[LEVEL 1 LESSON 1 - and ]

(Annyeonghaseyo) = Hello. = Peace, = you do / do you / please do (depend on condition).

When you write it, you can write it question (?) or not (). Either of them is okay. So it is originally asking "are you ok?"

= Thank you. = appreciation / thankfulness / gratitude, = I do.

In Korean, no need to add "You" when say or . If I looking at you and say or , it means I said it to you.

[NOTICE] There are a few politeness level in Korean. (Formal Language) and (Casual). Sentence with - / - is . And sentence without - / - is .

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 2 - and ]

= Yes. Or agreement to what the other person said. = No. Or disagreement to what the other person said.

doesn't exactly mean YES. It could be mean: Yes, I agree, I see!, I got it, I understand, Uh huh. Example:

A: You know I bought this book yesterday? B: . (Yes.) A: I really like it! B: ~ (Uh huh~) A: But it is a bit too expensive. B: ?! (What?!)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 3 - Goodbye!]

If you remember, "" means Peace. To say "Goodbye!" in Korean, there are 2 expressions and we'll find "" in them. One expression is when you're the one who is leaving. The other one is when you're the one who is staying & seeing the person leaving.

First expression is "!". You say this expression when you are the one who is leaving and I'm staying. Other expression is "!". You say this expression when you are the one who is staying and I'm the one who is leaving. If two people are leaving so both of them will say "!" because no one is staying.

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 4 - [joe-song-ham-ni-da] = I'm sorry]

[joe-song] = apology / being sorry / feeling ashamed. [ham-ni-da] = I do. [joe-song-ham-ni-da] = I'm sorry / I apologize. Eventhough basically means "I'm sorry" BUT you can't use it when you wanna say "Im sorry to hear that". Let's supposed I lost my wallet. In English you'll say "I'm sorry to hear that." But Korean will naturally say " ?! ??" [Eo jin-jja?! Eo-tteohkke??]. " ?! ??" means "Oh Really?! What are you suppose to do?" only means I'm sorry / I'm apologize / It was my bad / Excuse me / I shouldn't have done that. Not "I'm sorry to hear that". And usually before we talk to strangers, we have to get their attention first. In this case, we dont use to get their attention. In English we use "Excuse me" in all of the following situations: First, when you're passing through a crowd of people. Second, when you're leaving the room for a second. Third, when you want to get someone's attention and talk to them. Fourth, when you want to call the waiter in a Restaurant or a Cafe to order something.

Korean will use [jeo-gi-yo] when they are in 3rd or 4th situation. When we want to pass through we can use jam-si-man-yo / [jam-kkan-man-yo] (literal meaning: Just a second) or (literal meaning: I'm sorry)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 5 - - [i-e-yo] /- [ye-yo]]

[i-e-yo] and [ye-yo] have similar role to that of the English verb "to be". English sentence structure: A + to be + B (noun). Ex: This is book, She is singer, We are student. Korean sentence structure: A + B (noun) + to be. Ex: ABC = This is ABC.

In English, the verb "to be" is changed to "am" "is" or "are" depending to the subject of the sentence. But in Korean, we decide whether to use or - depending on whether the last letter in the previous word ended in a consonant or a vowel. Add - if the last letter of noun is consonant. And add - if the last letter of noun is vowel. This is just to make the pronouncation of the connected part easier so it will come naturally if you practice with some simple sentences.

Example (-): 1. [mul] (water) + = [mul-i-e-yo*] (It's water) 2. [chaek] (book) + = [chaek-i-e-yo] (It's book) 3. [ga-bang] (bag) + = [ga-bang-i-e-yo] (It's bag) *When you said , it should be pronounce as [Mu-ri-ye-yo] not [Mul-i-ye-yo].

Example (-): 1. [jeo] (Me) + = [jeo-ye-yo] (It's me) 2. [hak-gyo] (school) + = [hak-gyo-ye-yo] (It's school) 3. [keo-pi] (coffee) + = [keo-pi-ye-yo] (It's coffee) We can change this sentences into question easily. Just put question mark behind it then it becomes question.

Example: 1. ? [Mul-i-e-yo?] (Is it water? / Is this water / Is that water?) 2. ? [keo-pi-ye-yo?] (Is it coffee? / Is this coffee? / Is that coffee?) 3. [mwo] (What). ? [mwo-ye-yo?] = What is it? 4. [hak-saeng] (Student). ? [hak-saeng-i-e-yo?] = Are you a student? 5. [paen] (Fans). ? [paen-i-e-yo?] = Are you fans?

#vocab [BODY PARTS]: [meo-ri] (head); [meo-ri-ka-rak] (hair); [i-ma] (forehead); [nun] (eyes); [ko] (nose); [ip] (mouth); [gwi] (ears); [eol-gul] (face); [bol] (cheek); [ip-sul] (lips); [hyeo] (tongue); [mok] (neck); [i] (teeth); [teok] (chin); [pal] (arms); [pal-mok] (wrist); [son] (hand); [son-ba-dak] (palm); [deung] (back); [heo-ri] (waist); [son-ga-rak] (fingers); [son-top] (finger nail); [bae] (stomach); [da-ri] (legs); [heo-beok-ji] (thigh); [bal] (foot); [bal-mok] (ankle); [bal-top] (toe nails); [geun-yuk] (muscles); [bo-jo-gae] (dimple).

Example: 1. swag check! [Meo-ri eo-kkae mu-reup- bal swag check!] (Head, shoulders, knee, foot swag check!) 2. . [Neo-ui pa-ran nun-eul joh-a-hae-yo] (I like your blue eyes). 3. . [Meo-ri-bu-teo bal-kkeut-kka-ji seu-kaenhae-yo] (Scanning from head to toe).

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 6 - - = This] 1. [i-geo] can be combine with - [i-e-yo] / - [ye-yo] at the previous lesson. Example [chaek] (book). + + - = [i-geo chaek-i-eyo] (This is a book) 2. [i] (this) + [geot] (thing) = [i-geot] (this thing). Example [ka-me-ra] (camera). + + = [igeo ka-me-ra-ye-yo] (this is camera) 3. is originally but it is often used as just for the ease of pronouncation. Example : [ko-pi] (coffee). + + = [i-geo ko-pi-yeyo] (this is coffee) 4. In Level 1 lesson 5, I gave example ? [mwo-ye-yo?] (What is it?). You can add in front of it to ask "What is this?" Example: 1. A: ? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] (What is this?) B: . [i-geo haen-deu-pon-i-e-yo] (This is a cellphone) 2. M: ? [i-geo mwo-ye-yo?] (What is this?) B: . [ko-pi-ye-yo] (This is coffee) Example how to say "No" A: ? [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo?] (Is this coffee?) B: . . [A-ni-yo. I-geo mul-i-e-yo] (No.This is water)

