UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.

Nounou
Chapter 8
AC SteadyState Analysis
-So far , we have discussed the response of circuits due to DC source.
-Here , we discuss circuits with sinusoidal sources.
* Sinusoidal
- Here we study sinusoidal functions :
Consider the sinusoidal function :
( ) ( ) t sin X t x
M
=
Where :
X
M
= amplitude
= radian ( angular ) frequency
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
X
M
- X
M
2

2
3
2
t
t) X(
T
Note , X (t) repeats itself every (2 )
radius.
DEF : Period , T
Time it takes the signal to repeat itself
f
1
T =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Where: f frequency in Hertz ( Hz )
since T = 2
= 2 / T = 2 f
Consider the two signals x
1
(t) & x
2
(t)
) t ( sin X (t) X
) t ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
M1 1
+ =
+ =
Subtract from both signals
t) ( sin X (t) X
) - t ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
M1 1
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
If =
X
1
(t) & X
2
(t) are in phase
If
X
1
(t) leads X
2
(t) by
Or X
2
(t) lags X
1
(t) by
t
t) ( sin X (t) X
M2 2
=
) - t ( sin X (t) X
M1 1
+ =

{
) t ( sin X X(t)
M
+ = Q
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) sin sin cos cos cos
cos sin cos sin sin
=
=
m
m m
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) t cos B t sin A X(t)
t cos sin X cos t sin X X(t)
t cos sin cos t sin X X(t)
M M
M
+ =
+ =
+ =
From trigonometry , we have
Where :
A = X
M
cos ()
B = X
M
sin ()
Also : tan () = sin () / cos () = B / A
= tan
-1
( B / A )
B
A
X
M

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ =
+ =

A
B
tan t sin B A X(t)
t sin X X(t)
B A X
1 2 2
M
2 2
M
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
30) t (50 cos 20 (t) X
60) t (50 sin 10 (t) X
2
1
+ =
+ =
120) t (50 sin 20 (t) X
90) 30 t (50 sin 20 30) t (50 cos 20 (t) X
2
2
+ =
+ + = + = Q
Find the frequency , phase angle between X
1
and X
2
Subtract 120 from both sides
t) (50 sin 20 (t) X '
60) t (50 sin 10 (t) X '
2
1
=
=
Let
Note :
cos (x) = sin ( x + 90
o
)
sin (x) = cos ( x 90
o
)
Frequency is
50 rad/sec.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
X
1
(t) leads X
2
(t) by -60 ( X
2
leads by 60 )
X
2
(t) lags X
1
(t) by -60 ( X
1
lags by 60 )
* Relationship between sinusoidal and complex numbers
We know that if the complex number
z = x + j y = r e
j
Where :
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

x
y
tan
y x r
1
2 2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Consider the circuit :
V(t) = V
M
cos ( t)
Find i (t) ?
V (t)
+
-
R
L
i (t)
( ) (1)
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R t cos V
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R V(t)
M
L L L + =
+ =
Using KVL :
Assume that the solution is a sinusoidal function
( )
( ) ( )
) sin( A - A2 ), cos( A A1 where
(2) t sin A t cos A i(t)
t cos A i(t)
2 1
= =
+ =
+ =
L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Now find A1 and A2
Plug (2) in (1)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | |
| | ( ) | | ( ) t sin A L A R t cos A L A R
t cos A t sin A - L
t sin A R t cos A R t cos V
1 2 2 1
2 1
2 1 M
+ + =
+ +
+ =
A L A R 0
A L A R V
1 2
2 1 M
=
+ =
Solving for A1 and A2 , we find
2 2 2
M
2
2 2 2
M
1
L R
V L
A ,
L R
V R
A
+
=
+
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
2
2
2
1
1
M
M
1
2
A A A
R
L
tan
R
L
V R
V L
A
A
tan
) sin( A - A2 and ) cos( A A1 since
+ =
(

