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Objectives:
1. Study the operation oI arithmetic instructions.
! ADD A,byte~
! ADDC A,byte~
! SUBB A,byte~
! INC A
! INC byte~
! INC DPTR
! DEC A
! DEC byte~
! MUL AB
! DIV AB
! DA A
2. Use the Assembler, ASM51, learn Assembler control, and Assembler directive.
The arithmetic instructions are perIormed with accumulator. The operand can be register
R0-R7 or on-chip memory with direct or indirect addressing mode. Most oI them execute
within one machine cycle, so Ior 12MHz oscillator, it will be 1 S.
)00&)1&234567
The addressing modes are:
Direct ADD A,30H
Indirect ADD A,R0
Register ADD A,R7
Immediate ADD A,#30H
"8"*.+#"&'9:(&Enter the opcode shown below started Irom address 8100. Single step
and answer the question.
ADDR OPCODE
8100 7530FE 9 main: mov 30h,#254 ; |30h| ?
8103 E502 10 mov a,2 ; A ?
8105 2530 11 add a,30h ; A ? CARRY FLAG ?
8107 2430 12 add a,#30h ; A ? CY ?
8109 7F64 13 mov r7,#100 ; R7 ?
810B 2F 14 add a,r7 ; A ? CY ?
810C 7831 15 mov r0,#31h ; R0 ?
810E 27 16 add a,r1 ; A ? CY ?
II the result oI addition in larger than 255 or FFH, the carry Ilag will set. We can use
ADDC instruction Ior higher signiIicant byte adding. The higher signiIicant byte will be
added with carry Ilag.
)00.&)1&234567
"8"*.+#"&'9;(&Enter code below and single step.
ADDR OPCODE
8100 7530FF 11 main: mov 30h,#0IIh
8103 753100 12 mov 31h,#00
8106 753202 13 mov 32h,#02
8109 753300 14 mov 33h,#00
15
810C E530 16 mov a,30h ; A ?
810E 2532 17 add a,32h ; A ? CY ?
8110 F530 18 mov 30h,a ; |30H| ?
8112 E531 19 mov a,31h ; A ?
8114 3533 20 addc a,33h ; |33H| ? CY ?
1. The operand1 is 00FF and operand2 is 0002. Above program perIorms 00FF0002 and
saves the result to memory address 30h and 31h. The low address stores low signiIicant
byte. Try changing the operator1 and 2, 1EEFA029, show the result by hand calculation
and result that stores at location 30h and 31h.
#/<<&)1&234567
SUBB subtracts the byte variable and the borrow (carry) Ilag Irom the Accumulator,
leaving result in A. Note, iI state oI carry Ilag is not known beIore doing single or
multiple precision subtraction, we must clear carry Ilag using CLR C beIorehand.
"8"*.+#"&'9'(&Find the value aIter execution Ior each instruction.
ADDR OPCODE
8100 7464 11 main: mov a,#100
8102 9401 12 subb a,#1
1.! Single step, what is the result in Accumulator.
Now suppose, the carry has set beIore executing SUBB, see what happen?
ADDR OPCODE
8100 D3 11 main: setb c ; suppose state oI carry was 1
8101 7464 12 mov a,#100
8103 9401 13 subb a,#1
2. What is the result in Accumulator?
Above example shows us, better to clear carry (borrow) Ilag beIore the SUBB
instruction.
3. Now, let have the operand1 and operand2 stored at location 30H, 31H and 32H, 33H.
The same as ADDC exercise, except we will subtract it. Show the result by hand
calculation and check it with single stepping.
+%.&)
+%.&234567
+%.&0=,*
0".&)
0".&234567
The INC instruction increments byte variable by one. The DEC instruction decrements by
one. All oI them have 8-bit variable, except INC DPTR, it will increment 16-bit DPTR
register by one.
From now on we will learn using ASM51 iI the exercise asked Ior writing small program.
W can use the assembler to translate assembly source code into machine code, Intel Hex
Iile. The Intel hex Iile can then be downloaded into 8051SBC`s memory Ior program
testing easily.
Study the source code below,
$mod51
$include(mypaulm2.equ)
dseg at 30h
num1: ds 2
num2: ds 2
cseg at 8000h
jmp main
org 8100h
main: mov num1,#0Ieh
mov num11,#12h
mov num2,#2eh
mov num21,#1Ih
mov a,num1
add a,num2
mov num1,a
mov a,num11
addc a,num21
mov num21,a
jmp monitor
end
The Iirst line, $mod51 is assembler control. It will tell assembler to use the Iile name
mod51 Ior EQU symbol. The actual content oI mod51 is the deIinition oI location Ior
8051 registers. Let us see its content.