Example how to say "Yes" A: ? [i-geo keo-pi-ye-yo?] (Is this coffee?) B: . . [Ne. I-geo keo-pi-ye-yo] (Yes. This is coffee)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 7 - [i] = this, [geu] = that, [jeo] = that] In Korean, however, words for "this" as modifier & "this" as "this item here" are strictly distinguished,and the same is true for "that". [i] = this (near you); [geu] = the / that (near the other person); [jeo] = that (over there). and reffering to the something far away from the speaker but is used when you are talking to the other person and that object is near that other person and far away from you, and is used for reffering to the something that far away from BOTH of you. Since , , and can only work as modifiers, when you want to say "this", "that" or "it" as pronouns, you've to add the word [geu] or [geot] which mean "thing / item / stuff" after these words. Example "" as modifier: 1. [i] (this) + [keo-pi] (coffee) = (this coffee) 2. [i] (this) + [ho-tel] (hotel) = (this hotel) Example "" as modifier: 1. + [pi-ja] (pizza) = (that pizza near you) 2. + [ka-me-ra] (camera) = (that camera near you) Example "" as modifier: 1. + [cha] (car) = (that car over there) 2. + [chaek] (book) = (that book over there)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 8 - [ani-e-yo] = that's not it] (this); (this thing); (that); (that thing); (that over there); (that thing over there). [a-ni-e-yo] is the present tense in the formal language of the verb [a-ni-da] (to be not). So means "It's not", "I'm not", "You're not", "He/She's not" and etc. Whenever you want to say that something is NOT something you can say a subject and [a-ni-e-yo]. Noun + in Korean same with To be + Noun in English. >> NOUN + = TO BE + NOUN << Example : 1. [jeo] (me) + = [jeo a-ni-e-yo] (It's not me) 2. [u-yu] (milk) + = [u-yu a-ni-e-yo] (It's not milk) 3. [mul] (water) + = [mul a-ni-e-yo] (It's not water) 4. [cha] (car) + = [cha a-ni-e-yo] (It's not a car) If you want to say "THIS is not aaa", "THAT is not yyy", "I am not ooo" etc, you can add a word at the beginning of the sentence. Example: 1. [u-yu] = milk; [u-yu a-ni-e-yo] = not milk; [i-geo u-yu a-ni-e-yo] = This is not milk.

2. [sul] = liquor; [sul a-ni-e-yo] = not liquor; [jeo-geo sul a-ni-e-yo] = That (over there) is not liquor. 3. [keo-pi] = coffee; [keo-pi a-ni-e-yo] = not coffee; [geu-geo keo-pi a-ni-e-yo] = That (near you) is not coffee. 4. [hak-saeng] = student; [hak-saeng a-ni-e-yo] = not student; [jeo hak-saeng a-ni-e-yo] = I'm not a student. [NOTICE] You also can use when someone say / .

Example: A: ! (Thank you!) B: . (It's no problem.)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 9 - - [eun] / - [neun] = Topic marking particles & - [i] / - [ga] = Subject marking particles]

Most languages don't have topic marking particles or subject marking particles in their sentences, so the concept might be very new.But once you get used to them, knowing how to use these particles will come very much in handy. Topic marking particles = - [eun] / - [neun]. The main role of topic marking particles is letting the other people know what you are talking about or going to talk about. Topic marking particles are attached after nouns. Words ending with consonant + - and word ending with vowel + -. Example: [ga-bang] + - = [ga-bang-eun] (bag); [na] + - = [na-neun] (me). The topic of the sentences, marking by - or - is usually (but not always) the same as the subject of the sentence. [jeo] = I + = [jeo-neun] = as for me / (I'm talking about) me. = As for me, I'm a student / I'm a student. There, the word (I) is both the topic of the sentence (talking about "I" here) and the subject of the sentence ("I" is the subject). But the uniqueness of Korean Language can be found in the following sample sentence.

Example: [nae-il-eun jeo-neun il-hae-yo] = As for tomorrow, I work. There, [nae-il] (tomorrow) followed by is the topic, not the subject of the verb [il-ha-da] (to work). Because it is not "tomorrow" that works but "I" that work.

Subject marking particles = - [i] / - [ga]. The role of subject marking particles is relatively simple compared to the role of topic marking particles. Words ending with consonant + - and word ending with vowel + -. Example: [ga-bang] + - = [ga-bang-i] (bag); [cha] + - = [cha-ga] (car). So basically, topic marking particles (-/-) express what the TOPIC of the sentence is. And subject marking particles (-/-) show what the SUBJECT is, but that's not everything. More about -/-/-/-: First, In addition to marking topics / has the nuance of "about" something, "as for" something, or even "unlike other things" or "different from other things." Second, In addition to making subject / has the nuance of "none other than", "nothing but" and also, when used insode of a complex sentence, the role of marking the subject without empashizing it too much. Example (/): (this) + [sa-gwa] (apple) + - (to be) = = This is an apple. You can add /. In this case the subject ends with the

vowel so add -. So it becomes: [i-geo-neun sa-gwa-yeyo] = (the other things are not apples, but) THIS is an apple. Imagine someone talking like this: (this is coffee). (that was coffee, but THIS ONE is water). (and THIS ONE is different again, it is orange juice). ? (And what about THIS ONE? What is it?) As you can see from this example, / has the role of empashizing the topic of the sentence by giving it the nuance of "that one is ... and/but THIS ONE is ..." So sometime it is unnatural to used / in every sentences you say. So in Korean, although and are generally topic marking particles, people often save / for really empashizing the topic in contrast to the other parts of the sentence. For example, if you want to say "The weather is nice today." in Korean, you can say it in many ways: [o-neul] (today); [nal-ssi] (weather); [joh-da] (to be good). 1) [o-neul nal-ssi joh-ne-yo] = The weather is good today. 2) [o-neul-EUN nal-ssi joh-ne-yo]= (The weather hasn't been so good lately, but) TODAY the weather is good. 3) [o-neul nal-ssi-NEUN joh-ne-yo] = Today (not necessarily everything else too, but at least) the weather is good. So, that's how powerful and useful the topic marking particles (/) can be in changing the nuance of your Korean sentences! Example (/): [joh-a-yo] = It's good; [mwo] = what; / [i/ga] = subject marking particles.

Imagine someone says "" and that means "It's good" or "I like it". But if you're not quite sure WHAT is good, you can ask "WHAT is good?" or "WHAT are you talking about?". In order to express your curiosity as to "WHAT" is good, you can ask: ? [mwo-ga joh-a-yo?]. There, the word emphasize what the subject of the verb "to be / " is. Someone say: "ABC !" [ABC joh-a-yo!] (ABC is good!). If you disagree and think "XYZ is good, not ABC" you can express your opinion that the subject of "being good" should be XYZ not ABC, you can say: "ABC ? XYZ !" = ABC is good? (It should be) XYZ is good! So, with and you can add more flavor and more concrete meaning to your Korean sentences when you want to emphasize WHO did something, WHICH ONE is good, etc.

