Internal Technical Document

Vietnam standard Non-Destructive testing

TCVN 4395-1986

Radiographic testing of welded Joints in Metallic materials using X-rays and Gamma rays. (Effective since 01/01/1988) This standard is applicable to film Radio-graphic testing of welded Joints using X-rays and Gamma rays. This standard is not applied for Radioscopy (Real-time Radiography). 1. Exposure and Screen Salt fluorescent screens may be used for film Radiographic testing of welded joints as shown in Table 1.

Screen 1 Not used Good Definition screen Not used Good Definition screen Not used Good Definition screen Fast speed screen Not used Good Definition screen Fast speed screen 2

Part thickness 3 Up to 60 Over 60 Up to 40 Over 60 Up to 12 Over 12 and up to 40 Over 40 Up to 8 Over 8 and up to 25 Over 25

Used for Magnesium alloys Aluminum alloys Ion and steel

Copper and Zinc Alloys

Lead thickness of screen ranges from 0.02 mm 0.15 mm screens and Films of Fine Grain are used in Radiography using Gamma rays. Lead screens and Films of Fine Grain are used in Radiography using X- rays when high quality image is required. Lead thickness of screen ranges from 0.02mm to 0.15 mm 2. Image Quality Quality of radiograph The constrast and definition govern image quality of radiograph.

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Internal Technical Document

2.1 The constrast of image are governed by radiograph density. To meet the requirement of image quality, the density shall be within limit range from 1.3 to 3.0. Radiograph done by using Gamma rays shall have the density greater those are done by using X-ray. To reduce scattered radiation and to increase the constrast, the kilovoltage should be selected as low as possible, exposure time being taken in to account. As the same purpose, appropriated isotope source should be employed in Gamma radiography for example, in testing steel welds,: Iridium is used for parts of thickness from 6 to 80mm. Cesium is used for part of thickness from 15 to 100mm. Cobalt is used for parts of 40 to 180mm.

2.2 Definition. The definition depends on geometric conditions as called as Geometric Unshapness Geometric unsharpness is calculated by following Formula :
U =
b.l b e m in b

Geometric conditions are expressed by largest size of radiation source, source to film distance, source side of weld to film distance, inherent unsharpness of film.
e m in b(l b U i ) Ui

To assure geometric unsharpness being in required limits, source to film distance (e) shall not be less than

Source side of weld to film distance - Largest dimension of source (emission area) - Inherent unsharpness of film (see table 2). In the case where is less than emir, the situation shall be noted with explanation in testing report. Shall be not exceed 0,2 mm for Radiographs of image quality class 1 and not exceed 0,4mm for radiographs of image quality class 2.

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Internal Technical Document

Whenever Geometric unsharpness is equal to inherent unsharpness, radiograph will have highest/best constrast. 2.3 Evaluation of image quality. - To evaluate image quality a standard wire set shall be used. - A standard wire set is a mean made of plastic material in which 7 wires of different diameter are contained and is enables the examiner to determine possibility of detection of defect in welds by determination of image quality for radiograph. - The wire diameters and requirements of use of standard wire sets are standardized in specifications

Inherent unsharpness for various types of radiation, film and screen.

Film

X-ray Radiography Not using screen Salt fluorescent Using metallic screen screen of good Fine Grain film definition Less than Over 80 80KV KV 0.1 0.2 0.3 -

Salt fluorescent screen of fast speed

Gamma ray Radiography Fine Grain film and metallic screen

Ir 192 0.4 0.2

Cs 137 0.3

Co 60 0.4

The standard wire set shall be placed on the weld surface in the such way that the wires are perpendicular to weld axis, during expose. If it is impossible to do so, the situation shall be noted in the test report.

The complete examination of weld will be performed if the radiation can pass through whole its thickness, so total thickness that radiation passed through will govern quality index of radiograph.
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Internal Technical Document

3. Examination technique 3.1 General 3.11 Weld surface conditions: The examination is perform only the welds that have surface conditions and irregularities such as excessive concavity excessive, of penetration, burn-through, spatter, interfering possibility of detection of internal defect already be processed or removed 3.1.2 Film marking Film marking is performed by letters and numbers so that the weld portions and under examination as well as defect location can be defined correctly by the radiograph. During exposure, the letters and number shall be placed adjacent to the weld that are marked by color symbol or permanent marked by pressure. This marking shall be recorded in the map. 3.1.3 Film placement Film shall be placed closely to the weld. For single groove welds, film should contact to the Root side of the weld. For complete examination of weld, the coverage of film placement shall be from 10mm to 20mm. If screens are used, film and screens shall be contacted intimately in the film holder/ cassette 3.1.4 Scattered radiation protection. To reduce scattered radiation, the radiation beam shall be confined in the area as small as possible. A lead plate having sufficient thickness is placed at the back film holder to fill out all back scattering radiation. 3.2 Examination of Butt-welds. For examination of butt-weld, as a rule, the direction of the beam shall be centered and perpendicular to area of weld or the portion of the weld under examination. In the specific cases, for example, to detect defect of Fusion type, the beam should be inclined so that radiation will pass through the major dimension of the defect (see figure 2), (Radiation beam should be parallel along the Fusion line).
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Internal Technical Document

Joint I

Joint U

Joint V

Joint X

Direction of beam for examination of butt weld (Figure 2) 3.3 Examination of Corner weld. For example of Corner weld using Gamma rays and X-rays the wedge for compensation of change of thickness shall be used. This wedge is made from a Zinc plate having single groove preparation (preparation Angle is 45 degrees)

Dont use Plastic Material for the wedge because using it may make possibility of detection of defect be impossible, especially for detection of undercutting caused by excessive heat. For Gamma radiography, the wedge compensator may be used only when the thickness changes too much For examination of Corner weld, direction of beam should be selected as slightly inclined to normal of the surface.

