Periodic table (crystal structure)

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The structures of metallic elements adopted at standard temperatures and pressures (STP) are color coded and shown below,[1] the only exception is mercury, Hg, which is a liquid and the structure refers to the low temperature form. The melting points of the metals (inK) is shown above the element symbol. Most of metallic elements are variations of the cubic crystal system, with the exceptions noted. Non-metallic elements, like the noble gases, are not crystalline solids at STP, while others, like carbon, may have several stableallotropes, so they are not listed.
Contents [hide]

1 Table 2 Unusual structures 3 Usual crystal structures

3.1 Close packed metal structures

o o

3.1.1 Hexagonal close packed 3.1.2 Face centered cubic (cubic close packed)

3.2 Body centred cubic 3.3 Trends in melting point

4 See also 5 References

[edit]Table

hcp bcc hexagonal close body centered cubic packed

fcc face centered cubic(cubic close packed)

unusual structure

unknown / uncertain

nonmetal

H 453.69 1560 Li bcc Be hcp 933.47 Al fcc 1811 1768 1728 1357.8 1519 K bcc Ca fcc Sc hcp Ti hcp V bcc Cr Mn bcc bcc hcp fcc fcc 1235 594 Rb bcc 302 Cs bcc Sr fcc 1000 Ba bcc Ra Fr bcc Ce La fcc Ac fcc Th Pa fcc U Np Pu hcp hcp Pr Nd hcp Pm Sm bcc Am hcp Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr hcp hcp hcp hcp Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tmhcp fcc Yb Luhcp Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Y hcp Zr hcp Nb bcc Mo bcc Tc hcp Ru hcp Rh fcc Pd fcc Ag Cd fcc 577 234.32 Hf hcp Ta bcc W bcc Re hcp Os hcp Ir fcc Pt fcc Au Hg fcc hcp fcc Tl Pb Bi 600.61 544.7 Po At In Sn Sb 430 505 904 Te I Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga 692.68 301.91 Ge As Se Br Si P S Cl B C N O F

He

Ne

370.87 923 Na bcc Mg hcp

Ar

336.53 1115 1814 1941 2183 2180

Kr

312.46 1050 1799 2128 2750 2896 2430 2607 2237 1828

Xe

2506 3290 3422 3186 3306 2446 1768 1337.33

Rn

Uuo

[edit]Unusual

structures
coordination number notes

Metal

structure family

Mn

cubic

distorted bcc - unit cell contains Mn atoms in 4 different environments [1]

Zn

hexagonal

distorted from ideal hcp. 6 nearest neighbors in same plane- 6 in adjacent planes approx. 10% further away[1]

Ga

orthorhombic

each Ga atom has one nearest neighbor at 244pm, 2 at 270pm, 2 at 273, 2 at 279pm.[1]

The structure is related to Iodine.

Cd

hexagonal

distorted from ideal hcp. 6 nearest neighbours in the same plane- 6 in adjacent planes approx. 10% further away[1]

In

tetragonal

slightly distorted fcc structure[1]

Sn

tetragonal

4 at 302pm; 2 at 318pm; 4 at 377; 8 at 441pm [1]

Sb

rhombohedral

puckered sheet; each Sb atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 290.8pm; 3 in grey metallic form. adjacent sheet at 335.5 pm.[1]

Hg

rhombohedral

6 nearest neighbours

this structure can be considered to be a distorted hcp lattice with the nearest neghbours in the same plane being approx 16% further away [1]

Bi

rhombohedral

puckered sheet; each Bi atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 307.2 pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 352.9 pm.[1]

Po

cubic

La

hexagonal

12 nearest neighbours

"double hcp" with a layer structure ABAC...[2]

Pr

hexagonal

12 nearest neighbours

"double hcp" with a layer structure ABAC...[2]

Nd

hexagonal

12 nearest neighbours

"double hcp" with a layer structure ABAC...[2]

Sm

hexagonal

12 nearest neighbours

complex hcp with 9 layer repeat, ABCBCACAB....[2]

Pa

tetragonal

body centred tetragonal unit cell, which can be considered to be a distorted bcc

orthorhombic

Np

orthorhombic [3]

Pu

monoclinic

[edit]Usual [edit]Close

crystal structures
packed metal structures

Many metals adopt close packed structures i.e. hexagonal close packed and face centred cubic structures (cubic close packed). A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together in the most efficient way (close packing or closest packing). In closest packing every atom has 12 equidistant nearest neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of layers of spheres then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face centred cubic each layer is positioned relative to others. Whilst there are many ways can be envisaged for a regular build up of layers:

hexagonal close packing has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other, A,B,A,B, ......... (also termed P63/mmc, Pearson symbol hP2, strukturbericht A3.

face centerd cubic has every third layer directly above/below each other,A,B,C,A,B,C,.......(also termed cubic close packing, Fm3m, Pearson symbol cF4, strukturbericht A1) .

[edit]Hexagonal close packed

In the ideal hcp structure the unit cell axial ratio is 1.633, However there are deviations from this in some metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the hcp space group. In others e.g. zinc the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure.
[edit]Face centered cubic (cubic close packed)

More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility.
[edit]Body

centred cubic

This is NOT a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are included. Note that if the body centered cubic unit cell is compressed along one 4 fold axis the structure becomes face centred cubic (cubic close packed).
[edit]Trends

in melting point

Melting points are chosen as a simple, albeit crude, measure of the stability or strength of the metallic lattice. Some simple trends can be noted. Firstly the transition metals have generally higher melting points than the others. In alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2) the melting point decreases as atomic number increases, but in the transition metals the melting points if anything increase. Across a period the melting points reach a maximum at around group 6 and then fall with increasing atomic number