As you can see from the start, / and / both have different roles, but the roles of / as a "contrast" factor is much stronger, because you can change the topic of the sentence with /. So, when you form complex sentence (i.e I think the book that you bought is more interesting than the book I bought), in general, / is not so commonly used all over the sentences. Often times /// can be dropped, but when you need particles to clarify the meaning, / will be more commonly used. ^^

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 10 - - and -]

We can use these expressions when we want to say "Have / Do(es)n't have" or "Exist / Do(es)n't exist". [iss-eo-yo] comes from [it-da] and it basically expresses that something EXIST. If you are talking about 'someone or something existing in a specific place', it means TO BE. Ex: "It's over there" or "I'm at home now". And if you're talking about 'something (or someone in some cases) in your possession', it means TO HAVE. Ex: "I've sister" or "I've 11 cats". [eobs-eo-yo] comes from [eobt-da] and it basically expresses that something DOESN'T EXIST. Eventhough there is a way to say same thing using ( [it-ji anh-a-yo] or [an iss-eo-yo]) for expression non-existence, it's more convenient to use .

You simply add / at the end of the noun that you are referring to. Let's look at following examples! [mul] (water); [chin-gu] (friend); [si-gan] (time). Example: 1) + = . [mul iss-eo-yo] (There's water / I have water). 2) ? [mul iss-eo-yo?] (Is there water? / Do you have water?) 3) + = . [chi-ngu iss-eo-yo] (There's a friend / I have friends). 4) ? (Is there a friend? / Do you have friends?)

5) + = . [si-gan iss-eo-yo] (There's time / I have time). 6) ? [si-gan iss-eo-yo?] (Is there time? / Do you have time?)

And just replacing [iss-eo-yo] by [eobs-eo-yo] you get sentences in the opposite meanings. Example: 1) + = . [mul eobs-eo-yo] (There's no water / I have no water). 2) + = . [chi-ngu eobs-eo-yo] (There's no friends / I have no friends). 3) + = . [si-gan eobs-eo-yo] (There's no time / I have no time).

Do you remember the usages of / (topic marking particles) and / (subject marking particles? Let's add these particles! Example: 1) + - + = [si-gan-eun eobs-eo-yo] (I have other thing but just TIME is not what I have) 2) + - + = [si-gan-i eobs-eo-yo] = (someone ask "What is it that you don't have?" and you say) TIME is what I don't have.

and can be used to form many interesting and frequently used expressions in Korean. Example:

 [jae-mi] = fun. - + = [jae-mi-iss-eo-yo] literally means "fun exist" but it means "it's interesting." - + = [jae-mi-eobs-eo-yo] literally means "fun no exist" but it means "it isn't interesting." Notice how the two words are even written without any space inbetween. That's because it has already become an expression used daily. ^^

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 11 - "Do you have ... ?" or "Is there ... ?" & "Give me ... please." or "I'd like to have ... please."]

[Review] -A [A iss-eo-yo] = I have A. / You have A. / There is A. -B [B eobs-eo-yo] = I don't have B. / You don't have B. / There isn't B. Example: 1) [sa-gwa] = apple [sa-gwa iss-eo-yo] = I have an apple. [sa-gwa eobs-eo-yo] = There is no apple. 2) [o-ren-ji] = orange [o-ren-ji iss-eo-yo] = There is an orange. [o-ren-ji eobs-eo-yo] = I have no orange. If you want to ask someone has something or not or something exist / not exist, you simply raising the tone at the end of sentence. - ... ? [... iss-eo-yo?] = Do you have ... ? / There is ... ? - ... ? [... eobs-eo-yo?] = Don't you have ... ? / There isn't ... ? Example: 1) [sa-gwa] = apple - ? [sa-gwa iss-eo-yo?] = There's an apple? - ? [sa-gwa eobs-eo-yo?] = Don't you have apple? 2) [si-gan] = time - ? [si-gan iss-eo-yo?] = Do you have some time? - ? [si-gan eobs-eo-yo?] = You don't have time?

3) [keo-pi] = coffee - ? [keo-pi iss-eo-yo?] = Do you have coffee? - ? [keo-pi eobs-eo-yo?] = Don't you have coffee? [ju-se-yo] = please give me. comes from the verb [ju-da] which means "to give" so literally only means "please give" in the polite/formal language regardless of to whom or by whom. Example: 1) A: ? = Do you have apples? B: . . = Yes, we have apples. A: . = Give me (an/some) apple(s) please.

2) G: ? = Do you have coffee? H: . . = No, we have no coffee. G: ? = Do you have milk? H: . . = Yes, we have milk. G: . = Give me some milk please. ** If you notice, sometime I write "Apple/Orange/Friend" and some other time I write "Apples/Oranges/Friends". There's no strict distinction between plural and singular in Korean nouns.**

can be used in many different situations: when you ask someone to hand something over to you, when you are ordering something in a restaurant, when you are asking for an item in a shop, or when to attached to a verb to ask someone to do something for you. Example:

1) [a-i-seu-keu-rim ju-se-yo] = Please give me some ice cream 2) [haem-beo-geo ju-se-yo] = Please give me a hamburger 3) [kim-chi ju-se-yo] = Please give me some kimchi 4) [bul-go-gi ju-se-yo] = Please give me some bulgogi 5) [bab ju-se-yo] = Please give me rice / Please give me food 6) [so-ju ju-se-yo] = Please give me soju

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 12 - How to say "It's delicious!" and thank for a meal] [mat] = taste. Do you remember how to say "there is" or "I have"? YES! It is "" [isseoyo]! By putting and - together, you get the expression [ma-si-sseo-yo] which means "It's delicious". [ma-si-sseo-yo] = It's delicious / It is tasty. Example: 1) ! [i-geo ma-si-sseo-yo!] = This is delicious! 2) ! [jeo ke-ik ma-si-sseo-yo!] = That cake (over there) is delicious! 3) [sam-gyeop-sal ma-si-sseo-yo] = Samgyeopsal (Korean BBQ) is delicious. 4) ? [mwo-ga ma-si-sseo-yo?] = What's delicious?

And do you remember how to say "there isn't" or "I have no"? YES! It's [eob-seo-yo]. So by putting and , you get the expression [ma-deop-seo-yo] which means "It's not delicious." [ma-deop-seo-yo] = It's not tasty / It's not delicious / It taste awful. Example: 1) ? [i-geo ma-deop-seo-yo?] = It's not delicious? 2) [i cha ma-deop-seo-yo] = This tea tastes awful. Note that the last pronouncation of the last letter in , which is , changes according to the word that follows it. When it is NOT followed by any words, it pronounced as [t], ending the word there. When it's followed

by , it becomes [s] sound, making pronounced as [ma-Sisseo-yo]. When it's followed by , it becomes a [d] sound, making pronounced as [ma-Deop-seo-yo].

It's time to learn a phrase that you can say to thank for a meal before and after you eat. This is very important especially when someone is treating you or you are invited to someone's house. [jal meok-gett-seum-ni-da] literally means "I'm going to eat well" or "I will eat well". And this expression is used very frequently among Koreans when they are about to start eating a meal, usually regardless who's paying for the meal. But in case someone in particular is paying for the meal for the other(s), the others will say to the person who is buying. When you eat with your friends to whom you don't use polite/formal language, and when you want to joke that your friend should buy you food, you can also say ! [jal meo-geul-kke!] which implies that you're thanking them because they're going to treat you. [jal meo-geoss-seum-ni-da] literally means "I have eaten well" but it really means "Thank you for the food". Once you have finished a meal and want to thank someone for the meal, or just thank for the meal in general, you can use this expression.

