Agricultural Development in the Lowlands: Dynamics, Perspective and Time Frame Lesson Learned from STLD and the
e Way Forwards
Highlights
The integration of the programme conducted to support the food production in the lowlands schemes under the Strengthening Tidal Lowlands Development (STLD) is only possible with the support of related parties. i.e.: The Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works; Rijskwaterstaat Partner for Water of the Netherlands, Local government of South Sumatra province, Banyuasin district, West Kalimantan province, Kubu Raya and Sambas districts, the support from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia; the Water Users Association/ Farmers Group, and the Community Organizers
Dr. Robiyanto H. Susanto, Sriwijaya University [email protected] Integrated Lowland Development Workshop, Jan 21, 2009, Jakarta, Indonesia
Food security in Indonesia and the global challenge Room for intensification of existing agriculture (rice, other food crops, tree crops etc, linked to the optimalisation of the lowlands schemes) The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD: Assessment needed Water Control Infrastructures, Operation and maintenance with Water Users Association (WUA); Farming system technology with farming systems approach; Mechanized operation and maintenance Multi stakeholders participation: Governments-Farmers/WUANGO-Academics-Private Sectors Capacity building and human resources development on the lowlands issues The way forward to propagate the success stories in the lowland for food production to other prospective existing lowland schemes Closing remarks
WORLD POPULATION
Present and Future Population 2000-2025 (x 1000)
180.000,0 160.000,0 140.000,0 120.000,0 100.000,0 80.000,0 60.000,0 40.000,0 20.000,0 0,0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Sulaw esi and Maluku Papua Sumatra Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara Kalimantan
Achievement Level of Predicted Self Food Sufficiency, 2006-2025
Assumption : increase area 0,37%, increase productivity 0,48% 30.000-40.000 ha/year in Java to non-agric. uses
70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 (10,000) 2006 Harvested area(000 ha) 2010 2015 Productivity (ton GKG/ha) Balance (000 ton GKG) 2020
Deficit
2025 Yield (000 ton GKG)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_population.PNG Source: BPS, 2007
Demand (eq. 000 ton GKG)
Source: Litbang Deptan, 2007
WORLD MARKET PRICES FOR RICE OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS HARGA PASAR DUNIA PADI UNTUK 10 TAHUN TERAKHIR
Tidal-Lowland & Coastal Areas in Indonesia
Type of Lowlands according to Ramsar Convention (Davies et al, 1995)
1200 1000
Price in US$/ton
800 600 400 200 0 Jan Feb Mrt Apr
Figure 1. Tidal Lowland Distribution in Indonesia
Lowland-Wetland Ecosystem Biodiversity
Reclaimed Lowland Area in Indonesia Sponsored by Government: Mainly for Transmigration and Food Production areas
Mangrove forest: 90.00 ha
Area of Lowlands Lokasi Tidal (ha) Sumatra Kalimantan Sulawesi Papua 6,604,000 8,126,900 1,148,950 4,216,950 20,096,800 Inland (ha) 2,766,000 3,580,500 644,500 6,305,770 13,296,770 Total (ha) 9,370,000 11,707,400 1,793,450 10,522,720 33,393,570 Developed Lowland Area to be Cultivated Area Tidal (ha) 691,704 694,935 65,930 1,452,569 Inland (ha) 110,176 194,765 18,780 23,710 347,431 Total (ha) 801,880 889,700 84,710 23,710 1,800,000
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES WITHIN THE LOWLANDS AND COASTAL AREAS
(estuarine mangrove, with more then 20 small rivers menadering within the areas)
Sources of fishery for the nearby areas
Migratory birds nesting place
Areas for wildlife, such as: Sumatran Tiger, Estruary crocodile, Tree tiger, etc..
Note: In addition approx. 2.4 mil ha was reclaimed by spontaneous settler and the private sector
Source : Directorate of Lowlands and Coast, Directorate General of Water Resources 2007
Clay Soil vs Peat Surveying and Mapping
Kondisi vegetasi rawa di lokasi Desa Pedamaran.