Industrial Dept. - Internal translation only (TCVN 4395)

Internal Technical Document

Beam direction for exposure of Corner and lap joint. (Figure 3) 3.4 Examination of round bar welded Joint (Butt joint) For examination of round bar welded Joint (Butt joint) where have change of thickness using Gamma and X-rays, the thickness shall be uniformed to avoid an exposure too much at the edge. In this case, plastic wedges, absorbent plastic or metal powder is suitable For examination using Gamma rays, the thickness shall be uniformed only when the difference of thickness is considerable. 3.5 Examination of circular welds For examination or circular welds especially tube and pipe welds, special testing methods shall be used. To reach values required in 2.2: About Geometric unsharpness, the minimum distance shall not be less than emin. In geometric unsharpness calculation formula for testing method showed in 2.5.1,3.5.2, 3.5.3, b coefficient shall be the thickness of weld. About the testing method showed in 3.5.4, b coefficient shall be the pipes O.D. 3.5.1 Source outside, Film Inside In this case, Films shall be placed inside closely to the weld, radiation source placed outside far away from weld a fixed distance. The direction of center beam shall be perpendicular to the tangential line at the center of weld which needs to be examined. (FIG 4.) Application: For large outside diameter cylinder components, a long welds can be examined by using a film only.

Film inside, Source outside (Figure 2)

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Internal Technical Document

3.5.2 Source inside, Film outside The radiation source placed at center of the pipe, The direction of center beam shall be perpendicular to the tangential line at the center of 1/2 examined part. Film fixed outside closely to the weld. When multi films used in an exposure, the overlap of films indicated in 3.1.3 (see fig 5) Application: This method more useful than other method because radiation source arranged at the center, so image shall not be deviatory. This method is special suitable to pipe thick wall.

Source inside, film outside (Figure 5) 3.5.3 Elip segment technique In this technique, the radiation passes through two walls and viewed on the radiograph as elip. When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds, many exposures taken shall be made. Radiation source arranged outside so that center beam passes through center point of weld segment need to be examined. Source-film distance shall be minimized, source size and pipe size shall be paid attention to. Film shall be arranged opposite radiation source closely to pipes curved surface. (see FIG 6) Application: For pipe OD 100mm up to appro. 900mm and Source-film distance is too long.

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Internal Technical Document

Film outside, Source outside (Figure 6) 3.5.4 Elip technique. In this technique, both of two walls passed throughout by radiation. The radiation source shall be arranged far from the weld a necessary distance and tilt to pipes center line so that center beam at the weld surface goes throughout pipes center. Thus the weld viewed on the radiograph as an elip. The image of upper portion of wild shall be separated the image of lower portion of weld approximately the width of weld Application: For examination pipe OD 100mm When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds, two exposures taken 90 degree to each other shall be made.

Film outside, Source outside (Figure 7)

4. Testing Request When examination of critical objects, specification of testing request shall be required. This shall be based on specification of product quality control. Contents as follow shall be included: 4.1 Quantity and position of the weld need to be examined, weld symbol shall be attached.

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Internal Technical Document

4.2 In technological line, when must be examined and when the testing result must be informed 4.3 When many testing methods are used,.. 5. Radiation protection When using Gamma and X-ray resources, Labor safety regulations and radiation protection procedures shall be obeyed completely. 6. Testing report Evaluation shall be carried out according to TCVN. To evaluation consistent with testing result, A report form stipulated in Appendix 1 shall be used consistently Report Form Appendix 1 No : Date : Name of Comp:. Subj: Condition of implementation : Pressure : Temperature : Solven

No

Film symb ol A

Weld defect

thickne ss D

IQI

Welder Evaluatio n

Remar k

Symbol of defects A. B. C. D. E. F.
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Internal Technical Document

Appendix 2 RT Report recording instruction Examined object: Film notation: 8: 10: Name or symbol of product Scripts and number printed on film shall be recorded Base material thickness Weld thickness

Exposed thickness: Displayed by 2 figures. Eg. 8/10

Image quality indicator: The thickness of the thinnest wire can be read shall be recorded Welder: Full name or welder code (if any)

Rejected or accepted column: Marked by X letter 1 number express for the dimension of defect 2 number express for the length of defect Crack and surface defect shall be marked X letter instead of number Crack: Shall be marked x letter from right to left Surface defect: Shall be marked x letter from left to right at correlative cell Testing matrix: to be used in case need to be illustrated more detail than existing drawings. Testing department manager: may be replaced by the other position who have the right to stamp. Appendix 3 1. Terms 1.1 Fluorescent screen Fluorescent screen is a thin screen covered by a thin layer of lead ( lead fluorescent screen) or salt ( salt fluorescent screen). 1.2 Density

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Internal Technical Document

Film density(S) is the common logarithm of the ratio of light incident upon one side of the radiograph(i) to the light transmitted through the radiograph (i) S = lg i/i In examination using X-rays or Gamma ray, film used in order to show all weld defects. Thus, a small difference of radiation intensity shall be showed as a large difference of density on film. When Density in range : 1.3 3.0, defect showed on film clearest. 1.3 Image quality Image quality is expressed detecting and classifying ability to defects on film. Image quality depends on chosen parameter when examination using X-rays and Gamma. Image quality shall be defined by number sign of the thinnest calibration wire of indicator box (wire type) can be seen on film 1.4 Image quality indicator box is the instrument used to define image quality. It is included 7 metal wires with various diameter and various number signs. They are glued parallel on the plastic piece. When examinations, Image quality indicator box shall be placed so that calibration wires have a intersection with weld center. 1.5. Geometric unsharpness U

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