Mahmmoud Mahdi
IPv4
IPv6
4.3 billion unique addresses
3.4 undecillion (3.4 10) 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,
211,456 340 undecillion, 282 decillion, 366 nonillion, 920 octillion, 938 septillion, 463 sextillion, 463 quintillion, 374 quadrillion, 607 trillion, 431 billion, 768 million, 211 thousand, 456
The limitations of IPv4 are:
Limited number of addresses Routing difficult to manage
Host configuration is complex
No built in security Limited Quality of Service
Improvements in IPv6 include:
Built in QoS (Quality Of Service) More efficient routing Simpler host configuration Better prioritized delivery support Redesigned headers for efficient processing and extensibility Built-in security
IP security through the use of IPSec is an integral part of IPv6, whereas it was an optional feature under IPv4.
Increased address space
providing 2128 (about 340 billion) unique addresses.
The IPv6 address space is:
128 bits address, or 16 bytes for addressing of
four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons 8 groups of 4 Hex characters
using eight groups Displayed in hexadecimal Characters: 0-9, A-F
Allows routing flexibility
An example of an IPv4 IP address
192 .168.1.101
An example of an IPv6 IP address
2001:0DB8:85A3:08D3:1319:8A2E:0370:7334
3FFE:0501:0008: 0000:0260: 97FF:FE40:EFAB 3FFE:501:8:0:260:97FF:FE40:EFAB 3FFE:501:8::260:97FF:FE40:EFAB
Decimal 0
Hex
Binary
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111
Decimal 8 Hex Binary 8 1000
9 9
10 A
11 B
12 C
13 D
14 E
15 F
1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
IPv6 addresses are:
Can use zero compression Eliminate consecutive zeros : : Leading Use a prefix to define the network portion of
address rather than a subnet mask. Two Parts
64 bit network component 64 bit host component
:0: stands for :0000: You can omit preceding 0s in any 16-bit word.
A series of sequential zeroes the address can be shortened to use a single zero in each group, or else the entire grouping can be represented using a double colon (: :).
2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:7334 :DB8: and :0DB8: are equivalent.
:: can be used only once in an address IPv6 Loopback Is ::1
= 2001:0:0:0:0:0:0:7334 = 2001::7334
The address
2001:0DB8:0000:0000:1234:0000:A9FE:133E
Compress :0000: into :0:
2001:0DB8:0000:0000:1234:0:A9FE:133E
Eliminate preceding zeros:
2001:DB8:0000:0000:1234:0:A9FE:133E
Use the special variable shortcut for multiple 0s:
2001:DB8::1234:0:A9FE:133E
Do you subnet IPv6?
If you are given 32 bits of network from your ISP,
Client Configuration
Manual
Required for routers
you have 96 bits to work with. If you use some of the 96 bits to route within your network infrastructure, then you are subnetting.
Automatically
From routers DHCPv6 servers
There are three types of addresses in IPv6:
Type Anycast Description Equivalent to IPv4 unicast
Unicast Additional unicast address types Multicast Equivalent to IPv4 multicast
Anycast
Visually similar to global Many destination hosts with the same address Address assigned to multiple devices. Finds nearest based on router cost When an anycast packet is sent, it is delivered to one of the devices, usually the closest one.
Unicast
A unicast packet uniquely identifies an interface
of an IPv6 device. Unicast addresses come in several types:
Global unicast address Link-Local Address Unique Local Address
Global Addresses (GAs)
Equivalent of public addresses in IPv4. Address space is defined as 2000::/3 High level bits 001 First block value between 2000-3FFF
The structure of GAs
Link-Local Address (LLAs)
Similar to APIPA addresses Self-configured, non-routable
Provides automatic communication on local
subnet Defined as FE80:: /10.
The structure of LLAs:
Unique-Local Addresses (ULAs)
Similar to Private addresses They are not expected to be routable on the global Internet. Defined as FC00 or FD00::/7
The structure of ULAs:
Multicast address
One-to-Many communication packets. Multicast packets are identifiable by their first byte. Defined as FF00::/8 In the second byte shown (the 00 of FF00), the second 0 is whats called the scope.
Interface-local is 01, and link-local is 02 FF01:: is an interface-local multicast.
There are several well-known multicast addresses
Ex: if you want to send a packet to all nodes in the link-
local scope,
You send the packet to FF02::1 (FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1). The all-routers multicast address is FF02::2
Address Prefix 2000:: /3 FE80:: /10 FC00:: /7 FF00:: /8 2001:DB8:: /32 ::1 - ::/1 2001:0000: /32
Scope of Use Global unicast space prefix Link-local address prefix Unique local unicast prefix Multicast prefix Global unicast prefix use for documentation Reserved local loopback address Teredo prefix (discussed later in this chapter)
2002:: /16
6to4 prefix (discussed later in this chapter)
New Header Format
Not supported by current IPv4 routers
Router Upgrade Required Before Moving To IPv6
Dual stack
Running both IPv4 and IPv6 on the same network Utilizing the IPv4 address space for devices using only
Tunneling
IPv4 addresses and utilizing the IPv6 address space for devices using IPv6 addresses address space inside another
Using an encapsulation scheme for transporting one
Address translation
Using a higher-level application to transparently change
one address type (IPv4 or IPv6) to the other so end devices are unaware one address space is talking to another
IPv6 Dual Stack
IPv6 Tunneling
Several tunneling mechanisms for tunneling
IPv6 through the IPv4 address space. Used for unicast IPv6 communication across an IPv4 infrastructure. They include the following:
Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP) 6to4 Teredo
Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
Allows IPv6 and IPv4 hosts to communicate through a ISATAP
router
By performing a type of address translation between IPv4 and IPv6.
Intended for use inside a private network. Enabled by default in Windows Server 2008. Tunnel Adapter Local Area Connection* 8 IPv4 embedded in IPv6 e.g., FE80::5EFE:192.168.1.5 All ISATAP clients receive an address for an ISATAP interface. The format of an ISATAP address is as follows: [64bits of prefix] [32bits indicating ISATAP] [32bits IPv4 Address]
ISATAP routers allows IPv4-only and IPv6only hosts to communicate with each other
6to4
Tunnels IPv6 traffic over IPv4 through 6to4 routers. Similar to ISATAP, but designed for public network
(Internet)
Intended to be used on the Internets.
IPv4 is encapsulated in IPv6 Requires 6to4 routers
Router has public IP
2002:/16 prefix
Router advertises 2002: subnet ::/64
hosts auto configure 6to4 address
6to4 allows IPv6-only hosts to communicate over the Internet
Toredo
Similar to 6 to4 but unnecessary to upgrade edge
routers. Toredo is used (Preferred) only when no other IPv6 translation is available. Allows clients behind an IPv4 NAT to use IPv6 on the Internet Enabled by default in Windows Server 2008.
Tunnel Adapter Local Area Connection* 9
2001::/32 prefix
32 prefix
64 Teredo IPv4 Hex 64 Internet ID
Neighbor Discovery is a set of messages and processes that determine relationships between neighboring nodes. Some of the ND functions are:
Router discovery Prefix discovery Parameter discovery Address auto-configuration Address resolution Duplicate address detection
