ISIS Educational Module 9:

Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers

Prepared by ISIS Canada A Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence www.isiscanada.com Principal Contributor: Raafat El-Hacha, Ph.D., P.Eng. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Calgary Contributor: Cynthia Couture June 2007

ISIS Education Committee: N. Banthia, University of British Columbia L. Bisby, Queens University R. Cheng, University of Alberta R. El-Hacha, University of Calgary G. Fallis, Vector Construction Group R. Hutchinson, Red River College A. Mufti, University of Manitoba K.W. Neale, Universit de Sherbrooke J. Newhook, Dalhousie University K. Soudki, University of Waterloo L. Wegner, University of Saskatchewan

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Objectives of This Module

Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcing materials for concrete structures have high strength-to-weight ratios that can provide high prestressing forces while adding only minimal additional weight to a structure. They also have good fatigue properties and exhibit low relaxation losses, both of which can increase the service lives and the load carrying capacities of reinforced concrete structures. This module is intended to: 1. provide students with a general awareness of guidelines and procedures that can be used for the design of concrete components prestressed with FRPs in buildings and bridges. 2. to facilitate the use of FRP reinforcing materials in the construction and structural rehabilitation industries; and 3. to provide guidance to students seeking additional information on this topic. Information is presented for both internal and external prestressing applications with FRP bars, rods, and tendons. Design considerations for serviceability, strength and ductility, as well as anchorage of FRP prestressing tendons are addressed. The material presented herein is not currently part of a national or international design code, but is based mainly on the results of numerous detailed research studies conducted in Canada and around the world. Procedures, material resistance factors, and design equations are based primarily on the recommendations of ISIS Canada Design Manual No. 5: Prestressing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers. As such, this module should not be used as a design document, and it is intended for educational use only. Future engineers who wish to design FRPstrengthening schemes for reinforced concrete structures should consult more complete design documents (refer to Section 11 for further guidance)

Additional ISIS Educational Modules

Available from ISIS Canada (www.isiscanada.com)

Module 1 Mechanics Examples Incorporating FRP Materials

Nineteen worked mechanics of materials problems are presented which incorporate FRP materials. These examples could be used in lectures to demonstrate various mechanics concepts, or could be assigned for assignment or exam problems. This module seeks to expose first and second year undergraduates to FRP materials at the introductory level. Mechanics topics covered at the elementary level include: equilibrium, stress, strain and deformation, elasticity, plasticity, determinacy, thermal stress and strain, flexure and shear in beams, torsion, composite beams, and deflections.

comparing the stress-strain responses of steel versus FRPs in tension, and a sample assignment is provided.

Module 3 Introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete

The use of FRP bars, rods, and tendons as internal tensile reinforcement for new concrete structures is presented and discussed in detail. Included are discussions of FRP materials relevant to these applications, flexural design guidelines, serviceability criteria, deformability, bar spacing, and various additional considerations. A number of case studies are also discussed. A series of worked example problems, a suggested assignment with solutions, and a suggested laboratory incorporating FRP-reinforced concrete beams are all included.

Module 2 Introduction to FRP Composites for Construction

FRP materials are discussed in detail at the introductory level. This module seeks to expose undergraduate students to FRP materials such that they have a basic understanding of the components, manufacture, properties, mechanics, durability, and application of FRP materials in civil infrastructure applications. A suggested laboratory is included which outlines an experimental procedure for

Module 4 Introduction to FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures

The use of externally-bonded FRP reinforcement for strengthening concrete structures is discussed in detail. FRP materials relevant to these applications are first presented, followed by detailed discussions of FRP-strengthening of concrete structures in flexure, shear, and axial compression.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

A series of worked examples are presented, case studies are outlined, and additional, more specialized, applications are introduced. A suggested assignment is provided with worked solutions, and a potential laboratory for strengthening concrete beams in flexure with externallybonded FRP sheets is outlined.

handling and storage, installation, QC, QA, safety, and maintenance and repair of FRP systems.

Module 7 Introduction to Life Cycle Engineering & Costing for Innovative Infrastructure
Life cycle costing (LCC) is a well-recognized means of guiding design, rehabilitation and on-going management decisions involving infrastructure systems. LCC can be employed to enable and encourage the use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) and fibre optic sensor (FOS) technologies across a broad range of infrastructure applications and circumstances, even where the initial costs of innovations exceed those of conventional alternatives. The objective of this module is to provide undergraduate engineering students with a general awareness of the principles of LCC, particularly as it applies to the use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) and structural health monitoring (SHM) in civil engineering applications.