P0 DATA 080H ;PORT 0
SP DATA 081H ;STACK POINTER
DPL DATA 082H ;DATA POINTER - LOW BYTE
DPH DATA 083H ;DATA POINTER - HIGH BYTE
PCON DATA 087H ;POWER CONTROL
TCON DATA 088H ;TIMER CONTROL
TMOD DATA 089H ;TIMER MODE
TL0 DATA 08AH ;TIMER 0 - LOW BYTE
TL1 DATA 08BH ;TIMER 1 - LOW BYTE
TH0 DATA 08CH ;TIMER 0 - HIGH BYTE
TH1 DATA 08DH ;TIMER 1 - HIGH BYTE
P1 DATA 090H ;PORT 1
SCON DATA 098H ;SERIAL PORT CONTROL
SBUF DATA 099H ;SERIAL PORT BUFFER
P2 DATA 0A0H ;PORT 2
IE DATA 0A8H ;INTERRUPT ENABLE
P3 DATA 0B0H ;PORT 3
IP DATA 0B8H ;INTERRUPT PRIORITY
PSW DATA 0D0H ;PROGRAM STATUS WORD
ACC DATA 0E0H ;ACCUMULATOR
B DATA 0F0H ;MULTIPLICATION REGISTER
IT0 BIT 088H ;TCON.0 - EXT. INTERRUPT 0 TYPE
IE0 BIT 089H ;TCON.1 - EXT. INTERRUPT 0 EDGE FLAG
IT1 BIT 08AH ;TCON.2 - EXT. INTERRUPT 1 TYPE
IE1 BIT 08BH ;TCON.3 - EXT. INTERRUPT 1 EDGE FLAG
TR0 BIT 08CH ;TCON.4 - TIMER 0 ON/OFF CONTROL
TF0 BIT 08DH ;TCON.5 - TIMER 0 OVERFLOW FLAG
TR1 BIT 08EH ;TCON.6 - TIMER 1 ON/OFF CONTROL
TF1 BIT 08FH ;TCON.7 - TIMER 1 OVERFLOW FLAG
RI BIT 098H ;SCON.0 - RECEIVE INTERRUPT FLAG
TI BIT 099H ;SCON.1 - TRANSMIT INTERRUPT FLAG
RB8 BIT 09AH ;SCON.2 - RECEIVE BIT 8
TB8 BIT 09BH ;SCON.3 - TRANSMIT BIT 8
REN BIT 09CH ;SCON.4 - RECEIVE ENABLE
SM2 BIT 09DH ;SCON.5 - SERIAL MODE CONTROL BIT 2
SM1 BIT 09EH ;SCON.6 - SERIAL MODE CONTROL BIT 1
SM0 BIT 09FH ;SCON.7 - SERIAL MODE CONTROL BIT 0
EX0 BIT 0A8H ;IE.0 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 0 ENABLE
ET0 BIT 0A9H ;IE.1 - TIMER 0 INTERRUPT ENABLE
EX1 BIT 0AAH ;IE.2 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 1 ENABLE
ET1 BIT 0ABH ;IE.3 - TIMER 1 INTERRUPT ENABLE
ES BIT 0ACH ;IE.4 - SERIAL PORT INTERRUPT ENABLE
EA BIT 0AFH ;IE.7 - GLOBAL INTERRUPT ENABLE
RXD BIT 0B0H ;P3.0 - SERIAL PORT RECEIVE INPUT
TXD BIT 0B1H ;P3.1 - SERIAL PORT TRANSMIT OUTPUT
INT0 BIT 0B2H ;P3.2 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 0 INPUT
INT1 BIT 0B3H ;P3.3 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 1 INPUT
T0 BIT 0B4H ;P3.4 - TIMER 0 COUNT INPUT
T1 BIT 0B5H ;P3.5 - TIMER 1 COUNT INPUT
WR BIT 0B6H ;P3.6 - WRITE CONTROL FOR EXT. MEMORY
RD BIT 0B7H ;P3.7 - READ CONTROL FOR EXT. MEMORY
PX0 BIT 0B8H ;IP.0 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 0 PRIORITY
PT0 BIT 0B9H ;IP.1 - TIMER 0 PRIORITY
PX1 BIT 0BAH ;IP.2 - EXTERNAL INTERRUPT 1 PRIORITY
PT1 BIT 0BBH ;IP.3 - TIMER 1 PRIORITY
PS BIT 0BCH ;IP.4 - SERIAL PORT PRIORITY
P BIT 0D0H ;PSW.0 - ACCUMULATOR PARITY FLAG
OV BIT 0D2H ;PSW.2 - OVERFLOW FLAG
RS0 BIT 0D3H ;PSW.3 - REGISTER BANK SELECT 0
RS1 BIT 0D4H ;PSW.4 - REGISTER BANK SELECT 1
F0 BIT 0D5H ;PSW.5 - FLAG 0
AC BIT 0D6H ;PSW.6 - AUXILIARY CARRY FLAG
CY BIT 0D7H ;PSW.7 - CARRY FLAG
For example the DATA directive tells assembler that P1 symbol is located at address
090H on chip memory.
P1 DATA 090H ;PORT 1
Another example is BIT directive. It tells assembler that Carry Flag BIT location is at
0D7H or bit 7 oI PSW register.
CY BIT 0D7H ;PSW.7 - CARRY FLAG
With $mod51, or $mod52 typed in the source code, we can then use the symbol oI
register, instead oI the putting the hex address directly.