=
= =

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2 2
2
M
2
2 2 2
2
M
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
M
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
M
2
2
2
2
1
L R
V
L R
V L R
L R
V L
L R
V R
A A
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
= +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
(

|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
+ =
+
= + =

R
L
tan t cos
L R
V
i(t)
t cos A i(t)
L R
V
A A A
1
2 2 2
M
2 2 2
M
2
2
2
1
It is clear that it is very complicated to find the solution using
sinusoidal function
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
| |
| |
V V where
e V v(t)
e V Re
e e V Re
e V Re ) t ( cos V v(t)
) t ( sin V j ) t ( cos V e V
x) sin( j (x) cos e
formula s Euler Using
) t w ( cos V (t) v
that assumed Earlier we
M
t j
t j
M
j t j
M
) t ( j
M M
M M
) t ( j
M
jx
M
=
=
=
=
= + =
+ + + =
+ =
+ =
+
+
Dropping e
jt
since it
exists in all terms
Phasor form
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Phasor representation :
( )
( ) ) 90 ( A t sin A
A t cos A
form Phsor domain Time
o



UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
V (t)
+
-
R
L
o
0 V V is form phasor The
t) ( cos V v(t)
M
M
=
=
Assume :
t j
M
t j
M
e I i(t)
e I i(t)
) t ( cos I i(t)
o
=
=
+ =
We know that
t j o
M
t j
e V t v
Ve t v

0 ) (
) (
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
KVL :
| | | | | |
j I L I R V
e j I L e I R e V
e I
dt
d
L e I R e V
dt
di(t)
L (t) i R v(t)
t j t j t j
t j t j t j
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
+
= + =
2 2 2
L R
j L R
V I
j L R
V
I j L R I V
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

R
L
tan L R
L R
V
L R
j L R
0 V I
1 2 2 2
2 2 2
M
2 2 2
M
o
Example :
Convert from time domain to phasor form
( )
( )
A
o o o
o
o
o
30 12 ) 90 (120 12 I
V ) (-45 24 V
120 t 337 sin 12 i(t)
45 t 337 cos 24 v(t)
= =
=
+ =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Convert from phasor form to time domain
z H K 1 f if
) (-75 10 I
V 120 16 V
o
o
=
=
=
( ) 2000 1000 2 f 2 = = =
( )
( )
o
o
75 t 2000 cos 10 i(t)
120 t 2000 cos 16 v(t)
=
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Phasor relationships for circuit elements
1. Resistor :
V (t)
+
-
R
i (t)
Assume :
i v
t j
i M
t j
v M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
&
I R V
e I R e V
e I R e V
i(t) R v(t)
e V v(t) &
e I i(t)
i v
v
i
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ +
+
+
In phasor form
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
t
i (t)
v (t)
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
i
v
e I i(t)
e V v(t)
+
+
=
=
2. Inductor :
V (t)
+
-
L
i (t)
Assume :
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
| |
) t ( j
M
i
e I
dt
d
L
dt
di(t)
L v(t)
+
= =
o
i v
t j
i M
t j
v M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
90 &
I L j V
e I L j e V
e I L j e V
i v
+ =
=
=
=
+ +
t
i(t)
v(t)
o
90
{
The voltage leads the
Current by 90
o
.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
3. Capacitor
i (t)
V (t)
+
-
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
i
v
e I i(t)
e V v(t)
+
+
=
=
| |
) t ( j
M
v
e V
dt
d
C
dt
dv(t)
C i(t)
+
= =
Assume :
o
i v
t j
v M
t j
i M
) t ( j
M
) t ( j
M
90
I
C j
1
V or
V C j I
e V C j e I
e V C j e I
v i
=
=
=
=
=
+ +
t
i(t) v(t)
o
90
{
The current leads
The voltage by 90
o
.
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
If the voltage across the 20 mH inductor is
v (t) = 12 cos (377 t + 20
o
) find i (t) ?
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
o
o
o
o
70 t 377 cos 1.59 i(t)
) 0 7 ( 1.59
90 m 20 377
20 12
I
I m 20 377 j 20 12
I L j V
=
=

=
=
=
L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
If the voltage across the capacitor is
v (t) = 100 cos (314 t + 15
o
) find i (t) ??
C = 100 F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
( )
o
o 6 - 4
6 -
105 t 314 cos 3.14 i(t)
105 3.14 ) 90 15 ( 10 10 314 I
15 10 * 100 100 314 j
V C j I
+ =
= + =
=
=
o o
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
In summary
1. Resistor :
R R
I R V =
L L
I L j V =
C C
I
C j
1
V =
2. Inductor :
3. Capacitor
* Impedance and admittance :
Definition : impedance : ( Z )
The ratio of the voltage over the current
) (
I
V
I
V
I
V
Z
V
I
Z
1
y &
I
V
Z
i V
m
m
i m
V m
=