Pengeboran dititik 47, vegetasi dominan kumpai&purun, kedalaman gambut 3,5 m, karakteristik kematangan saprik-hemik
Kondisi lahan rawa yang terbakar
TECHNOLOGY & WAY OF LIFE ADAPTATION TO THE LOWLAND-COASTAL AREAS ENVIRONMENT
Pengeboran di titik 77, vegetasi dominan pakis&perpat, kedalaman 3,5 m, karakteristik kematangan saprik-hemik
Lokasi survey yang ditanami padi sonor
Perkampungan nelayan Jungkal
Paddy floating nursery
Aquaculture
Consideration for the Development and Management of Lowland-Coastal Areas Geology and Physiography Lowland Reclamation Schemes Climate and Hydrology Hidrotopography Soil/ type of peat Farming/ Cropping System Socio-Cultural Issues Economic Setting Institutional Issues Environmental issues
MODIFIED LOWLANDCOASTAL AREAS ENVIRONMENT FOR SETTLEMENT & FOOD PRODUCTION
Lowlands of Sumatra
Lowland Development in South Sumatera
(Income of 500 US$/year/family: OKI, Muba, Banyuasin )
Lowland Development in West Kalimantan
Soil moisture distribution under different water table/ soil surface condition (Skaggs, 1990a)
Water table profile under modified rooting zone condition (with surface or subsurface drainage systems) (Skaggs, 1990c)
Rooting zone under shallow and deep water table (right, 30 cm below soil surface; and left 60 cm below soil surface) (Skaggs, 1990b)
Consideration on topography and natural layout for the drainage systems development (contour) (Skaggs, 1990d)
Drainage flapgate + sliding gate Secondary canal Saluran sekunder
Pintu klep + pintu sorong
Bridges, gates, canals within the lowland scheme
Drainage development under the help of government: Telang I, Banyuasin, South Sumatra
Tertiaries
Agricultural fields
Lahan pertanian
Public and economic facilities, home yards
Primary canal
Saluran primer
Saluran tersier
Fasilitas umum dan ekonomi, lahan pekarangan
Before upgrading
Movable flap gates
Pintu klep yang dapat dipindahkan
After upgrading
The Lesson learned from LWMTL/ STLD: Assessment needed Water Control Infrastructures, Operation and Maintenance with Water Users Association (WUA); Farming system technology with farming systems approach; Mechanized operation and maintenance
Land and Water Management Tidal Lowlands LWMTL Strengthening Tidal Lowlands Development STLD
Paddy field based reclamation condition in Telang - Saleh 2008 (Community based development)
June 2004 July 2008
Farmers meeting in Tekarang, Sambas, West Kalimantan, July 8 & Nov 20, 2007
Farm machineries
Structure with flapgate that can be operated for irrigation or drainage (high tide/low tide) by changing flapgate position. Design recommended by STLD project; inputs from Indonesian Government
Januari
Februari Maret April
Trials in Sumber Mulyo, P6 Telang-Banyuasin
Mei Juni Juli Agustus
Mechanized canal maintenance survey.
Hand-over of granted equipments: Bupati, DGWR, Prof. Schultz - Holland
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 rice rice rice rice rice rice
Yield in ton/ha
2004 2005 2006 2007
Pilot area 1
Pilot area 2 First and second crops
Pilot area 3
September Oktober November
Flail Mower trial.
Total yield for first and second crop in tons/ha for the example tertiary blocks of the three pilot areas in South Sumatra (LWMTL-STLD, 2004-2008)
Mowing Bucket trial Dredging Bucket trial.