Module 5 Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring

The overall motivation behind, and the benefits, design, application, and use of, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems for infrastructure are presented and discussed at the introductory level. The motivation and goals of SHM are first presented and discussed, followed by descriptions of the various components, categories, and classifications of SHM systems. Typical SHM methodologies are outlined, innovative fibre optic sensor technology is briefly covered, and types of tests which can be carried out using SHM are explained. Finally, a series of SHM case studies is provided to demonstrate four field applications of SHM systems in Canada.

Module 6 Application & Handling of FRP Reinforcements for Concrete

Important considerations in the handling and application of FRP materials for both reinforcement and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures are presented in detail. Introductory information on FRP materials, their mechanical properties, and their applications in civil engineering applications is provided. Handling and application of FRP materials as internal reinforcement for concrete structures is treated in detail, including discussions on: grades, sizes, and bar identification, handling and storage, placement and assembly, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), and safety precautions. This is followed by information on handling and application of FRP repair materials for concrete structures, including:

Module 8 Durability of FRP Composites for Construction

Fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs), like all engineering materials, are potentially susceptible to a variety of environmental factors that may influence their long-term durability. It is thus important, when contemplating the use of FRP materials in a specific application, that allowance be made for potentially harmful environments and conditions. It is shown in this module that modern FRP materials are extremely durable and that they have tremendous promise in infrastructure applications. The objective of this module is to provide engineering students with an overall awareness and understanding of the various environmental factors that are currently considered significant with respect to the durability of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in civil engineering applications.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Section 1

Introduction
BACKGROUND
The non-corrosive, high strength, and light weight characteristics of fibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) make them attractive for use as either internal or external reinforcement of concrete structures. Using FRPs in new structures offers numerous potential benefits: Longer life cycles and reduced life cycle costs Reduced maintenance costs Enhanced durability Overall cost efficiencies New and innovative design options FRP reinforcements have high strength-to-weight ratios that can provide high prestressing forces with only minimal additional weight on a structure. They also have good fatigue properties and exhibit low relaxation losses, both of which can increase the service lives and the load carrying capacities of reinforced and/or prestressed concrete structures. Full scale FRP prestressed concrete bridges have been constructed in North America, Europe, and Japan. During the 1990s, several demonstration projects in Canada showed the potential of FRP applications. In 1993, the Beddington Trail Bridge was built in Calgary, Alberta, using FRP pretensioned tendons and incorporating fibre optic sensors for ongoing structural health monitoring (refer to ISIS Canada Educational Module 5). This was the first bridge of its kind in North America, and one of the first in the world. A second bridge, Taylor Bridge, incorporating FRP prestressing tendons was built at Headingly, Manitoba in 1997. In the United States, the Bridge Street Bridge in Southfield, Michigan was completed in 2001, and used bonded and unbonded carbon FRP (CFRP) prestressing tendons. The current educational module provides information on available guidelines that can be used to design concrete members fully prestressed with carbon FRP, aramid FRP (AFRP), and glass FRP (GFRP) tendons, in both buildings and bridges. The reader will note that this module is not part of national or an international standard.

Section 2

FRP Tendon Characteristics & Properties

GENERAL
Fibre reinforced polymers are anisotropic composite materials, consisting of high-strength fibres embedded in a light polymer resin matrix. The mechanical properties of an FRP product such as strength and stiffness are highly dependent on (ISIS, 2001): the mechanical properties of the fibre and the matrix; the fibre volume fraction of the composite; the degree of fibre matrix interfacial adhesion; the fibre cross section, quality, and orientation within the matrix; the loading history and duration, as well as environmental conditions; and the method of manufacturing. These factors are interdependent, and consequently it is difficult to determine the specific effect of each factor in isolation. FRP tendons may be produced from a wide variety of fibres and polymer resins, and they are typically identified by the type of fibre used to make the tendon.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FRP PRESTRESSING TENDONS