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 13 - - [-go ship-eo-yo] = want to ...]

In English, we add the expression "want to" before the verb, but in Korean we need to change the end of the verb. - [-go ship-eo-yo] = I want to... Here are some frequently used Korean verbs: 1) [ga-da] = to go 2) [bo-da] = to see 3) [meok-da] = to eat And changing these verbs into the - form is very simple. Just drop the [da] (the last letter in all Korean verbs) and add - . 1) to go = [ga-da] >> + - = . [ga-go ship-eoyo] (I want to go.) 2) to see = [bo-da] >> + - = . [bi-go ship-eoyo] (I want to see.) 3) to eat = [meok-da] >> + - = . [meok-go ship-eo-yo] (I want to eat.) Example: A: ? [mwo meok-go ship-eo-yo?] (What do you want to eat?) B: [haem-beo-geo meok-go ship-eo-yo] (I want to eat a hamburger) Here's a useful word to know: [deo] (more). Now you can add this word to say [deo meokgo shipeoyo] "I want to eat more". ^^

#vocab [AIRPORT]: [gong-hang] (airport) [guk-je-seon] (international airlines) [guk-nae-seon] (domestic airlines) [bi-haeng-gi] (airplane) [seu-tyu-eo-di-seu] (stewardess) [yeo-gwon] (passport) [bi-ja] (visa) [hang-gong-gwon] (plane ticket) [mok-jeok-ji] (destination) [su-sok-ha-da] (to take proceedings) [tap-seung-ha-da] (to board) [chul-bal-ha-da] (to depart) [doc-hak-ha-da] (to arrive) [yeon-chak-ha-da] (to be delayed) [che-ryu-ha-da] (to stay (sojourn)) [ip-guk-sim-sa] (immigration procedures) [shin-go-ha-da] (to declare / report)

Example: A: ? [Mok-jeok-ji-ga eo-di-im-ni-kka?] (What is your destination?) B: . [Han-guk-ui seo-ul-im-ni-da.] (It's Seoul, Korea.) A: ? [Chul-bal si-gan-eun eon-je-im-ni-kka?] (What time do you leave?) B: 3 . [O-hu se-si-im-ni-da.] (At 3 pm.)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 15 - Practice using the structure "I want to" in context through more sample conversation]

First, let's look at these verbs: 1) [ha-da] to do 2) [bo-da] to see 3) [meok-da] to eat 4) [sa-da] to buy 5) [ma-si-da] to drink I want to + English verb = Korean verb (drop the [da]) + - . 1) + - = (I want to do) 2) + - = (I want to see) 3) + - = (I want to eat) 4) + - = (I want to buy) 5) + - = (I want to drink) Do you remember how to say "What?" Yes. It is [mwo] = What. Sample (1): A: ? [mwo hago shipeoyo?] What do you want to do? B: . [tellebijeon bogo shipeoyo.] I want to watch TV. A: ? [tellebijeon bogo shipeoyo?] Do you want to watch TV? B: . [ne.] Yes. A: ? [mwo bogo shipeoyo?] What do you want to watch? B: . [nyuseu bogo shipeoyo.] I want to watch the News. Sample (2):

K: . [igeo sago shipeoyo.] I want to buy this. L: ? [igeoyo?] This one? K: . . [ne. Igeo meokgo shipeoyo.] Yes. I want to eat this. L: ? [igeo mwoyeyo?] What is this? K: . [igeo kimbabieyo.] This is kimbab. L: . [igeo jeodo meokgo shipeoyo.] I also want to eat this. Some more useful verbs: 1) [ilgda] to read 2) [jada] to sleep 3) [nolda] to hang out / to play 4) [swida] to rest 5) [ilhada] to work "I want to..." 1) [ilggo shipeoyo] I want to read. 2) [jago shipeoyo] I want to sleep. 3) [nalgo shipeoyo] I want to hang out. 4) [swigo shipeoyo] I want to rest. 5) [ilhago shipeoyo] I want to work.

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 16 - How to conjugate Korean verbs & Present Tense]

When you look up verbs in a Korean vocabulary, they're in this form: - [ga-da] to go - [meok-da] to eat - [ja-da] to sleep - [ttae-ri-da] to hit - [ut-da] to laugh And when you change the form of these verbs to express the present tense, the future tense, the past tense, etc. First thing you need to do is drop the last letter, [da] and then you have the verb stem. Verb stems of the verbs above: - [ga] - [meok] - [ja] - [ttaeri] - [ut] And to these, you add the appropriate endings to make them complete. In this lesson we're going to learn how to change these dictionary forms of the verbs into the PRESENT TENSE.

--THE PRESENT TENSE-In order to conjugate a verb into present tense, you take verb stem and add one of these endings: [a-yo] [eo-yo]

 [yeo-yo] If the verb stem's last vowel is [a] or [o], it's followed by . If the verb stem's last vowel is NOT [a] or [o], it's followed by . And only one verb stem, which is [ha], is followed by .

Example: 1) [ga-da] = to go. The verb stem is and its last vowel is so you add . So it first become + , and then more naturally, it becomes [ga-yo] for the ease of pronouncation. - [ga-yo] = I go. You ho. She goes. He goes. They go. (Present Tense) 2) [meok-da] = to eat. The verb stem is and its level vowel is [eo]. It's NOT or so you add . It becomes [meo-geo-yo]. - = I eat. You eat. She eats. They eat. (Present Tense) Note: There's a liaision in the pronouncation at + which sounds like [meo-geo]. 3) [bo-da] = to see, to watch, to look. Verb stem = . Followed by = . It becomes + >> Over time, it started being pronounced and written as [bwa-yo]. - = I see. I look. You watch. They see., etc. (Present Tense) 4) [bo-i-da] = to be seen, to be visible. Verb stem = [bo-i]. Followed by = [eo-yo]. It becomes + = [bo-yeo-yo].