P8-12S Telang Banyuasin: Farmers Participation
Desember
An example of integrated lowland development in Banyuasin district, South Sumatra Province
Kemitraan PUSRI Darmaga Air Simpang PU Bank BRI Pilot Area IndonesiaBelanda 750 ha Darmaga Air di P8, Telang I
CONSTRAINTS ON LOWLAND-COASTAL AREAS MANAGEMENT
Single use vs Multiple uses Spatial Planning Data availability Misconception wrong way of thinking Lack of knowledge
Lumbung Desa Modern Deptan, P17 Telang II
Puskesmas Terapung
In appropriate site or program selection Sectoral egoism Coordination Sustainability Transportation and Accessibility Water supply and Sanitation Environmental Issues Conservation of Natural Resources Socio-Cultural (local people, transmigrant) Funding
Perbaikan Tata Air UPGB Perum BulogRice Estate Air Bersih & Sanitasi
Peran Pupuk Organik
High rice yield in West Kalimantan after introduction of new water control infrastructure and proper agronomic inputs. All inputs from farmers and local government; only assistance from STLD
Darmaga Air di Gasing
Agropolitan DepTrans di Muara Padang Kemitraan Swasta di P10Telang I, 700 ha
Dissemination of
GIS - Support
MIS, Management Information System
Data & Information
Seminar Workshop Field trip Journal Prosiding Books www.tidal-lowlands.org Lectures Notes Brosur Leaflet Websites Research & Development for undergraduate, Master, Doctor programs
Multi
stakeholders participation: Governments-Farmers/ WUA-NGOAcademics-Private Sectors-Banks
www.banyuasinkab.go.id
www.pusdatarawa.or.id
Visit of BI - Banks to the lowland Banyuasin, January 9, 2009
Batan Balit Padi INS PolyAgro
Pemkab Banyuasin
PERUM BULOG
Dep. PU
Departemen Pertanian
Komisi II DPR-RI
Komisi III DPR-RI
Universitas Sriwijaya
Institut Pertanian Bogor
BPTP Sumsel- Deptan
Malaysia
Jepang
Belanda
Multi stakeholders partisipation on Integrated Lowland Development in Banyuasin district, South Sumatra
Australia & Korea
Jerman
China
Advisory committee (1993-2008)
Capacity building and human resources development on the lowlands related issues
UNIVERSITAS SRIWIJAYA
Task-Concept : Tim Pendamping terdiri dari tenaga ahli dan tenaga lapangan mengerjakan sendiri hal-hal yang dianggap perlu demi kelancaram kegiatan Technical Assistance: Tim Pendamping memberikan bantuan teknis kepada pihak lain yang melakukan kegiatan terkait dengan sistim usaha yang dilakukan Dissemination of Info: Keterlibatan Tim pendamping pada kegiatan Lokal, Regional, Nasional, dan Internasional membantu penyebaran informasi
STRATEGIC PLAN VISION, MISSION and GOAL
Capacity Building & Human Resources Development on Lowlands-Coastal areas Management
National Training on Lowland Management for State University Lectures year of 2002 and 2003 conducted by Sriwijaya University & Ministry of Education, HRD project
Students Lowland Soil Judging Contest, Dec 2008, Telang, Banyuasin, South Sumatra
First Group 2002
Research for Undergrad-Master-Doctorate
Training & Extention
Participants : Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU), Medan, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Sumatera Barat Univeritas Riau (UNRI) Pekanbaru, Riau Universitas Jambi (UNJA) Jambi Universitas Bengkulu, Bengkulu Universitas Lampung, Lampung Universitas Lambung Mangkurat (UNLAM) Banjarmasin Universitas Palangkaraya (UNPAR) Kalteng Universitas Tanjung Pura, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat Universitas Syam Ratulangi (UNSRAT) Menado, Sulut Universitas Hasanuddin (UNHAS) Sulsel Universitas Mataram (UNRAM) NTB
Second Group 2003
15 groups of 3 stdns from UGM IPB Unpad UNS Unila Unja Usu Unri Unlam
DEGREE & NON DEGREE program
collaboration National Planning Agency Local Governments Sriwijaya University
Media Response on the Double Degree Program on Integrated Lowland Management
NON DEGREE program: Development Planning Monitoring and Evaluation Program and Project Management Investment Planning Management of Grant and Overseas Loan Performance based Budget Planning Planning of Coastal Areas DEGREE program : MSi - MSc Double Degree on Integrated Lowland Development and Management