= =
= = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
i v z
m
m
&
I
V
Z where = =
In complex form :
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
=
=
+ =

R
X
tan
X R Z
sin Z X
cos Z R where
X j R Z
1
z
2 2
z
z
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
In summary :
|
.
|

\
|
= =
+ = =
+ = =

R
X
tan
X R Z
I
V
Z
X j R Z z Z Z
form complex form phasor
1
z i v z
2 2
m
m
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Impedance of R,L,C
C
1
j
C j
1
0 Z ) 90 (
C
1
Z C
L j 0 Z 90 L Z L
0 j R Z 0 R Z R
form) (complex Z form) (phasor Z Element
C
o
C
L
o
L
R
o
R
= + = =
+ = =
+ = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Parallel and series connections of ( Z )
Series : Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
Z
n
Z
eq
Z
1
Z
2
Z n
Parallel
Z
eq
n 2 1 eq
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
Z
1
+ + + = L
n 2 1 eq
Z Z Z Z + + + = L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Definition : admittance ( y )
It is the reciprocal of Z
B j G y
x R
x
j
x R
R
y
x R
x j R
x j R
1
Z
1
y
V
I
Z
1
y
2 2 2 2
2 2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+

=
+
= =
= =
[S] siemens
Conductance
Susceptance
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* In terms of R ,L ,and C
o
C C
o
L
L L
R
R R
90 C C j y
C j
1
Z -
) 90 (
L
1
L j
1
Z
1
y L j Z -
G
R
1
Z
1
y R Z -
= = =
= = = =
= = = =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
* Parallel and series connections of ( y )
Series : y
1
y
2
y
3
y
n
y
S
y
1
y
2
y n
Parallel
y
P
n 2 1 S
y
1 1
y
1
y
1
+ + + = L
y
n 2 1 P
y y y y + + + = L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the equivalent impedance
sec / rad 2
F 2 C , F 1 C
H 2 L , 2 R
H 1 L , 1 R
2 1
2 2
1 1
=
= =
= =
= =
L
2
L
1
C
1
C
2
R
1
R
2
Z
eq
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) ( )

4
1
j
C
1
j Z ,
2
1
j
C
1
j Z
4 j L j Z , 2 j 1 2 j L j Z
2 R Z , 1 R Z
2
C2
1
C1
2 L2 1 L1
2 R2 1 R1
= = = =
= = = = =
= = = =
( )
( ) ( )
22.3 3.24
30
37
j 30
30
8 45
j 3 Z
2
3
j 3
15
4
j
2
3
j 3
4
15
j
1
2
2
1
j 2 j 1
4
1
j 4 j
4
1
j 4 j
Z Z Z Z Z // Z Z
o
eq
R2 C1 L1 R1 C2 L2 eq
= + =

+ =
+ + = + + =
+ + +

=
+ + + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
v (t)
40 m H
20
+
-
F 50
i (t)
Example :
Find the current i (t) in the circuit
( )
( )
( )
sec / rad 377
V ) -30 ( 120 V
30 t 377 cos 120 v(t)
90 60 t 377 cos 120 v(t)
60 t 377 sin 120 v(t)
o
o
o o
o
=
=
=
+ =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V
Z
L
R
+
-
C
Z
I
( ) ( )
( )( )
53.05 j Z
50 377
1
j
C
1
j Z
15.08 j Z , m 40 377 j L j Z
20 R Z
C
C
L L
R
=
= =
= = =
= =
Z
eq
+
-
V
( )
( ) ( )
( )
o
o
o
o
o
C L R eq
eq
39.23 t 377 cos 3.87 i(t)
A ) 39.23 ( 3.87
9.23 30.96
) 30 ( 120
I
9.23 30.96 53.05 j // 15.08 j 20
Z // Z Z Z
Z
V
I
=
=

