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Trig Formula Sheet

The document provides formulas and definitions for trigonometric functions, identities, and operations in vector calculus including: 1) Definitions of trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. 2) Fundamental trigonometric identities like sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1. 3) Vector operators for gradient, divergence, and curl to describe how vector fields change in space. 4) Theorems relating these operators like the Divergence Theorem which connects volume integrals to surface integrals.

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696 views

Trig Formula Sheet

The document provides formulas and definitions for trigonometric functions, identities, and operations in vector calculus including: 1) Definitions of trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, and tangent in terms of ratios of sides of a right triangle. 2) Fundamental trigonometric identities like sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1. 3) Vector operators for gradient, divergence, and curl to describe how vector fields change in space. 4) Theorems relating these operators like the Divergence Theorem which connects volume integrals to surface integrals.

Uploaded by

pcam11
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometry Formulas

1. Definitions and Fundamental Identities y 1 Sine: sin u = r = csc u Cosine: Tangent: 2. Identities sin s -ud = -sin u, sin2 u + cos2 u = 1, sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u, cos2 u = 1 + cos 2u , 2 cos s -ud = cos u sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u, csc2 u = 1 + cot2 u x 1 cos u = r = sec u y 1 tan u = x = cot u
0 y P(x, y) r x y x

tan A + tan B 1 - tan A tan B tan A - tan B tan sA - Bd = 1 + tan A tan B tan sA + Bd = sin aA sin aA + p b = -cos A, 2 p b = cos A, 2 cos aA cos aA + p b = sin A 2

p b = -sin A 2

sin A sin B = cos A cos B = sin A cos B =

1 1 cos sA - Bd - cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 cos sA - Bd + cos sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sin sA - Bd + sin sA + Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd cos sA - Bd 2 2 1 1 sA + Bd sin sA - Bd 2 2
y y x cos x x

cos 2u = cos2 u - sin2 u sin2 u = 1 - cos 2u 2

sin A + sin B = 2 sin sin A - sin B = 2 cos

sin sA + Bd = sin A cos B + cos A sin B sin sA - Bd = sin A cos B - cos A sin B cos sA + Bd = cos A cos B - sin A sin B cos sA - Bd = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
y y sin x

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

cos A - cos B = -2 sin

Trigonometric Functions
Radian Measure
Degrees Radians 0 2 2 3 2 2 y sinx Domain: ( , ) Range: [1, 1] 1 90 1 2 4 1 4 1 2 y

0 2 2

3 2

45 s 1 2 45 r

Domain: ( , ) Range: [1, 1]

y y tan x y sec x

Un
C ir

it cir cl

cle of

s ra diu

r
30 2 3 2 6 3

3 2

0 2 2

3 2

3 2

0 2 2

3 2

60

90 1

3 1

Domain: All real numbers except odd integer multiples of /2 Range: ( , ) y

Domain: All real numbers except odd integer multiples of /2 Range: ( , 1] h [1, ) y

u s s or u = r , r = 1 = u 180 = p radians .

The angles of two common triangles, in degrees and radians.


1 0 2 2

csc x

cot x

1 3 2 2 x 0 2 2 , 3 2 2 2 ,... x

Domain: x 0, , 2 ,... Range: ( , 1] h [1, )

Domain: x 0, Range: ( , )

SERIES
Tests for Convergence of Infinite Series 1. The nth-Term Test: Unless an : 0, the series diverges. 2. Geometric series: gar n converges if r 6 1; otherwise it diverges. 3. p-series: g1>n p converges if p 7 1; otherwise it diverges. 4. Series with nonnegative terms: Try the Integral Test, Ratio Test, or Root Test. Try comparing to a known series with the Comparison Test or the Limit Comparison Test. 5. Series with some negative terms: Does g an converge? If yes, so does gan since absolute convergence implies convergence. 6. Alternating series: gan converges if the series satisfies the conditions of the Alternating Series Test.