FRP prestressing tendons are available in a variety of shapes and sizes; they may be in the form of bars, multi-wire strands, ropes, or cables. The properties of FRP prestressing tendons are typically available from the manufacturer. Table 2.1 provides a comparison of typical mechanical properties of selected commercially available structural AFRP and CFRP prestressing tendons, together with those of steel prestressing tendons for the purposes of comparison. The two main types of FRP prestressing reinforcements, namely CFRP and AFRP, used in North America, Japan and Europe are described briefly in the following subsections.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Table 2-1. Typical Uniaxial Tensile Properties of Prestressing Tendons (CAN/CSA-S806-02)

Mechanical Properties Nominal yield stress (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Yield Strain (%) Rupture Strain (%) 3 Density (kg/m ) Prestressing Steel 10341396 13791862 186200 1.42.5 >4 7900 AFRP Tendon N/A 12002068 5074 N/A 22.6 12501400 CFRP Tendon N/A 16502410 152165 N/A 11.5 15001600 GFRP Tendon N/A 1379-1724 48-62 N/A 3-4.5 1250-2400

Carbon FRP (CFRP)

Carbon fibres provide numerous potentially advantageous properties, including: high strength and high stiffness to weight ratios, excellent fatigue properties, excellent moisture resistance, high temperature and chemical resistance, and electrical and thermal conductivity. Due to their low ultimate strains, carbon fibres typically have comparatively low impact resistance. Two types (grades) of carbon fibres are widely available: (1) synthetic fibres known as polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which are similar to fibres used for making textiles, and (2) pitch-based carbon fibres, obtained from the destructive distillation of coal (Hollaway, 1989). Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) CFRPs are used to make unidirectional Carbon Fibre Composite Cables (CFCC), developed by Tokyo Rope Mfg. Co. Ltd. and Toho Rayon Mfg. Co. Ltd., both in Japan. The cables are made of carbon fibre yarns twisted together, similar in may ways to 7-wire steel tendons which are widely used in the prestressed concrete industry. Carbon Fibre Composite Cables can be manufactured as a single rod, which may be used in isolation, or combined in sets of seven, nineteen, or thirtyseven to form multiple strand cables (refer to Figure 2-1). CFCC has a lower modulus (137GPa) in comparison to steel (198GPa). This is considered to be an advantage for CFCC since smaller losses of prestress will be experienced as compared with steel tendons due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete. In addition, the same weight of CFCC carries about four times the load carried by an equivalent amount of conventional steel tendon.

Pitch-based CFRP is used by Mitsubishi Kasei Chemical Company of Japan for both round and deformed Leadline CFRP rods. Plain round bar diameters range from 3mm to 17mm, and deformed bar diameters from 5mm to 12mm (refer to Figure 2-3). These rods have a tensile strength of 1813MPa, a tensile modulus of elasticity of 147GPa, and an elongation at failure of 1.3%.

Fig. 2-1. Carbon Fibre Composite Cables (Tokyo Rope, 1993)

Fig. 2-2. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Leadline Tendons (Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, 1993)

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Aramid FRP (AFRP)

The term aramid is derived from the chemical names of the base compounds from which it is manufactured: ARomatic polyAMIDe. Aramid fibres have lower weights and a lower tensile moduli of elasticity than carbon fibres, but are generally superior to carbon fibres in terms of toughness and impact resistance (hence their widespread use in armor and ballistics applications). The cost of aramid fibres is also typically less than carbon fibres. While various modulus grades are available the modulus of elasticity of aramid fibres is generally about one quarter that of conventional cold-drawn prestressing steel, and the specific density is one sixth that of prestressing steel. Prestressing reinforcement formed from this material is manufactured into rods or ropes, which are created from six main types of fibres, four different grades of proprietary aramid fibres called Kevlar (Grades 29, 49, 129, 149), and various other proprietary aramid fibres called Twaron, Technora, Arapree, FiBRA, and Parafil (ISIS, 2001). The fibre tensile strength for these fibres varies considerably and ranges from 2800 to 4210 MPa, with moduli of elasticity ranging from 74 GPa to 179 GPa. Figure 2-4 shows Technora rods.

impregnation and curing (Figure 2-5). Two types of rods are produced for concrete reinforcement, rigid and flexible. Parafil, is a parallel lay rope composed of dry (nonimpregnated) fibres within a protective polymeric sheath. It can not be bonded to concrete and contains no polymer resin. Figure 2-6 shows a Parafil Rope with end fittings.