Lowland Development Workshop Delft, Netherland, February 27 March 3, 2006
City Drainage Systems,
Class 2008
DD-ILDM Students, 1st Group in the Netherlands, 2nd group at Sriwijaya University
Meeting of Prof. Bart Schultz with Bappenas Directors Jakarta, August 28, 2006
REGIONAL REFRESHER SEMINAR climate change and coastal lowland development in (sub)-tropical environments Palembang, Indonesia, July 21-25, 2008
Tjg Api-Api
Visit of the Iranian ICID delegation to Palembang and Telang, August 24-26, 2008
The
P8-Telang I
40 Unesco-IHE alumni from 9 South East Asia countries
way forwards to propagate the success stories in the lowland for food production to other prospective existing lowland schemes
South Kalimantan - Lowlands
South Kalimantan Existing Schemes
Belawang Sei Seluang Danda Besar Sei Muhur Terantang Belandean Jelapat Jejangkit Barambai
South Kalimantan Scheme: Danda Besar
Tabunganen
Gambar Saluran dan Bangunan Di Danda
Visit of Bappeda-Agric-Water Resources Riau province to Telang 5 Desember 2008
Provinsi Riau
Jambi Interest of Lowlands Development Visit to Telang - December 2008
Examples of process for yield increases in Tidal Lowlands Rolling Train
Yield: 1-2 ton/ha (GKP) Application of land preparation system TOT (no plowing) Traditional rice varieties Areas now bush land (acids,/ stagnant water or peat soil. Also not yet reclaimed areas with potential for development including environmental considerations.
Required time period 2-3 years
Training of local NGO/ Consultant. Manpower Capacity Building local government by PDTL team
Mechanical land preparation, HYV, fertilizers, herbicides/ pesticides
Inventory by Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) Assessment of needed additional infrastructure in relation to potential for yield increases.
Need for extra or improved Tertiary structures Need for TAM (on-farm water management) Budget TB and Regular Maintenance
Planning. (DAK) Need of Dikes, extra canals, secondary structures
Required time period 5 years
Legalization P3A/Gapoktan including PUSRI fertilizer supplier/storage facility Empowerment of UPJA Government Budgets for hand tractors, workshop, milling facilities, rice storage
Priority Development Planning Water Management
Upgrading present water management system. Special Budget
In order to get an idea of the work to be done and the approach to be followed it has to be realised that it concerns 4 million ha existing areas where P3As will have to be established and legalised, water control structures will have to be improved, or newly installed and the TAM programme will have to be applied. If this would have to be done in say twenty years, it would mean about 200,000 ha per year. This is an enormous challenge and can only be realised when really a rolling train can be established.
Yield: 4-6 ton/ha (GKP)
Required time period 2-3 years
Training of farmers for proper water management/ land preparation, farming system technology. O&M inputs by P3A/ Gapoktan
Implementation of improvement water management control system at secondary at Flooding type C/D and at tertiary level for Flooding type A/B/C
(Pamusiran, Jambi)
Yield: 6-8 ton/ha (GKP) or double cropping
Training farmers for proper farming system technology, Enforcements of UPJA and P3A/Gapoktan and their yearly budgets including those for O&M and ALSINTAN/SAPRODI
Established O&M, Rice milling, rice storage, workshops, fertilizer storage and supply. HYV
Needed inputs for higher rice production (STLD 2008)
Inventory / investment planning. Ownership model: Community based or Industry based
In formulating future developments and directions in the tidal lowlands a distinction will have to be made in the improvements in reclaimed areas, new reclamations and the conservation of areas not to be reclaimed (Schultz, 2006) improvements in reclaimed areas. new tidal lowland reclamation projects. environmental considerations and sustainability. first generation problems.