- = It's visible. I see it. (Present Tense) 5) [ha-da] = to do. Verb stem = [ha]. Followed by = [yeo-yo]. It becomes + > [ha-yeo-yo]. Over time it became [haeyo] - = I do. You do. She does. He does. They do. (Present Tense) Please just remember that this verb, is very versatile. You can add a noun in front of it & you can form new verbs. We'll learn it later. For now, just remember that become in the present tense and it means I do / You do / He does / They do. ^^

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 17 - Past Tense]

If you understand how to change verbs into the present tense (Level 1 Lesson 16), understanding them into the past tense is just as easy. A similar rules is applied to make past tense sentences, and the endings are: - [a-sseo-yo] - [eo-sseo-yo] - [yeo-sseo-yo] Verb stems ending with vowels [a] or [o] are followed by . Verb stems ending with vowels OTHER THAN or are followed by . And ONLY verb stem is followed by . Example: 1) [sa-da] = to buy Verb stem: Followed by: Past tense: + = [sa-sseo-yo] = I bought / You bought / They bought / She bought / We bought. 2) [o-da] = to come Verb stem: Followed by: Past tense: + = [wa-sseo-yo] = I came / You came / She came / We came / They came 3) [jeok-da] = to write down Verb stem:

Followed by: Past tense: + = [jeo-keo-sseo-yo] = I wrote / He wrote / They wrote / You wrote 4) [ha-da] = to do Verb stem: Followed by: Past tense: + = [hae-sseo-yo] = I did / You did / They did / She did / We did Let's see more sample verbs in the present and past tense! 1) [meok-da] to eat Verb stem: Present tense: [meo-keo-yo] Past tense: [meo-keo-sseo-yo] 2) [jab-da] to catch Verb stem: Present tense: [ja-ba-yo] Past tense: [ja-ba-sseo-yo] 3) [pal-da] to sell Verb stem: Present tense: [pa-ra-yo] Past tense: [pa-ra-sseo-yo] 4) [nol-da] to play / to hang out Verb stem: Present tense: [no-ra-yo] Past tense: [no-ra-sseo-yo] 5) [sseu-da] to wrote / to use

Verb stem: Present tense: [sseo-yo] (NOT ) Past tense: [sseo-sseo-yo] 6) [gi-da-ri-da] to wait Verb stem: Present tense: [gi-da-ryeo-yo] (NOT ) Past tense: [gi-da-ryeo-sseo-yo] 7) [i-sang-ha-da] to be strange Verb stem: Present tense: [i-sang-hae-yo] Past tense: [i-sang-hae-sseo-yo] 8) [meo-sit-da] to be cool / awesome Verb stem: Present tense: [meo-si-sseo-yo] Past tense: [meo-si-sseo-sseo-yo] 9) [sa-rang-ha-da] to be love Verb stem: Present tense: [sa-rang-hae-yo] Past tense: [sa-rang-hae-sseo-yo]

[CONVERSATION 1 - ?] A: ? B: . A: ? B: . A: Igeoseun mwoyeyo? B: Chaeksangieyo. A: Jeogeoseun mwoyeyo? B: Jeogeoseun uijayeyo. A: What is this? B: It's a desk. A: What is that? B: That is a chair. NOTE: The final consonant of a syllable is pronounced as the initial sound of the following syllable when it begins with the consonant "" (i.e., when it begins with a vowe sound) Ex: [jeo-geot-eun] pronounced as [jeo-geo-seun]

[VOCAB] - [chaeksang] (desk) - [uija] (chair)

[CONVERSATION 2 - ?] A: ? B: , . A: ? B: , . . A: Igeoseun sigyeimnikka? B: Ne, sigyeimnida. A: Igeoseun guduimnikka? B: Aniyo, guduga animnida. Geugeoseun undonghwaimnida. A: Is this a watch? B: Yes, It's a watch. A: Are these dress shoes? B: No, those are not dress shoes. Those are sneakers (sport shoes). NOTE: 1. Don't be confused. and are same with and . / is more polite and formal than / . For daily conversation with close friends, we can use / . We will learn about polite and formal sentences later. 2. is used in questions while is used in statements. 3. "" is pronounced as "" when it comes before nasal sound (i.e a consonant produced by an air stream that flows out through the nose), such as the consonants ,, or . Ex: [ib-ni-da] pronounced as [im-ni-da].

[VOCAB] - [sigye] (watch) - [gudu] (dress shoes)

- [undonghwa] (sneakers or sport shoes)

[CONVERSATION 3 - ?]

: ? .

: , , . . . . : ? . .

: ? : . .

Kim Youngsuk Wilson

: Annyeonghasimnikka? Je ireumeun Kim Youngsukimnida. : Ne, bangabseumnida, Youngsuk-ssi. Jeoneun Wilsonimnida. Jeoneun youngguk saramimnida. Jeoneun hangukeoreul kongbuhamnida.

Kim Youngsuk Wilson Kim Youngsuk

: Eo? Chingu isseumnida. Hangukeodo kongbuhamnida. : Ireumi mueosimnikka? : Ireumi Peterimnida. Miguk saramimnida.

Kim Youngsuk Wilson am

: Hello. My name is Kim Youngsuk. : Yes, nice to meet you Youngsuk. I am Wilson. I

English. I study Korean. Kim Youngsuk Wilson Kim Youngsuk : Oh? I have a friend. He also study Korean. : What is his name? : His name is Peter. He is American.

NOTE:

1. - is a term of address that can be added at the end of someone's name. It can be used with the first name or full name, regardless of sex. It is rather impolite to use - with the last name only. Ex: 2. is added after the country's name to indicate one's nationality, and is added after the country's name to indicate that country's language. Ex: : = Korean (person), = Korean (language). : = English (person), = English (language). [VOCAB] - [je] (my) - [ireum] (name) - [bangabda] (to be glad) - [jeo] (I) - [yeongguk] (England) - [miguk] (USA) - [saram] (person) - [kongbuhada] (to study) - [hangukeo] (Korean language)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 18 - How to say WHERE & Location marking particles]

[eodi] = where, which place. Let's look at how to ask someone "where do you want to go?" in Korean. [gada] = to go. [goshipeoyo] = to want to + = [gago shipeoyo] (I want to go) - = I want to go - ? = Do you want to go? And now just add the word [eodi] in front of the verb. It becomes >> ? [eodi gago shipeoyo?] = Where do you want to go? Why use location marking particles? Whereas it is POSSIBLE to make sentences without location marking particles (as in example above), by the using the right location marking particles, you can make the message very clear. There are many location marking particles in Korean, but let us look at the two most basic particles, [e] and [eseo]. == [e]== [e] = at,to Noun + [e]. is a location marking particle, but it is not only used to mark locations. It means "at", "to", and etc. And it can be used to mark a location, a time, a situation, and many other things, but here at us just focus on its role of marking location. Let us look at how it is used inside Korean sentences, by looking at some sample sentences.

Sample 1: [gada] = to go >> [gasseoyo] I went [hakgyo] = school [e] = to >> [hakgyoe gasseoyo] = I went to school Sample 2: [oda] = to come >> [wasseoyo] I came [hanguk] = Korea [e] = to >> [hanguke wasseoyo] = I came to Korea Sample 3: [gada] = to go >> ? [gago shipeoyo?] Do you want to go? [eodi] = where [e] = to >> ? [eodie gago shipeoyo?] = Where do you want to go? Sample 4: [itda] >> [isseoyo] are you [eodi] = where [e] = at >> ? [eodie isseoyo?] = where are you? [jigeum] = now >> ? [jigeum eodie isseoyo] = Where are you now?

== [eseo] == [eseo] = at, in, from. Noun + [eseo]

 can express many things, but here let's look at its two main roles. expresses: 1. A location where an action is taking place. (ex: I studied in the library. I met my friends in Seoul) 2. A meaning of "from" a place. (ex: I came from Seoul. This package came from Spain.)