The second assembler control is $include(Iile). It tells the assembler to include any text
Iiles in the source code. The example shown below includes Iile name, mypaulm2.equ to
the source code.
$include(mypaulm2.equ)
Let use see what is the content oI mypaulm2.equ.
phex1 equ 002Eh ;print a single hex digit
cout equ 0030h ;Send Acc to serial port
cin equ 0032h ;Get Acc Irom serial port
phex equ 0034h ;Print Hex value oI Acc
phex16 equ 0036h ;Print Hex value oI DPTR
pstr equ 0038h ;Print string pointed to by DPTR,
;must be terminated by 0 or a high bit set
;pressing ESC will stop the printing
ghex equ 003Ah ;Get Hex input into Acc
;Carry set iI ESC has been pressed
ghex16 equ 003Ch ;Get Hex input into DPTR
;Carry set iI ESC has been pressed
esc equ 003Eh ;Check Ior ESC key
;Carry set iI ESC has been pressed
upper equ 0040h ;Convert Acc to uppercase
;Non-ASCII values are unchanged
autobaud equ 0042h ;Initialize serial port
pcstr equ 0045h ;print string in compressed Iormat (no docs)
newline equ 0048h ;print CR/LF (13 and 10)
lenstr equ 004Ah ;return the length oI a string DPTR (in R0)
pint8u equ 004Dh ;print Acc at an integer, 0 to 255
pint8 equ 0050h ;print Acc at an integer, -128 to 127
pint16u equ 0053h ;print DPTR as an integer, 0 to 65535
smartwr equ 0056h ;write Acc DPTR (RAM or Ilash), C1 iI error
prgm equ 0059h ;write Acc DPTR to Flash ROM, C1 iI error
erall equ 005Ch ;erase the Flash ROM chip, C1 iI error
Iind equ 005Fh ;Iind next prog header in memory
cinIilter equ 0062 ;like cin, but scan Ior arrow keys, pgup/pgdn
asc2hex equ 0065h ;convert character 0-9,A-F to number 0-15.
monitor equ 1954h ; return path to monitor program see myEXTRA.asm
We see that each line tells the assembler what is the value oI a given symbol using EQU
directive. For example,
phex16 equ 0036h ;Print Hex value oI DPTR
phex16 is equal 0036h, the comment details what is phex16 and how to use it. The
monitor program provides such useIul subroutines Ior easy programming. Suppose we
want to print the value oI DPTR to terminal, we can just load the 16-bit value into DPTR
and call phex16.
ADDR OPCODE
8100 909000 70 main: mov dptr,#9000H
8103 120036 71 call phex16
8106 021954 72 jmp monitor
"8"*.+#"&'9>(&Enter above code and test run with jump command. See what happen
on terminal screen?
The area oI source code can switch between CODE segment oI DATA segment easily
with assembler directives, i.e., CSEG and DSEG respectively.
Suppose we want to reserve memory space Ior variable, we can then use directive DS
(DeIine Storage). The example deIine num1 and num2 to be 2-byte variable
dseg at 30h
num1: ds 2
num2: ds 2
"8"*.+#"&'9?(&Edit the source code below, use ASM51 to convert it to Hex Iile and
List Iile. Answer questions.
$mod51
$include(mypaulm2.equ)
dseg at 30h
num1: ds 2 ; num1 ?
num2: ds 2 ; num2 ?
cseg at 8000h
jmp main
org 8100h
main: mov num1,#0Ieh
mov num11,#12h
mov num2,#2eh
mov num21,#1Ih
mov a,num1
add a,num2
mov num1,a
mov a,num11
addc a,num21
mov num21,a
jmp monitor
end
1.! What is the result oI addition that stored in memory location 30H and 31H?
"8"*.+#"&'9@(&Instead oI using command I` to dump internal memory aIter addition,
try with phex16 subroutine to print result on screen. (We can access 16-bit DPTR with 8-
bit DPH and 8-bit DHL registers)
-/!&)<
0+A&)<
MUL AB multiplies the unsigned 8-bit integers in the Accumulator and register B. The
low-order byte oI the 16-bit product is leIt in the Accumulator, and high order byte in B.
DIV AB divides the unsigned eight-bit integer in the Accumulator by the unsigned eight-
bit integer in register B. The Accumulator receives the integer part oI quotient; register B
receives remainder.
"8"*.+#"&'9B&&Write a program that perIorms multiplication with MUL instruction.
Print the 16-bit result on screen. Let A255, B 5, result will be in DPTR A X B.
0)&&)
DA A adjusts the 8-bit value in the Accumulator to BCD number. The input value to be
added must be BCD number. DA A must be placed aIter ADD or ADDC only.
"8"*.+#"&'9C&&Write a program that perIorms addition between two BCD number,
print the result on screen. Suppose the BCD number1 is 1924 and BCD number2 is 1892.
Both are stored at internal ram address 30H-31H Ior BCD1 and 32H-33H Ior BCD2