improvements in reclaimed areas. Related to the improvement options in reclaimed areas quite some experiences are available now (Hartoyo Suprianto, et al., 2006). Based on these experiences the first priority would have to be to make better use of the developed infrastructure by a better operation and maintenance, both at on-farm and main system level. The experiences as outlined above may serve as a guidance; new tidal lowland reclamation projects. In general terms the areas that have a potential for reclamation have been identified in the Nation wide study of 1984 (Ministry of Public Works, 1984). It may be expected that sooner, or later the remaining potential tidal lowland areas (about 4 million ha) will be reclaimed. This is still a very substantial area compared to the present total cultivated area with paddy rice in the country of about 8.5 million ha;
environmental considerations and sustainability. Until some twenty years ago, ecological data were not often used in reaching a decision on lowland development projects. This has led to various unforeseen consequences. Increasingly ecological data are used in all decisions on future lowland development projects. In the tidal lowland areas especially the deep peat areas are basically unsuitable for development and would have to be preserved; first generation problems. In newly reclaimed areas, several problems can be regarded as first generation problems.
The steps taken would be:
I. General inventory of the conditions in potential area/scheme, based on rapid rural assessment (RA) approach. Consultation with Kepala Desa(s) on application II. Application to the District Government for integrated improvement at tidal lowland scheme, or the secondary block level by the Kepala Desa III. Participatory planning on improvement needs in the concerned arena in close consultation with the Water Management Agencies and the District Agricultural Service (TAM) and the Preparation of a draft improvement plan, including operation rules for the water control structures at tertiary and if required at secondary levels IV. Presentation of draft improvement plan to the Kepala Desa and the farmers. Reactivation/establishment/training/legalization of P3A/Kelompok Tani at secondary block level V. Finalization of improvement plan and approval by the P3As/Kelompok Tani that in the mean time would have been legalized. Also approval by the concerned Government Agencies
VIa. Submission TAM provisions and materials for the tertiary water control structure, construction by the farmers under supervision of District staff, Clearing of tertiary canals by the P3A, Improved supply of farm inputs, improvement of farming systems technologies and post harvest processing.
Remarks
Integration The
to work out the proposed approach in such a detail that decisions can be taken; to explore for some selected areas the willingness of farmers, provincial and district authorities to enter in such an approach (I) to prepare standard formats for: application forms (II), participatory planning (III); draft improvement plans (IV), finalization of the improvement plan (V); operation rules at tertiary (VIa) and secondary level (VIb), required maintenance at secondary (VIIa) and tertiary level (VIIb); and maintenance to specify the facilitation activities for which the Netherlands has indicated its willingness to give support. The actual facilitation would have to be implemented by local NGOs or specialised local consultants. determination of the indicative cost per ha for facilitation at a declining basis, related to the gradual development of this activities on a routine basis.
VIb Clearing of secondary canals, if possible by P2As under contract with the District PU, otherwise by contractors. If required construction of secondary water control structures by contractors. VIIb If secondary water control structures have been installed, operation of theses structures by District staff, or subcontracted to P3A, based on the agreed operation rule
VIIa. Operation of tertiary water control structures by the P3A, based on the agreed operation rule. Monitoring and evaluation functioning of TAM, farming systems, agricultural practices and water management VIIIa. Maintenance of tertiary canal and tertiary water control structures by the P3As
(vertical, horizontal, area) technology know how to have better lowlands development under existing scheme for food crops is there Food security is critical in the coming years How to propagate development tidal lowlands The answer is with us
Figure 2. Proposed development for integrated improvement of the reclaimed tidal lowlands (PDTL Proposal 2008)