The difference between [e] and [eseo]: both and can be translated to "at" in English. The difference is expresses where something "is" or "exist" or a direction that you are going toward. Ex: [jibe isseoyo] = I'm at home. [jibe gayo] = I'm going home. And express a location where some action ia taking place. Ex: [jibeseo ilhaeyo] = I work at home. [hakgyoeseo kongbuhaeyo] = I study at school.

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 19 - [eonje] = when]

[eonje] = when. Unlike [eodi], to which you have to add location marking particles to specify, can be used on its own.

Now let us try using the word in context. Example 1: "When did you do (it)?" When = [eon-je] You did (it) = [ha-da] + [yeo-sseo-yo] = [hae-sseo-yo] Did you do (it)? = ? [hae-sseo-yo?] When did you do (it)? = ? [eon-je hae-sseo-yo?]

Example 2: "When did you arrive?" When = [eon-je] To arrive = [do-cha-kha-da] You arrived = [do-cha-kae-sseo-yo] Did you arrive? = ? [do-cha-khae-sseo-yo?] When did you arrive? = ? [eon-je do-cha-khae-sseo-yo?]

Example 3: "When did you come?" When = [eon-je] To come = [o-da]

You came = [wa-sseo-yo] Did you come? = ? [wa-sseo-yo?] When did you come? = ? [eon-je wa-sseo-yo?]

Example 4: "When do you get up?" When = [eon-je] To get up = [i-reo-na-da] You get up = [i-reo-na-yo] Do you get up? = ? [i-reo-na-yo?] When do you get up? = ? [eon-je i-reo-na-yo?]

Example 5: "When are you going to go to Seoul?" When = [eon-je] To go = [ga-da] You are going to go = [gal keo-ye-yo] Are you going to go? = ? [gal keo-ye-yo?] To Seoul = [Seo-ul-e] When are you going to go to Seoul? = ? [Seo-ul-e eon-je gal keo-ye-yo?]

If you notice, there is future tense in example number 5. Don't worry, we will learn about it later in the next Level. ^^

Some more useful nouns to know: - [o-neul] today

- [eo-je] yesterday - [nae-il] tomorrow - [ji-geum] now - [a-kka] earlier (today), a while ago (today) - [na-jung-e] later

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 20 - Sino-Korean Numbers and Native Korean Numbers]

-----Sino-Korean numbers----We will use the term "sino-Korean" when a Korean word is based on Chinese language. Since Korea has received a lot of influence from China, many words in the Korean language have their roots in the Chinese language. So, over the course of time, Korean people start using both sinoKorean number system and the native Korean number system. The situations and the contexts in which each system used are different. Sino-Korean numbers: [il] = 1 [i] = 2 [sam] = 3 [sa] = 4 [o] = 5 [ryuk] / [yuk] = 6 [chil] = 7 [pal] = 8 [gu] = 9 [ship] = 10 And the rest is easy. In Korean, if you want to say 11, you just say TEN + ONE. If you want to say 33, you say THREE + TEN + THREE. And if you want to say 99, you say NINE + TEN + NINE. So, [shi-bil] = 11; [sam-ship-sam] = 33; and [gu-ship-gu] = 99. [baek] = 100 [cheon] = 1,000

 [man] = 10,000 Example: 1. 701 = 7 [] + 100 [] + 1 [] = [chil-bae-kil] 2. 818 = 8 [] + 100 [] + 10 [] + 8 [] = [pal-baek-ship-pal] 3. 1983 = 1000 [] + 9 [] + 100 [] + 8 [] + 10 [] + 3 [] = [cheon-gu-baek-pal-ship-sam] 4. 1988 = 1000 [] + 9 [] + 100 [] + 8 [] + 10 [] + 8 [] = [cheon-gu-baek-pal-ship-pal] 5. 50000 = 5 [] + 10000 [] = [o-man] NOTE: For 10000, 1000 and 100 you don't have to say 1 [ ] + 10000[]; 1 [] + 1000 []; or 1 [] + 100 [].

-----Native Korean numbers----There are cases where sino-Korean numbers are used, native Korean numbers are used, and sino-Korean numbers and native Korean number are used together. For example: 1) When you tell the time, you have to use native Korean numbers to say the hour and sino-Korean numbers to say the minute. 2) When you say your age in everyday conversations, you use native Korean numbers, but in some very formal settings like in the court of law or in a formal report, sino-Korean numbers are used to express your age. 3) When you are counting years,you can use either sino-Korean number or native Korean numbers, but the words you use for counting years change depending on whether you use sino-Korean numbers or native Korean numbers.

So, how do you determine which numbers system to use in which situation? You don't have to try to, and you can't really generalize the usages of the two different number systems. It's best to just to learn to use the different number system along with the fitting context. Now let us go over the native Korean numbers and practice how to say how old we are. Native Korean numbers: [ha-na] = 1 [dul] = 2 [set] = 3 [net] = 4 [da-seot] = 5 [yeo-seot] = 6 [il-gop] = 7 [yeo-deol] = 8 [a-hop] = 9 [yeol] = 10 For 11 to 19 is simple. You just put the number 10 and add another number after it. Example: 1. 13 = 10 [] + 3 [] = [yeol-set] 2. 15 = [] + 5 [] = [yeol-da-seot] 20 = [seu-mul] 30 = [seo-reun] 40 = [ma-heun] 50 = [swin] 60 = [ye-sun] 70 = [i-reun]

80 = [yeo-deun] 90 = [a-heun] The same rule as above for 11 through 19 applies to 21-29, 31-39 41-49, etc.

For numbers 1 through 99, the usage of native Korean numbers is generally very distinctively different from the usage of sino-Korean numbers. But for bigger units like 100, 1,000, 10,000 and etc. the words for these bigger numbers in the native Korean number are no longer used and only sinoKorean numbers are used. So, 100 in the sino-Korean number is [baek], even when you need to use native Korean number, you use the same word. And when you want to say 101, 102, etc you need to combine the system together. Example: 1. 101 = 100 [] (sino-Korean number) + 1 [] (native Korean number) = [baek-ha-na] 2. 205 = 2 [] + 100 [] (sino-Korean number) + 5 [] (native Korean number) = [i-baek-da-seot]

Let's have a look at how to talk about the age. There're 2 ways of saying the age,but here look at the more ordinary & everyday fashion. You say a native Korean number and add [sal] (age counter in Korean) after it. But the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 20 change form before a noun. 1 [ha-na] >> [han] 2 [dul] >> [du] 3 [set] >> [se] 4 [net] >> [ne]

... 20 [seu-mul] >> [seu-mu] 21 [seu-mul-ha-na] >> [seu-mul-han] ...

To say "I'm ... years old." you just have to add - [i-e-yo] after your age. Example: [seu-mul-ne sal-i-e-yo] = I'm 24 years old.

[KOREAN ALPHABET - ]

Hangeul is not as difficult as a lot of people tend to think. Hangrul is a system where you can combine different letters into square shapes to form syllables. Basically, one syallablic block in Korean has to have at least one consonant and one vowel.

