EXAMS:

There will be two 75-minute evening exams and a two-hour final exam. The evening exams
are multiple-choice and should be able to be completed within 75 minutes by a well-prepared
student; note that were giving you 120 minutes. The times and locations of the evening
exams are as follows:

Exam 1: Wednesday, February 13 @ 8 10 PM in Physics 203 and Physics 331

Exam 2: Tuesday, March 26 @ 8 10 PM in Physics 114

All exams are closed book. For the exams you will need a #2 pencil, a calculator and your
student ID. You may make a single crib sheet for Exam 1 (you may write on both sides of an
8.5 x 11 sheet of paper). Bring this and a second crib sheet to Exam 2; bring both crib
sheets and a third to the Final Exam. Many, but not all, formulae will be provided on the front
of the Exams.
PHYS 219 General Physics: Electricity, Light
and Modern Physics
Exam 1 is scheduled on Wednesday, February 13 @ 8 10 PM
It will cover four Chapters 17, 18, 19, and 20.
Physics Room 203 for those whose last names start with A - N
Physics Room 331 for those whose last names start with P - Z
Start reviewing lecture notes, home works, and recitation problems !
What is the current I
2
through the middle
(vertical) resistor?
a. 0.375A
b. 0.5A
c. 0.75A
d. 1A
e. 1.5A
Quiz 7 Lecture 8 PHYS 219 February 4, 2013
15V
10O
10O
15V
10O
I
1
I
1
I
2
1 1 1 2 2 1 2
2
1 2 2 2
1 2 2
2
2
0,
0
2
3
0
2
2
3
I R I R R R
I
R I R
I R
I
R
c
c
c
c
= =
=
=
=
2
1 1 2 1
2
I
I I I I + = =
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
15 (10 ) (10 ) 0,
2
15 (10 ) (10 ) 0
2
2 15
1
3 10
I
V I I I
I
V I
V
I A
O O = =
O O =
= =
O
Chapter 20 Magnetic Fields and Forces Lecture 9
20.1 Sources of Magnetic Fields
20.2 Magnetic Forces Involving Bar magnets
20.3 Magnetic Forces on a Moving Charge
20.4 Magnetic Forces on an Electric Current
20.5 Torque on a Current Loop and Magnetic Moments
20.6 Motion of Charged Particles in the Presence of
Electric and Magnetic Fields
20.7 Calculating the Magnetic Field: Amperes Law
20.8 Magnetic Materials: What Goes On Inside ?
20.9 The Earths Magnetic Field
20.10 Applications of Magnetism
Force on Moving Charge
Magnetic force acts on individual charges
The force depends on the velocity of the charge
If the charge is not moving, there is no magnetic force
If a positive charge, q, is moving with a given velocity
in an external magnetic field, then the magnitude of
the force on the charge is
F
B
= q v B sin
The angle is the angle
between the velocity
and the field


Section 20.3
v
B

Right Hand Rule Number 2
Point the figures of your
right hand in the direction of
the velocity and wrap them
in the direction of the field
Your thumb points in the
direction of the force
This process is for a positive
charge
For a negative charge,
reverse the direction of
the force
The magnetic force is
always perpendicular to both
the magnetic field and the
particles velocity

Section 20.3


Comparison of Forces and Units
The magnetic force is dependent on velocity
Electric and gravitational fields are not
The direction of the magnetic force is always
perpendicular to both the magnetic field and the
particles velocity
The field and the force are always parallel for electric
and gravitational forces

Section 20.3
From the equation for the magnitude of the magnetic
force,

The Tesla (T) is then

C m T
N
s
1 1

=
N s kg
T
C m C s
1 1 1

= =

Motion of a Charged Particle
Assume a charged
particle moves parallel
to the magnetic field
The angle between the
velocity and the field is
zero
Therefore, the force is
also zero
Since sin = 0
Section 20.3
F
B
= q v B sin , Eq. (20.1)
Motion of a Charged Particle, 2
Assume a charged
particle moves
perpendicular to the
magnetic field
The angle between the
velocity and the field is
90
Therefore, the force is
qvB
The particle will move in
a circle
Section 20.3
F
B
= q v B sin , Eq. (20.1)
Motion, 2, cont.
The circle lies in the plane perpendicular to the
magnetic field lines
The radius r of the circle can be calculated from
noting there must be a centripetal force acting on the
particle
= =
=
B C
mv
F F qvB
r
mv
r
qB
2
Section 20.3
Motion of a Charged Particle, 3
Assume a charged
particle moves neither
parallel nor
perpendicular to the
magnetic field
The angle between the
velocity and the field
varies
The path of the particle
is helical
The charged particle
will spiral around the
magnetic field lines
Section 20.3
Motion of a Charged Particle, Summary
If a charged particle has a velocity parallel to the
magnetic field, the magnetic force on the particle is
zero
If a charged particle is moving perpendicular to a
constant magnetic field, the particle will move in a
circle
If a charged particle is moving with a velocity at
some angle between 0and 90, it will spiral
around the magnetic field lines
Section 20.3
Right Hand Rules, Summary
Right-hand rule number 1: Finding the direction of the
magnetic field from an electric current
Place the thumb of your right hand along the direction of the
current
Curl your fingers; they will then give the direction of the magnetic
field as the field lines encircle the current
Right-hand rule number 2: Finding the direction of the
magnetic force on a moving charge, q
Point the fingers of your right hand along the direction of the
velocity
Curl your fingers in the direction of the field
If q is positive, the magnetic force is parallel to your thumb. If q is
negative, the magnetic force is in the opposite direction
Section 20.3
Magnetic Force on a Current
An electric current is a
collection of moving
charges, a force acts on
a current
From the equation of
the force on a moving
charge, the force on a
current-carrying wire is
F
on wire
= I L B sin
The direction of the
force is given by the
right-hand rule number
2