ANCHORAGE SYSTEMS
Numerous anchoring devices have been developed for steel prestressing tendons, and these are widely available, costeffective, and reliable. However, these existing anchorage devices cannot be applied directly to FRP tendons, since FRPs are sensitive to transverse pressure when subjected to high axial stress. The very high ratio of axial to lateral strength and stiffness of FRPs (which can be as high as 30:1 in some cases) translates into a need to rethink and redesign the anchoring system for cables made from FRP materials. Anchors for FRP tendons are required to have at least the same nominal load capacity as the FRP tendons, even though the full capacity of the tendon is typically not utilized in practice (because the tendons are generally stressed well below their tensile failure load during the prestressing operations). The reason for this is that anchors having a smaller capacities than the FRP tendons are inefficient in that they may overstress some fibres (which could cause premature failure of a tendon) and understress others (an inefficient use of material).

Fig. 2-3. Technora AFRP Tendons Fig. 2-5. FiBRA (Kevlar) (Mitsui Construction Co.)

Fig. 2-6. Parafil Rope and Fittings (Linear Composites Limited) Fig. 2-4. Arapree AFRP Tendons Arapree comprises aramid Twaron fibres embedded in epoxy resin, with two types of cross sectional shapes available, rectangular and circular. (refer to Figure 2-4). FiBRA (Fibre BRAiding) is an FRP rod formed by braiding high strength fibre tows, followed by epoxy resin Existing FRP tendon anchorages have to be designed in such a way that the tensile strength of the FRP is not significantly reduced by anchorage effects when subjected to both static and dynamic actions. This requires limiting the anchoring stresses on the tendon such that failure of the cable will take place outside the anchoring zone. Some of

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

the available anchorage systems, shown schematically in Figure 2-7, include: clamp anchor, plug and cone (or barrel and spike) anchor, resin sleeve anchor, resin potted anchor, metal overlay anchor, and split wedge anchor. Clamp Anchor In a clamp anchor, the FRP rod is sandwiched between two grooved steel plates, which are held together by bolts. The shear-friction mechanism that transfers the force from the tendon to the anchor is influenced by parameters such as the roughness of the interface surfaces and the lateral clamping force applied by the bolts. The performance of the anchor can be improved by using a sleeve of soft metal such as aluminum or copper to encase the rod and distribute the gripping force. The length of the anchor may vary depending on the sleeve material chosen to insure that the ultimate strength of the rod can be developed. Plug & Cone Anchor The plug and cone anchor is made of a metallic socket housing and a conical spike (refer to Figure 2-6). The gripping mechanism is similar to that in a wedge anchor, in that the rope is held by the compressive force applied to the fibres when the plug is inserted into the barrel. This compressive stress generates friction between the rod material and the socket and plug, resulting in a frictional stress that resists the slipping of the rod from the socket. Resin Sleeve Anchor This anchor system functions by embedding the FRP tendon in a potting material that fills a tubular metallic housing comprising steel or copper. Non-shrink cement grout, with or without sand filler, expansive cement grout, or an epoxybased material may all be used as the potting material. The mechanism of load transfer is by shear and bond at the interface between the rod and the filling material, and between the filling material and the metallic sleeve. Resin Potted Anchor This type of anchor varies depending on the internal configuration of the socket; which may be straight, linearly tapered, or parabolically tapered. This type of anchor has the same components as the resin sleeve anchorage. The load transfer mechanism from the rod to the sleeve is by interface shear stress, which is influenced by the radial stress produced by the variation of potting material profile. Metal Overlay Anchor In this system, a metal overlay is added to each end of the tendon by means of die-molding during the manufacturing process. This enables the tendon to be gripped at the locations of the metal material using a typical wedge anchor as would be used for a steel tendon. The use of this system is limited because of the length of the tendon between anchorages must be predefined during the manufacturing process. The load transfer in this anchor is achieved by

shear (friction) stress, which is a function of the compressive radial stress and friction at the contact surfaces. Split Wedge Anchor The split wedge anchorage, which contains steel wedges in a steel tube with an inner conical profile and outer cylindrical surface, has been widely used for anchoring steel prestressing tendons. The number of the wedges within the anchors barrel may vary from two to six, depending on the specific system. Increasing the number of wedges induces a contact pressure that is more uniformly distributed around the rod. This type of anchor is comparatively convenient because of its compactness, ease of assembly, reusability, and reliability. The gripping mechanism relies on both friction between the FRP rod and the wedges, as well as the clamping force between the wedges, barrel and tendon. CFCC Anchoring System In some cases, combinations of the above noted anchorage systems may be used in combination. As an example, Figure 2-8 shows a wedge system used in conjunction with diecasting, while Figure 2-9 shows different anchoring systems used by Tokyo Rope Mfg. Co. for anchoring CFCC cables.
Die-cast

