simplified and analysed.
Fortescue showed that any unbalanced condition can be represented by a sum of
symmetrical or balanced conditions. This is an extremely powerful technique for the
study of low frequency (<100Hz) power system phenomena.

For an n phase system n symmetrical components are required. Therefore for a power
system 3 symmetrical components are required.

3 Symmetrical components for 3 phase power systems

For power systems there are three symmetrical components: positive sequence,
negative sequence and zero sequence.

Positive sequence

Three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120
o
(2t/3 radians) and with the same
sequence as the originals as depicted in Figure 1.














Negative sequence

Three phasors of equal magnitude displaced by 120
o
(2t/3 radians) but with an
opposite sequence to the originals as depicted in Figure 2.











120
o
120
o
120
o
V
a2
V
b2
V
c2
Figure 2 Negative sequence
components
2 2 2 c b a
V V V = =
2 2 2 c b a
V V V = =

3
4
2 2
t
j
a b
e

= V V

3
2
2 2
t
j
a c
e

= V V

120
o
120
o
120
o
V
a1
V
c1
V
b1
Figure 1 Positive sequence
components
1 1 1 c b a
V V V = =

3
2
1 1
t
j
a b
e

= V V

3
4
1 1
t
j
a c
e

= V V

Zero sequence

Three phasors of equal magnitude and phase.












For any unbalanced condition each phase voltage or current is the sum of its three
sequence components. We can then write:

2 1 0 a a a a
V V V V + + =

2 1 0 b b b b
V V V V + + =

2 1 0 c c c c
V V V V + + =


Using the standard notation
3
4
3
2 t t
j j
e e h

= = and noting that
3
2
3
4
2
t t
j j
e e h

= = and 1
3
6
3
= =
t
j
e h then for the phasor relationships for
each sequence component can be given in terms of the phase-a component such that
we get:

2 1 0 a a a a
V V V V + + =

2 1
2
0 a a a b
h h V V V V + + =

2
2
1 0 a a a c
h h V V V V + + =


Note we could also apply the same equations to the phase currents. For the sequence
components the subscript a is dropped and the transform equation can be expressed in
matrix form as
V
c0
Figure 3 Zero sequence
components
0 0 0 c b a
V V V = =

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
V
V
V
V
V
V
h h
h h
c
b
a


The transform matrix T is then
(
(
(

=
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
h h
h h T

and the inverse of the transform matrix is

1 2
2
1 1 1
1
1
3
1
T h h
h h

(
(
=
(
(


Hence we can also write
0
2
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
3
1
a
b
c
h h
h h
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (


V V
V V
V V
(1)
No matter what value are used for the phase voltages equation (1) has a solution and
will provide the equivalent sequence components. The power system normal
operating condition then has only positive sequence components as

0
2 2
1
2
2
1 1 1
0
1
1
3
0
1
a
a a
a
h h h
h
h h
( (
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (
( (


V
V
V V V
V V

You might also like