Section 20.4
sin ( ) .(20.11)
( ) ( ) ,
sin .(20.12)
B B
B
on wire on wire
F qvB F qvB Q vB Eq
L L Q
v F Q vB Q B ILB I
t t t
F ILB or F ILB Eq
u
u

= = = A
A
= = A = A = =
A A A
= =
Magnetic Force on a Current, cont.
Magnetic Force between Two Wires
Demo
Torque on a Current Loop
A magnetic field can produce a torque on a current
loop
Assume a square loop with sides of length L carrying
a current I in a constant magnetic field
The directions of the forces can be found from right-
hand rule 2
Section 20.5
Torque on a Current Loop, cont.
On two sides, the net force is zero
The forces on sides with the current perpendicular
to the field are in opposite directions and produce a
torque on the loop (slides 1 and 3 in fig. 20.24)




The torque is

For different shapes, this becomes
= I A B sin , A=L
2

Section 20.5
2
sin ( sin ) sin , .(20.14)
on wire
F L ILB L IL B Eq t u u u

= = =
Magnetic Moment
For a current loop, the
magnetic moment is I A
The direction of the
magnetic moment is
either along the axis of
the bar magnet or
perpendicular to the
current loop
The strength of the
torque depends on the
magnitude of the
magnetic moment
Section 20.5
Motion in Two Fields
The motion of an electric charge in the presence of
both an electric field and a magnetic field is of
interest
Two applications include
Velocity Selector
Hall Effect
Mass spectrometer

Section 20.6
Both B and E present Velocity Selector
m
F p qvB u =
e
F qE down =
E
v
B
=
when balanced F
m
= F
e

velocity selector
Example: No deflection
when E=3 kV/m, B=1.4 G
4
0
7
3000 / 1.4 10
2.143 10 ( / )
E
v
B
m s

= =
=
Section 20.6
Hall Effect
An electric current is
produced by moving
electric charges
A particular value of
current can be
produced by positive
charges moving to the
right or negative
charges to the left
The Hall Effect can
distinguish between the
two options
Section 20.6
Hall Effect, cont.
Place a current-carrying
wire in a magnetic field
directed perpendicular
to the current
With positive charge
carriers, an excess
positive charge
accumulates on the top
edge
Section 20.6
Hall Effect, final
With negative charge
carriers, an excess
negative charge
accumulates on the top
edge
Measuring the potential
difference distinguishes
between positive or
negative charge carriers
producing the current

Section 20.6
Mass Spectrometer
Allows for the
separation of ions
according to their mass
or charge
The ions enter with
some speed v
They pass into a region
where the magnetic
field is perpendicular to
the velocity
Section 20.6
Mass Spectrometer, cont.
The ions travel in a circle in the mass spectrometer
The radius of the circle is mv/qB
Ions with different masses will travel in arcs with
different radii
Mass spectrometer can also be used to find the
composition of a material
Measure the values of v, B and r
Calculate q/m
Charge to mass ratio
Section 20.6
Charged Particle Entering Uniform
Magnetic Field B (1)
.
mv
r const
qB
qB
v r
m
= =
=
Constant speed
circular motion
v B
Mass spectrometer
2
v qB
F ma qvB m v r
r m
= = =
2
2
1 1
2 2
qBr
mv m q V
m
| |
= = A
|
\ .
2 2
2
m B r
q V
=
A
Example: Proton in B Field
Consider a region of uniform
magnetic field (green dots) coming
out of the page with magnitude B =
1.2 mT. A proton with kinetic
energy K = 8.4810
-13
J enters the
field, moving vertically from the
bottom to the top.
Question: Calculate the magnetic deflecting force on the proton.
Answer: Use F = qvBsinu. First, figure out the velocity v.

K =
1
2
mv
2
v =
2K
m
v =
2 8.4810
13
J
( )
1.6710
27
kg
= 3.210
7
m/s

Direction of F: Use Right Hand Rule
Example: Proton in B Field (2)
Small force but large
acceleration for light particle
( )( )( )
19 7 3
15
15
12 2
27
sin
1.60 10 C 3.2 10 m/s 1.2 10 T sin90
6.1 10 N
6.1 10 N
3.7 10 m/s
1.67 10 kg
F qvB
F
F
F
a
m
u

=
=
=

= = =

Angle between B-field direction and velocity of

the proton: u = 90 deg
Example: Cathode Ray Tube (1)
The mass of an electron is 9.109410
-31
kg while the elementary
charge is 1.602210
-19
C.

Question: Calculate the velocity of the electrons in the beam after
leaving the electron gun.
Answer:
2 6
1
2
implies 6.92 10 m/s
K U qV
mv eV v
A = A =
= =
Consider a cathode-ray tube.
In this tube, electrons from an
electron beam are accelerated
horizontally by a voltage of 136
V in an electron gun.
Example: Cathode Ray Tube (2)
Question: If the tube is placed in a uniform
magnetic field, in what direction is the electron
beam deflected?
Answer:
Downward since the electron
has a negative charge

Question: Calculate the magnitude of acceleration of an electron if
the field strength is 3.6510
-4
T.
Answer:
F ma qvB = =

=
1.602210
19
C
( )
6.9210
6
m/s
( )
3.6510
4
T
( )
9.109410
31
kg
= 4.4410
14
m/s
2
qvB
a
m
=
Demo Force on Moving Charge
Demo Visivible Cathode Ray Tube