CFCC

Steel cone

Steel wedges

Fig. 2-8. CFCC system (El-Hacha, 1997) LEADLINE Anchoring System Several types of multi-rod anchorages are available for each size of Leadline CFRP rod and tension capacity (refer to Figure 2-10). In addition, a metallic anchor was developed, as part of the ISIS Canada research program for 8mm diameter LEADLINETM CFRP prestressing tendons. This stainless steel wedge-type anchorage, requires no new technology for manufacture and is relatively simple to assemble in the field (it is shown in Figure 2-11). ARAPREE, FIBRA, TECHNORA & PARAFIL Anchoring System The anchoring systems developed for Arapree aramid prestressing rods, both flat and round rod types, consist of tapered metal sleeves into which the tendon is either grouted (in post-tensioning applications) or clamped between two wedges (refer to Figure 2-12).

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

(a)
Steel Plates

Bolts FRP Rod Conical socket

(b) Multiple rods Sleeve Rod (c) Resin Conical Sleeve Rod (d)

Plug

Resin Rod (e) Sleeve

Conical Socket Rod (f) Wedge

Fig. 2-7. Anchoring Systems (ACI 440.4R, 2004)

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Fig. 2-12. Wedge Anchor System for Arapree FiBRA has two different types of anchoring systems: a resin-potted anchor used for single tendon anchoring, and a wedge anchor for either single or multiple tendon anchoring (shown in Figure 2-13).

Fig. 2-9. Various Anchoring Systems for CFCC (Tokyo Rope, 1993)

Fig. 2-10. Anchoring Systems for CFRP LEADLINE (Mitsubishi Kasei Corporation, 1993)
barrel elastic band to secure wedges

Fig. 2-13. Anchorage Systems for Fibra (Kevlar 49) (Mitsui Construction Co. Ltd).
tendon with copper sleeve

threaded barrel

wedges

Parafil ropes are anchored by means of a barrel and spike fitting, which grips the fibres between a central tapered spike and an external matching barrel (Figure 2-6). Because of problems in finding a standard FRP anchorage system, pretensioning rather than post-tensioning prestressed systems using FRP have gained increased popularity

Fig. 2-11. Calgary Anchor for LEADLINE (SayedAhmed and Shrive, 1998)

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

CREEP RUPTURE OF FRP TENDONS

Creep-rupture is the failure of a material subjected to a sustained load level less than its short-term load tensile capacity. FRP tendons used as prestressed reinforcement for concrete members are, their very application as prestressed reinforcement, subjected to long-term static stresses, and as a result the long-term tensile strength of the FRP tendons may be reduced. To assure that FRP tendons do not fail due to creep rupture, the initial prestress in the tendon must be

limited to some prescribed percent of its ultimate short-term tensile stress. To prevent creep-rupture failure, and to have the design life of the tendon exceed 100 years, it has been recommended (Burke and Dolan (2001) that the maximum prestress level should be limited to 60% of the ultimate capacity for carbon tendons, and to 50% of the ultimate capacity for aramid tendons. Glass tendons are used only very rarely, but the stress limits for GFRP tendons are typically lower than either carbon or aramid tendons.

Section 3

Placement, Handling, Construction & Protection

PRECUATIONS
FRP tendons can be damaged due to poor handling and storage, if sharp or heavy objects pierce the surface or crush the bars. Surface defects could lead to lower strength capacity. To avoid damage to FRP tendons, instructions requiring careful handling, storage and placement shall be specified in the work plans. FRP tendons must be protected from damage during transportation, and should be stored in such a way that they are not exposed to rain, excessive heat, or direct sunlight for a prolonged period of time. When placing concrete, care should be taken not to damage the FRP tendons by vibrators, tamping rods, or other placement equipment. Concrete with FRP tendons should typically be moist-cured, but should not be heat-cured or autoclaved, as this may lead to damage to the polymer resin of the tendons, (CAN/CSA, 2005).

