SHORT COURSE ON BASIC CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND COCRETE DESIGN

Manohar Kanade Civil/Structural consultant flat no 302 Kumar Pushkar 840 Sadashiv Peth Pune 411030 Cell no +919823338004 land line 912024451079

FOREWORD
Civil /structural engineering is a very vast subject. Though the basic principles are studied in university curriculum, the practical experience of design is a must to understand the theoretical aspects grasped during college courses .It is said that experience is one of the best teachers. This course is an honest attempt by us to share the experience we have gained in our professional life. We believe that sharing of our experience with others would not only benefit the participants but also gives us an opportunity to improve ourselves.

INDEX
Sr no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Appendix a Appendix b Appendix c Title Concept of foundation Loads on foundation Geo technical design Structural engineering Structural analysis p no

DAY 1 SESSION 1 Part 1 CONCEPT OF FOUNDATION

Before we commence the subject of civil engineering, I must mention about a book that has impressed me most in my career spanning almost 35 years. This book is on pre stressed concrete and is written by Prof. T.Y.Lin, a pioneer in prestressed concrete .The very first page of the book says THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THOSE WHO RATHER THAN BLINDLY FOLLOWING CODES OF PRACTICE, SEEK TO APPLY LAW OF NATURE. Even the ACI code very categorically specifies on page no 7 chapter introduction that "Code and commentary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience and judgement". Indeed our attempt should be to know what is law of nature, which we call as fundamentals, understand these principles, try to formulate these laws into mathematical expressions, models, describe them as correctly as possible, as closely as it exists, apply these laws in order to understand the complexity of problems and seek logical solutions. The law of nature is same everywhere, the codes are man made and may different little bit from one country to another but the basic core is essentially same. All of you know the famous story of Newton who observed the apples from the trees fall down and that observation on law of nature, we call acceleration due to gravity and acts downwards. The mathematical representation of this law is Force = mass X g.

So any mass within a structure exerts downward force onto the structure, it is called weight in engineering, vertical load in civil engineering. The value of this acceleration is constant at any given time. Hence these are called static loads. These masses when subjected to any other acceleration would cause force in that direction. These forces are time dependent and are called dynamic loads. The earthquake forces generated due to movement in ground, wind forces generated due to movement of air and forces generated by moving parts in machinery are examples of these dynamic loads. The estimation of dynamic loads is quite complicated. Hence these loads are converted into equivalent static loads for analysis purpose. Wind is defined as air in motion. Hence laws of fluid mechanics are applicable to wind to work out the pressure on the surfaces of the building obstructing the flow of air. Coming back to civil engineering now, all of we know that foundation of any structure is the most important part of the structure. To understand the concept of foundation we must have a look at our own feet. Why our toes are on the front side? The reason is that the centre of gravity of the body supported by spinal chord and legs which are load carrying structural members of the body lies on the front side. Thus the law of nature indicates that for the body to be sta ble, the centre of gravity of the body must pass through the feet. This is a typical case on unidirectional eccentricity of load .If somebody tries to push us from behind, the chances of our instability are less as compared to pushing from the front. Similarly stretched legs give us more stability when pushed from sides. All these pushing forces are lateral loads which tend to destabilise the body. The building foundations are also subject to similar vertical forces and or lateral forces. In practice, the centre of gravity of the structure may vary in any of the directions depending upon various load cases. In terms of engineering of foundation we say that the centre of gravity should pass through the kern points. The mathematical expression for it may vary depending on the shape of foundation. The toe is wider at front because the centre of gravity of trapezoidal shape shifts

the centre of gravity away from the leg through which the weight of the body is transferred. If we are standing on a slippery floor the likeliness of sliding is much more than a non-slippery floor. The reason is that the coefficient of friction between the surface of feet and the ground is less in case of slippery floor. Hence it offers lesser resistance to horizontal forces acting on the body. In terms of engineering, we say force of friction between the ground and the foundation = mu( The coefficient of friction between the two surfaces) x W. If this resistance offered by the soil is less than the horizontal force acting onto the struc ture, the sliding of foundation would take place. In other words if sliding is to be avoided, the frictional force offered must be more than the horizontal force. The amount by which the frictional force should be more than the horizontal force is called factor of safety against sliding. If we were walking over a ground that is muddy, our feet would go down. The reasons being that the soils we are standing do not have sufficient strength to bear your weight without settlement. In terms of engineering we call it the ability of soil to withstand the vertical loads with a reasonable settlement as bearing capacity of soil. Thus the foundation strata must be such that it can bear the desired loads without causing undesirable settlement of the structure as well as offer enough resistance to sliding. The ground surface is subjected to erosion by surface water, wind making it weaker and weaker over a period of time. The foundation of the building must be placed beyond the depth of erosion. The rain water percolates i n to the soil and stabilizes at certain depth below ground level. This level is called the water table. During monsoon this may rise above normal water level and may reach near to ground surface. This may submerge fully or partly the foundation and soil above the foundation reducing the effective weight of foundation and reduce the stability of foundation or cause uplift of foundation. To summarise

1) The foundation must be stable. The centre of gravity of loads must pass through foundation 2) It should have sufficient resistance to sliding. 3) It should have bearing capacity to carry the loads safely to the soil below so as not to cause undesirable settlement 4) It must be below the erosion depth. 5) The maximum water table below ground level must be established before commencing the design.