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1. The document compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller, lack a nucleus, and have circular DNA not associated with histones. They lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a membrane-bound nucleus containing linear DNA associated with histones, and contain various membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria. 2. The electron micrograph shows a prokaryotic cell with a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid region containing DNA, and cytoplasm. The magnification is approximately 26,000x. Light microscopes allow viewing of living material and color images while electron microscopes provide higher resolution but black and

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103 views5 pages

Ws 3

1. The document compares the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are usually smaller, lack a nucleus, and have circular DNA not associated with histones. They lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a membrane-bound nucleus containing linear DNA associated with histones, and contain various membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria. 2. The electron micrograph shows a prokaryotic cell with a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid region containing DNA, and cytoplasm. The magnification is approximately 26,000x. Light microscopes allow viewing of living material and color images while electron microscopes provide higher resolution but black and

Uploaded by

Vishal Jalan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Compare, with the aid of a diagram, the structure of generalised prokaryotic and eukaryotic
animal cells.
(Total 8 marks)

1.

labelled diagram of generalised prokaryotic (P) and generalised eukaryotic


(E) animal cell 2 max
(Marks must be awarded if the following comparisons
are made as either annotations to the diagram or in narrative/table form.)
P is usually smaller in size, E is larger;
both have cytoplasm / protoplasm;
P has no nucleus / nucleoid region, E has (membrane-bound) nucleus;
P has one chromosome / circular, E has two or more chromosomes;
P has DNA only, E has DNA with protein (histones);
P has no membrane-bound organelles, E has some membrane-bound organelles;
E has mitochondria, P does not;
E has other example of organelle, P does not;
both can have a flagellum / flagella;
if flagella then E has 9+2 fibrils, P does not;
P can have pili / slime layer / capsule, E does not;
P can have plasmids, E does not;
both have ribosomes;
P has small ribosomes, E has larger ones;
both have cell membrane;
P has cell wall, E has no cell wall;
E has centriole, P has no centriole;
[8]

2.

(a)

Label the following electron micrograph of a prokaryotic cell.

[Source: Stephen Wolfe, Biology of the Cell, (1995) 2nd edition, Brooks Cole, page 5]

I:

.....................................................................................................................................

II:

.....................................................................................................................................

III:

.....................................................................................................................................

IV:

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Calculate the magnification of the prokaryotic cell.


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(1)

(c)

State two advantages of using a light microscope over an electron microscope.


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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

2.

(a)

Award [1] for each two correct.


I. plasma / cell membrane;
II. cell wall;
III. nucleoid (region) / DNA/genetic material;
IV. cytoplasm/cytosol/protoplasm;

2 max

(b)

26000 ( 1500);
Do not need to show working.

(c)

colour images instead of black and white / pigments can be observed;


can view living material;
larger field of view / whole cells can be seen;
easier sample preparation / cheaper/easier transport/portable;

2 max
[5]

3.

Draw a labelled diagram of a prokaryotic cell as seen in electron micrographs.


(Total 6 marks)

3.

Award [1] for each of the following structures clearly drawn and labelled
correctly in a diagram of a generalized prokaryotic cell.
size stated: 1 to 10 m;
cell wall;
cytoplasm;
flagella / flagellum;
mesosome;
plasma membrane;
ribosomes;
nucleoid region / DNA not enclosed in nuclear membrane;
plasmid;
pili;
capsule / slime layer;
Deduct [1] for each enkaryotic feature included, up to [3 max].

6 max
[6]

4.

The drawing below shows the structure of a virus.

II

I
10 nm
(a)

Identify structures labelled I and II.


I:

......................................................................................................................................

II:

......................................................................................................................................
(2)
3

(b)

Use the scale bar to calculate the maximum diameter of the virus. Show your working.

Answer:

.....................................................
(2)

(c)

Explain briefly why antibiotics are effective against bacteria but not viruses.
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...............................................................................................................................................
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(3)

(d)

Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria.


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...............................................................................................................................................
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)

4.

(a)

I: protein coat / capsid / capsomere;


II: DNA/nucleic acid / RNA / genetic material;

size =
(b)

diameter of drawing
10mm / eqvivalent working shown
length of size bar

52 nm (5 nm); (units required)

(c)

(d)

antibiotics block specific metabolic pathways /


cell production in bacteria;
viruses reproduce using the host cell metabolic pathways;
(host cell) pathways are not affected by antibiotics;
viruses do not have metabolic pathways;

3 max

some bacteria are resistant to an antibiotic /


variation within bacterial populations includes antibiotic resistance;
genes for antibiotic resistance originate as
mutations (not caused by antibiotics);
transfer of resistance genes (can occur) from strain to strain /
species to species;
bacteria that are resistant survive when an antibiotic is used and others die;
resistant bacteria pass on their genes for resistance to offspring;
proportion of resistant bacteria increases in each
generation in the population/species;
natural selection for bacteria that are resistant;

3 max
[10]

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