Cover to Reinforcement
According to CAN/CSA-S806-02 (CAN/CSA, 2002), the minimum clear concrete cover in pretensioned members shall be 3.5 times the diameter of the tendon or 40mm, whichever is greater. If concrete of higher compressive strength than 80MPs is used, the cover may be reduced to 3 times the diameter or 35mm, whichever is greater. According to CAN/CSA-S6-06 (CAN/CSA, 2006), the minimum clear cover shall be 50mm 10mm for FRP tendons. For pretensioned concrete, the cover and construction tolerance shall not be less than the equivalent diameter of the tendons 10mm. For post-tensioned concrete, the cover shall not be less than one-half the diameter of the post-tensioning duct 10mm.

End Zone in Prestressed Components

The end zones of pretensioned concrete components are required to be reinforced against splitting, using additional closed stirrups added to the stirrups which are already provided at the ends of a typical prestressed beam. Reinforcement of the anchorage zones of beams posttensioned with FRP tendons should consist of an anchor bearing steel plate provided at both ends of the beam to transfer the prestress force into the concrete beam and to resist high bearing stresses. Spiral reinforcement behind the bearing area should be provided around each tendon to confine the concrete, so as to improve the bearing capacity and resist splitting forces.

Installation & Prestressing Precautions

Clearly, the tendons must be installed as specified in the design plans and construction drawings. Inspection should be made frequently to ensure that the tendons have minimal surface damage, kinks, or exposure to adverse environments or chemicals. When installing FRP tendons, care should be taken not to cause damage by trampling or bending. The cutting of the tendons should be done using a high-speed cutter. Heating and cutting with the help of gas torches can damage the tendons and should not be used. During re-stressing of a tendon, the gripping mechanism should not be applied at the same location. Because FRP tendons are brittle and may break suddenly during prestressing, precautions to safeguard against the explosive release of energy stored in these tendons must be considered (CAN/CSA, 2005).

10

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Section 4

Stress Limitations for FRP Tendons

STRESSES AT JACKING & TRANSFER
The maximum permissible stresses in FRP tendons at jacking and transfer for concrete beams and slabs are given in Table 4.1. As previously discussed, the stresses are typically limited to values significantly less than the tensile capacity of the FRP tendon itself. Table 4-1. Maximum Permissible Stresses in FRP Tendons at Jacking and Transfer for Concrete Beams and Slabs (CAN/CSA-S6-06, and CAN/CSA-S806-02)

Tendon AFRP CFRP GFRP

At Jacking Pretensioned Post-tensioned 0.40ffrpu 0.70ffrpu 0.40ffrpu 0.70ffrpu 0.30ffrpu

0.30ffrpu

At Transfer Pretensioned Post-tensioned a) 0.35ffrpu 0.35ffrpu b) 0.38ffrpu a) 0.65ffrpu 0.65ffrpu b) 0.60ffrpu 0.25ffrpu 0.25ffrpu
a) by CAN/CSA-S6-06 b) by CAN/CSA-S806-02

only permitted by CAN/CSA-S6-06 (CAN/CSA, 2006)

Correction of Stress for Harped or Draped Tendons

Occasionally, the profile of a pretensioned FRP tendon is altered by harping at the mid-span or the third points of a member before casting of the concrete. Because FRP tendons exhibit linear elastic behaviour to failure, draping or harping of tendons results in a loss of tendon strength. Thus, when an FRP tendon is bent, the jacking stresses must be reduced to account for stress increases. The degree of the stress increase is dependent on the radius of curvature of the tendon at the harping point(s), the tendons modulus of elasticity, and the cross-sectional properties of the tendon. Dolan et al. (2000) proposed that the stress increase due to harping in both solid and stranded tendons can be defined by the following equation:

harping stress, and recommends that the value of Rch in Equation 4.1 be taken as the greater of the radius of curvature of the harping saddle or the natural radius of curvature, Rn, of the harped tendon given by:

Rn =

r2 2

P (1 cos )

E frp

(Eq. 4.2)

where r = Radius of the FRP tendon P = Force in the tendon = Angle of deviation of tendon at the deviator point The efficiency of the prestressing tendons can be significantly reduced when this stress is deducted from the permissible stress at jacking. The combined stress in a tendon of cross-sectional area, Afrp, at a harping saddle, due to the jacking load, Pj,, is given by:

h =

E frp y Rch

(Eq. 4.1)

where E frp = Modulus of elasticity of the FRP tendon

Pj A frp

E frp y Rc.h.