There are 14 main consonants ( [ja-eum]) and 10 main vowels ( [mo-eum]). Main consonants: [g/k] [n] [d/t] [r/l] [m] [b/p] [s] [ng] [j] [ch] [kh] [th] [ph] [h] Double consonants: [gg/kk] [dd/tt] [bb/pp]

 [ss] [jj] Main vowels: [a] [ya] [eo] [yeo] [o] [yo] [u] [yu] [eu] [i] Combine vowels: = + = [ae] = + = [ye] = + = [e] = + = [ye] = + = [wa] = + = [oe] = + = [wi] = + = [wo] = + = [we] = + = [wae] = + = [ui]

How to write them? It's easy. You just have to combine at least 1 consonant and 1 vowel together. And it's able to be pronounced.

Example (consonant + vowel): 1) + = [ga] 2) + = [deo] 3) + = [mu] 4) + = [si] 5) + = [jo] 6) + = [nyeo] 7) + = [ryu] 8) + = [ha] 9) + = [ppo) 10) + = [geu] Example (consonant + vowel + consonant): 1) + + = [gan] 2) + + = [cheon] 3) + + = [sim] 4) + + = [byeol] 5) + + = [reoh] Example (consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant): 1) + + + = [manh] 2) + + + = [ilg] 3) + + + = [dalk]

If you notice in last example (consonant + vowel + consonant + consonant) number 2 (), there is but it becomes [ilg]. Why? Because has no sound value when it is used at the beginning of a syllable and is used to fill the empty gap when you just want to express the sound of a vowel. Example ( + vowel): 1) + = [a]

2) + = [o] 3) + = [u] 4) + = [i] 5) + = [yo] 6) + = [yu] 7) + = [wae] 8) + = [wi] 9) + = [oe] 10) + = [ui]

But if is not placed at the beginning, it's pronounced as [ng]. Example (consonant + vowel + ): 1) + + = [bang] 2) + + = [gong] 3) + + = [meong] 4) + + = [sing] 5) + + = [pung]

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 21 - Negative sentences]

There are mainly two ways to make negative sentences. 1. Adding [an] before a verb. 2. Using the negative verb ending, [ji an-ta]. Method #1 is more simple and more colloquial, and method #2 is relatively formal but not necessarily only for formal situations. If you want to use method #1, and add [an] before a verb, it's easier than method #2 because you don't have to worry about the different tenses of your sentences. The word [an] doesn't change the tense. Example: 1. [ga-da] = to go - . [ji-be ga-yo] = I'm going home / I go home. - . [ji-be an-ga-yo] = I'm not going home / I don't go home. - ? [ji-be an-ga-yo?] = You're not going home? / You don't go home? 2. [beo-ri-da] = to throw away. - . [geu-geo beo-ryeo-sseo-yo] = I threw it away. - . [geu-geo an-beo-ryeo-sseo-yo.] = I DIDN'T throw it away. - . [geu-geo a-jik an-beo-ryeo-sseo-yo] = I DIDN'T throw it away yet.

Now let's see example using method #2 (adding [ji an-ta]) [ji an-ta] is the basic form and you need to conjugate it according to the tense, too. Present tense: [ji anayo]

Past tense: [ji anasseoyo]. You can apply the same verb conjugating rules as for the other verbs. Example: 1. [ga-da] = to go. - [ga-ji an-ta] = to not go. - [ga-ji a-na-yo] = I DON'T go / I'm NOT going. - [ga-ji a-na-sseo-yo] = I DIDN'T go. 2. [beo-ri-da] = to throw away - [beo-ri-ji an-ta] = to not throw away. - [beo-ri-ji a-na-yo] = I DON'T throw it away. - [beo-ri-ji a-na-sseo-yo] = I DIDN'T throw it away. Let's see very short sample dialogs! Dialogue 1: A: ? [a-pa-yo?] (Does it hurt?) B: . [an a-pa-yo.] (It doesn't hurt) A: ? ? [an a-pa-yo? jin-jja an a-pa-yo?] (It doesn't hurt? It really doesn't hurt?) B: . [an a-pa-yo] (It doesn't hurt) Dialogue 2: G: ? [an meo-keo-yo?] (You're not going to eat?) L: ! [an meo-keo-yo!] (I'm not eating!) G: ? ! [jeong-mal an meo-keo-yo? ma-si-sseo-yo!] (You're really not going to eat? It's delicious!) L: . . [an meo-keo-yo. Bae an go-pa-yo.] (I'm not eating. I'm not hungry.) Dialogue 3: T: ? [i-geo mae-wo-yo?] (Is this spicy?)

D: . . [a-ni-yo. An mae-wo-yo] (No. It's not spicy.) T: ? [jin-jja an mae-wo-yo?] (It's really not spicy?) D: . . [ne. An mae-wo-yo.] (Yes. It's not spicy.)

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 22 - Verb and Negative sentences with ]

We learned that verb [ha-da] has a very unique way of being conjugated. [ha-da] = to do Present tense = + = [-] Past tense = + = [hae-sseo-yo] And the verb is a very powerful and useful word. That's because in Korean there are a lot of verbs made by combining a noun with . Many of the Korean nouns that indicate or describe some action or behavior can be combine with . And they become verbs. Example: 1) [kong-bu] =studying= >> [kong-bu-ha-da] = to study 2) [il] = work, job >> [il-ha-da] = to work 3) [gi-eok] = memory >> [gi-eok-ha-da] = to remember 4) [cheong-su] = cleaning >> [cheong-su-ha-da] = to clean 5) [yo-ri] = cooking >> [yo-ri-ha-da] = to cook 6) [i-sa] = moving >> [i-sa-ha-da] = to move 7) [no-rae] = song >> [no-rae-ha-da] = to sing 8) [no-ryeok] = effort >> [no-ryeok-ha-da] = to make an effort 9) [dong-ui] = agreement >> [dong-ui-ha-da] = to agree 10) [in-jeong] = admitting >> [in-jeong-ha-da] = to admit 11) [hu-hoe] = regret >> [hu-hoe-ha-da] = to regret 12) [un-dong] = exercise >> [un-dong-ha-da] = to exercise 13) [sa-rang] = love >> [sa-rang-ha-da] = to love 14) [saeng-gak] = thought, idea >> [saeng-gak-ha-da] = to think 15) [mal] = words, language >> [mal-ha-da] = to speak

Let's review about negative sentences with verbs. In order to make negative sentences using these verbs you need to separate the noun part and the part again and add [an] in between. Example: 1) [saeng-gak an ha-da] = to not think 2) [mal an ha-da] = to not speak 3) [no-rae an ha-da] = to not sing

And if you remember from level 1 lesson 16, there are two ways to make negative sentences in Korean: adding before the verb and using the verb ending . If you want to use with verbs, you simply conjugate [ha-da] to [ha-ji an-ta]. Example: 1) . [ji-geum yeon-geo-reul kong-bu an hae-yo] = I'm not studying English now. 2) . [o-je-neun yo-ri-ha-ji a-na-sseo-yo] = I didn't cook yesterday.