Taylor Series 1 = 1 + x + x 2 + + x n + = a x n, 1 - x n=0


q q

x 6 1 x 6 1

1 = 1 - x + x 2 - + s -xdn + = a s -1dnx n, 1 + x n=0 ex = 1 + x + sin x = x cos x = 1 x2 xn xn + + + = a , 2! n! n = 0 n!


q

x 6 q x 6 q

q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x5 x 2n + 1 + - + s -1dn , + = a 3! 5! s2n + 1d! n = 0 s2n + 1d! q s -1dnx 2n x2 x4 x 2n + - + s -1dn , + = a 2! 4! s2nd! s2nd! n=0

x 6 q -1 6 x 1 x 6 1

ln s1 + xd = x ln

q s -1dn - 1x n xn x2 x3 , + - + s -1dn - 1 n + = a n 2 3 n=1 q

x3 x 2n + 1 1 + x x 2n + 1 x5 + + , = 2 tanh-1 x = 2 ax + + + b = 2a 5 1 - x 3 2n + 1 n = 0 2n + 1
q s -1dnx 2n + 1 x3 x 2n + 1 x5 - + s -1dn , + + = a 5 3 2n + 1 2n + 1 n=0

tan-1 x = x -

x 1

Binomial Series s1 + xdm = 1 + mx + msm - 1dx 2 msm - 1dsm - 2d sm - k + 1dx k msm - 1dsm - 2dx 3 + + + + 2! 3! k! x 6 1,

q m = 1 + a a bx k, k=1 k

where m a b = m, 1 msm - 1d m a b = , 2! 2 msm - 1d sm - k + 1d m a b = k! k for k 3.

VECTOR OPERATOR FORMULAS (CARTESIAN FORM)


Formulas for Grad, Div, Curl, and the Laplacian Cartesian (x, y, z) i, j, and k are unit vectors in the directions of increasing x, y, and z. M, N, and P are the scalar components of F(x, y, z) in these directions. Gradient = 0 0 0 i + j + k 0x 0y 0z
A L

The Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals 1. Let F = Mi + Nj + Pk be a vector field whose components are continuous throughout an open connected region D in space. Then there exists a differentiable function such that 0 0 0 i + j + k F = = 0x 0y 0z if and only if for all points A and B in D the value of 1A F # dr is independent of the path joining A to B in D. If the integral is independent of the path from A to B, its value is
B

2.

F # dr = sBd - sAd.

Divergence

#F =

0N 0P 0M + + 0x 0y 0z i j 0 0y N 0 0y
2 2

Curl

0 * F = 4 0x M 2 = 0
2

Laplacian

0 + 0z
2

0 4 0z k P
2

Greens Theorem and Its Generalization to Three Dimensions Normal form of Greens Theorem: F # n ds = # F dA F 6
R

Divergence Theorem:

F # n ds = # F dV 6 9
S D

0x Vector Triple Products

Tangential form of Greens Theorem:

F # dr = * F # k dA F 6
R

su * vd # w = sv * wd # u = sw * ud # v u * sv * wd = su # wdv - su # vdw Vector Identities

Stokes Theorem:

F # dr = * F # n ds 6 F
S

In the identities here, and g are differentiable scalar functions, F, F1 , and F2 are differentiable vector fields, and a and b are real constants. * sd = 0 sgd = g + g # sgFd = g # F + g # F * sgFd = g * F + g * F # saF1 + bF2 d = a # F1 + b # F2 * saF1 + bF2 d = a * F1 + b * F2 sF1 # F2 d = sF1 # dF2 + sF2 # dF1 + F1 * s * F2 d + F2 * s * F1 d # sF1 * F2 d = F2 # * F1 - F1 # * F2 * sF1 * F2 d = sF2 # dF1 - sF1 # dF2 + s # F2 dF1 - s # F1 dF2 * s * Fd = s # Fd - s # dF = s # Fd - 2F 1 s * Fd * F = sF # dF - sF # Fd 2

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