(Eq. 4.3)

y = Distance from the centroid to the tensile face of the bent tendon (radius of tendon) Rch = Radius of curvature of the harping saddle
Research carried out at the University of Waterloo (Quayle, 2005) indicates that this approach may overestimate the

PRESTRESS LOSSES
Prestress loss in concrete structures is an important design parameter which must be taken into consideration with FRP materials (as in the case of prestressing with conventional

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

steel prestressing strands). Losses due to initial elastic shortening (ES), concrete creep (CR), and concrete shrinkage (SH), can be computed according to CAN/CSAS6-06 in the same manner as for beams prestressed with steel tendons (taking into account the typically lower modulus of elasticity of FRP tendons).

Note that f cir should be taken as positive in Equation 4.6

Shrinkage of Concrete (SH)

Prestress losses due to shrinkage of concrete (SH) may be calculated, again using empirically-derived equations, as follows. For pretensioned members:

Elastic Shortening (ES)

The loss due to elastic shortening (ES), should be calculated as follows. For pretensioned members:

SH = 117 1.05RH
for post-tensioned members:

(Eq. 4.8a)

ES =

Ep f cir Eci

(Eq. 4.4a)

SH = 94 0.85RH

(Eq. 4.8b)

for post-tensioned members:

N 1 Ep ES = f cir 2 N Eci
where

(Eq. 4.4b)

Since the modulus of elasticity of FRP tendons is typically lower than a corresponding steel tendon, losses for prestressed FRP tendons due to elastic shortening, creep, and shrinkage of concrete will be less than for prestressed steel tendons.

Relaxation Losses (REL)

According to Rostsy (1988), the losses due to relaxation for carbon FRPs is negligible when the initial stress is equal to 50% of the ultimate tensile stress. However, relaxation losses vary with the fibre type. The relaxation losses in FRP tendons are a combination of three sources, and the total relaxation loss (as percentage of transfer stress), REL, can be calculated by assessing these three effects separately. ACI 440.4R (ACI, 2004) describes these three effects as follows:

Ep

= Modulus of elasticity of tendons

N = Total number of post-tensioning tendons f cir = Concrete stress at the level of the tendon

Pi Pi e 2 M d e + Ag Ig Ig

(Eq. 4.5)

Creep of Concrete (CR)

Prestress losses due to creep of concrete (CR) may be calculated as follows (using an empirical equation):

REL = REL1 + REL2 + REL3

(Eq. 4.9)

CR = 1.37 0.77(0.01RH ) K cr
2

Ep Ec

( f cir f cds )
(Eq. 4.6)

Relaxation of Polymer (REL1) When a tendon is initially stressed, a portion of the load is carried in the resin matrix. The matrix, which is a visco-elastic material, relaxes and loses its contribution to the load carrying capacity. This relaxation is given by the modular ratio of the resin to the fibre, n r , and the volume of fibres in the tendon, v f ,. The modular ratio of the resin is defined as the ratio of the elastic modulus of the resin, E r , to the modulus of the fibre, E f , as given in Equation 4.5:

where

RH is the mean annual relative humidity expressed as

percentage K cr = 2.0 for pretensioned members

K cr = 1.6 for post-tensioned members f cds = Concrete stress at the centre of gravity of the
tendons due to all dead loads except the dead load present at transfer, the stress being positive when tensile, given by:

nr =

Er Ef

(Eq. 4.10)

f cds =

M sd e Ig

(Eq. 4.7)

The volume of fibres in the tendon can be determined from v f + v r = 1.0 ,where v f and v r are the volume fractions of fibre and resin, respectively. The relaxation

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

loss is the product of the volume fraction of resin, v r = 1.0 v f , and the modular ratio of the resin, n r , giving:

may be used (with t = time in days), expressed as a percentage of the transfer stress. For CFRP:

Relaxation (%) = 0.231 + 0.345 log(t )

(Eq. 4.11) For AFRP:

(Eq. 4.12)

REL1 = nr v r

Straightening of Fibres (REL2) The fibres in a pultruded section are nearly but not completely parallel. Therefore, stressed fibres flow through the matrix and straighten, and this straightening appears as a relaxation loss in typical applications. An assumed one to two percent relaxation of the transfer stress is adequate to predict this portion of the relaxation loss calculation. Relaxation of Fibres (REL3) Fibre relaxation is dependent upon the fibre type. According to CAN/CSA-S806-02, in the absence of specific information, the following values of relaxation

Relaxation (%) = 3.38 + 2.88 log(t )

Friction Losses (FR)

(Eq. 4.13)

In assessing friction loss, relevant curvature friction and wobble coefficients must be used, as would typically be used when designing with steel prestressing tendons. Such data are sparse. Burke and Dolan (2001) found that, for a CFRP tendon in a PVC duct, the curvature friction coefficient could range from 0.25 for stick-slip behaviour to 0.6 for no stick-slip behaviour. Since the wobble coefficient relates primarily to the type of duct, values specified for steel prestressing systems may be applied for this component.