[RANDOM CONVERSATION]

[] : . : , . : ? : . . : ~ . ? : . : . : . : , . [English] : Hello. : Yes, hello. : Is this tea? : No. This is cola. : Ah~ It's not tea. Do you have milk? : I have milk. : I want to buy milk. : Please wait just a second. : OK, thank you.

[] : ~ . !! . : ! ! ? : . ~

: ! ! [English] Seo In Guk: Oowaa~ It's really delicious. I've eat well!! I want to eat many bulgogi next time. Lee Chan Hee: Of course! Let's eat many bulgogi! What will you do now? Seo In Guk: I want to go home and then take a rest. It's very tired~ Lee Chan Hee: OK! Be careful!

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 23 - [nugu] = who]

Do you remember the subject markers and the topic markers? Subject markers: [i] / [ga] Topic markers: [eun] / [neun] Subject markers emphasize the subject and shows "who" did something, or "what" is being described, and topic markers emphasize the topic of your sentence and shows "what" or "whom" you're talking about. When you want to ask simple questions like "Who did it?", "Who helped her?" or "Who made it?", you're emphasizing the subject, which is the word "who" here, so you need to use the subject marker [i] / [ga].

[nugu] ends in a vowel so it would have to be followed by [ga], but [nugu] + [ga] changes to [nuga] instead of [nuguga]. [nu-gu] = who [nu-gu] + [ga] = [nu-gu-ga] >> [nu-ga]

Remember that this is ONLY when you are emphasizing "who" as the subject of an action or state. Compare these examples: Example 1: When you want to ask "Who is it?" in Korean, you literally say "It is Who?" so it's becomes: [nu-gu] (who) + ? [ye-yo?] (is?) = ? [nu-gu-ye-yo?]

Example 2: When you want to ask "(among these people, none other than) WHO is Jane?" you can say: [nu-gu] (who) + [ga] (subject marker) + [je-in] (Jane) + ? [i-e-yo?] (is?) = ? [nu-ga je-in-i-e-yo?] Example 3: When you want to ask "Who did it?": [nu-gu] (who) + [ga] (subject marker) + ? [hae-sseo-yo?] (did?) = ? [nu-ga hae-sso-yo?] More sample sentences: 1) ? [nu-ga jeon-hwa-hae-sseo-yo?] = Who called? 2) ? [i-geo nu-gu-ye-yo?] = Who is this? 3) ? [eo-je nu-gu wa-sseo-yo?] = Who came yesterday? 4) ? [geu-geo nu-ga man-deu-reo-sseo-yo?] = Who made that? 5) ? [nu-ga sa-sseo-yo?] = Who bought it?

Verbs: - [jeon-hwa-ha-da] = to call. - [oda] = to come. - [man-deul-da] = to make. - [sa-da] = to buy.

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 24 - = Interrogatives]

So far, through our previous lessons, we have learned how to say What, Where, When and Who. What = [mwo] Where = [eo-di] When = [eon-je] Who = [nu-gu] And now we are going to learn some more interrogatives = [uimun-sa]. How = [eo-tteo-ke] Why = [wae] How much = [eol-ma] How + adjective / adverb = [eol-ma-na] Generally, these interrogatives in Korean are used before the verb of a sentences. But as the word order of the sentences is much more flexible (thanks in part to the subject / topic / object markers), they can come in at various parts of sentences, depending on the context or the nuance.

Example: [eo-tteo-ke] = how 1) ? [eo-tteo-ke cha-ja-sseo-yo?] = How did you find it? 2) ? [eo-tteo-ke wa-sseo-yo?] = How did you get here? [chaj-da] = to find, to look for [o-da] = to come

Example: [wae] = why 1) ? [wae jeon-hwa-hae-sseo-yo?] = Why did you call?

2) ? [wae an wa-sseo-yo?] = Why didn't you come? [jeon-hwa-ha-da] = to call [o-da] = to come

Example: [eol-ma] = how much 1) ? [eol-ma-ye-yo?] = How much is it? 2) ? [eol-ma nae-sseo-yo?] = How much did you pay? [nae-da] = to pay Example: [eol-ma-na] + adjective / adverb = how + (often/fast/early/soon/etc) 1) ? [eol-ma-na keo-yo?] = How big is it? 2) ? [eol-ma-na ja-ju wa-yo?] = How often do you come? 3) ? [eol-ma-na mu-geo-wo-yo?] = How heavy is it? [keu-da] = to be big [ja-ju] = often [o-da] = to come [mu-geob-da] = to be heavy

[LEVEL 1 LESSON 25 - / and = From A to/until B]

In this lesson we're going to introduce how to say "from A to B" when talking about locations and "from A until B" when talking about time. [e-so] and [bu-teo] mean "from". [kka-ji] means "to" or "until". First, let's look at how to say "from A" in Korean. Basically, [e-so] and [bu-teo] both mean "from" and they are usually interchangeable, but in cases where they are NOT interchangeable, [e-so] is associated more often with locations and [bu-teo] is associated more often with time. Like all the other particles, , , and are used AFTER a noun or a pronoun, not BEFORE one.

"From A" in Korean is "A " or "A ". Example: 1) [ji-geum-bu-teo] = From now. (NOT [ji-geum-e-so]) 2) [eo-je-bu-teo] = From (or since) yesterday. 3) [seo-ul-e-so] = From Seoul. 4) [seo-ul-bu-teo] = Starting from Seoul. Note: Technically you can say [seo-ul-bu-teo] but it means "Starting from Seoul". For example, you want to visit many cities in Korea and you wanna go (or start) from Seoul and then Incheon, Suwon, Daegu, Busan, Mokpo, Jeju. In this case, you're actually talking about locations but it is more like you're talking about the order. The order in which you'll be visiting those cities.

Now, let's look at how to say "to" or "until". "To B" or "until B" in Korean is "B ". Example: 1) [seo-ul-kka-ji] = (from somewhere else) to Seoul. 2) [ji-geum-kka-ji] = until now. 3) [nae-il-kka-ji] = until tomorrow.

Let's see more examples! Example 1: From here to there - [yeo-gi-e-seo jeo-gi-kka-ji] - [yeo-gi-bu-teo jeo-gi-kka-ji] Example 2: From head to toe - [meo-ri-bu-teo bal-kkeut-kka-ji] - [meo-ri-e-so bal-kkeut-kka-ji] Example 3: From Seoul to Busan - [seo-ul-e-seo bu-san-kka-ji] - [seo-ul-bu-teo bu-san-kka-ji] Example 4: From morning until evening - [a-chim-bu-teo jeo-nyeok-kka-ji] - [a-chim-e-seo jeo-nyeok-kka-ji] (X) << you can not use this. Example 5: From Monday until Friday - [wol-yo-il-bu-teo geum-yo-il-kka-ji]

- [wol-yo-il-e-seo geum-yo-il-kka-ji] (X) << you can not use this.

Based on lesson from @orisaram (twitter)