=
= + =
+ =
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Find the equivalent impedance :
4
Z
eq
2
2
2 j
6 j
4 j -
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )
( )
17.65 3.55 1.076 j 3.38 Z
2
4 j 6
2 j 4 2 j 2
2 2 j 4 // 2 j 2
2 4 j 6 j 4 // 2 j 2 Z
o
eq
eq
= + =
+
+
+ +
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Phasor diagram :
A diagram that shows the magnitude and phase of various
voltage and currents in the circuit
For example :
o
1
o
2
o
1
130 7 I
60 5 V
45 10 V
=
=
=
V
1
V
1
I
1
60
o
45
o
130
o
10
5
7
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Draw the phasor diagram of all currents and voltage
I
1
I
2
j 4
2
= Z
= 2
1
Z
o
45 4 I =
+
-
V
A 18.43 3.57
4 j 2
4 j
45 4
Z Z
Z
I I
45 4 I
o o
2 1
2
1
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( ) V 18.43 7.14 18.43 3.57 2 Z I V
A 108.43 1.78
4 j 2
2
45 4
Z Z
Z
I I
o o
1 1
o o
2 1
1
2
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
| I | = 4
|V | = 7.14
| I
2
| = 1.79
45
o
108.4
o
| I
1
| = 3.57
18.43
o
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Circuit Analysis Technique
Note :
All analysis techniques discussed before can be used in AC steady-
state analysis
Example :
Find I
o
using nodal analysis ?
I
1
I
2
1 j
V
2
+ -
A 90 1
o
I
o
V
1
1 j
1 j
o
0 1
1
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Here , we have a supernode :
Applying KCL at supernode
( ) ( ) (1) 90 1 V 45 0.707 V 45 0.707
1 j 1
1
1 j
1
V
1 j 1
V
90 1
1 j 1
V
1 j
V
1 j 1
V
90 1
I I I 90 1
o
2
o
1
o
2
1
o
2 2 1
o
2 o 1
o
L L = +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ +

+ +

=
+ + =
) 2 ( 0 1 V V
0 1 V V
o
2 1
o
1 2
L L =
+ =
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
A ) 18.44 ( 1.58
1 j
V
I
V 71.56 1.58 V
V 108.4 1.58 V
o
2
o
o
2
o
1
= =
=
=
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
use mesh analysis to find V
o
?
I
2
+
-
2
+
-
2 j
2 j
2
A 90 2
o
o
0 24
V
o
I
1
Supermesh
KVL around supermesh
( )
( ) (1) 0 24 I 2 j 2 I 2
0 I 2 I 2 j I 2 0 24
o
2 1
2 2 1
o
L L = +
= + +
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
V 36.02 10.88 I 2 V
A 36.02 5.44 I
A 15.25 4.56 I
(2) 90 2 I I
90 2 I I
o
2 0
o
2
o
1
o
2 1
o
1 2
= =
=
=
= +
=
L L
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
find V
o
?
I
2
+
-
2
1 j
V 0 12
o
A 0 6
o
V
o
+
-
V
1
V
2
2 j
1
2
I
3
I
1
0
3
V
2 j
V
1 j
V V
0 I I I
2 2 2 1
3 2 1
=

=
V 0 12 V
o
1
=
KCL at node V
2
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
( )
V 33.7 6.65 V
3
1
2 1
1
V V
V 33.7 19.969 V
j
2
1
3
1
90 12
2 j
1
3
1
90 12
V
90 12
2 j
2 1
3
1
V
90 12
j
0 12
3
1
j 2
1
j
1
V
0
3
V
2 j
V
1 j
V 0 12
o
2 2 o
o
2
o o
2
o
2
o
o
2
2 2 2
o
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
+

=
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
(

+
=

=
(

+ +

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
Example :
Use Thevenin Theorm to find Vo ?
+
-
V 0 12
o
1 2 1
1
j
1 j
V
o
+
-
First find V
OC
+
-
V 0 12
o
1 2 1
j
1 j
V
oc
+
-
I
1
I
3
I
2
V
x
KCL around V
x
UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
0 I I I
3 2 1
=
V 33.69 3.32
j 2
j 1
V V
V ) -29.7 ( 7.44 V 3.69 j 6.46
0.8 j 1.4
12
V
5
1
1 j
5
2
1 V 0 12
1 4
j 2
j 1 V 0 12
j 2
1
j 1 V 0 12
0
j 2
V
j
V
1
V 0 12
o
x oc
o
x x
x
o
x
o
x
o
x x x
o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =
+
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+ + =
(

+
+ + =
=
+

UAE University Department of Electrical Engineering Dr.Hazem N.Nounou
1
V
o
+
-
+
-
Z
TH
V
oc
V 12.54 1.3 V
33.7 1.66 1
1
33.69 3.32
Z 1
1
V V
o
o
o
o
TH
OC o
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
Find Z
TH
:
33.7 1.66 1 } 1 || ] 2 ) || 1 {[(
o
TH
= + + = j J Z