Section 5

Flexural Design
The overall design approach for flexure in concrete beams prestressed with FRP tendons is based on the concept of determining the area of the prestressing tendons required to meet the strength requirements of the section. A prestress level of 40 to 70 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of the tendons can be selected for the initial applied prestress force, and service level of stresses in the concrete are checked on this basis. If the stresses meet the prescribed requirements (discussed below), the flexural design is complete; otherwise, the number or size of the tendons is adjusted to meet serviceability requirements (i.e. stress limits), and the strength capacity is rechecked until an appropriate solution is obtained.

DESIGN PROCESS
Under the overarching philosophy of Limit States Design (LSD), structures are designed in Canada such that the factored resistance of a given structural member is greater than the effect of the factored loads (NBCC, 2005, Sentence 4.1.3.2(1)). This requirement can be expressed as:

Factored Resistance Effect of Factored Loads

(Eq. 5.1) where Factored Resistance is the resistance of a cross-section, including application of the appropriate resistance factors, , to the specified material properties. Effect of Factored Loads means the structural effect due to the factored loads and load combinations as specified in CAN/CSA-A23.3-04 (CAN/CSA, 2004) Clause 8.3.2 and 8.3.3 or Sentence 4.1.3.2 of NBCC 2005.

Flexural Service Stresses

Flexural service level stresses, which may be computed using techniques similar to conventional steel prestressed concrete members, should not exceed the stress levels given in Table 5.1. These are the same concrete service stress limits imposed by Canadian codes for steel prestressed concrete. As is the case for steel prestressed concrete, the stresses in the concrete in tension at transfer may be exceeded, provided that bonded reinforcement is added to resist the total tensile force in the concrete.

Resistance Factors ( )
The material resistance factor for concrete in buildings is given as c = 0.65 for cast-in-place and precast concrete strength (CAN/CSA-A23.3-04, clause 8.4.2). For bridges c = 0.75 in accordance with CAN/CSA S6-06.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

The material resistance factor for FRP,

frp ,

is based

on variability of the material characteristics, the effect of sustained load and the type of fibres. Values of resistance factors, frp , for various types of prestressed FRP

reinforcement in buildings, according to CAN/CSA-S80602, are given in Table 5.2. CAN/CSA-S6-06 gives a value for the resistance factor of 0.55 for AFRP, 0.75 for CFRP, and 0.50 for GFRP tendons in bridges, respectively.

Table 5-1. Allowable Concrete Stresses (CAN/CSA-A23.3-04) Allowable stresses at transfer of prestress (immediately after prestress transfer due to prestress and the specified load present at transfer, prior losses) (a) Extreme fibre stress in compression (b) Extreme fibre stress in tension except for (c) (c) Extreme fibre stress in tension at ends Allowable stresses under service or specified loads and prestress (after allowance for all prestress losses) (a) Extreme fibre stress in compression due to prestress plus sustained loads (b) Extreme fibre stress in compression due to prestress plus total loads (c) Extreme fibre stress in precompressed tensile zone

Limits (MPa)
0.6 f ci
0.25 f ci 0.5 f ci

0.45 f c
0.6 f c 0.5 f c

Table 5-2. Resistance Factors for Prestressed FRP Reinforcement for Buildings (CAN/CSA-S806-02) Tendon Type Pretensioned Post-tensioned (bonded) Post-tensioned (unbonded) CFRP 0.85 0.85 0.80 AFRP 0.70 0.70 0.65

Assumptions for Flexural Design

The analysis of prestressed concrete beams should be performed using a simple plane sections, strain compatibility analysis. The main standard assumptions are summarized below: 1. Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending, leading to a linear strain distribution over the cross section. 2. The concrete is assumed to have a maximum usable compressive strain capacity of 0.0035 at the extreme compression fibre, in accordance with existing prestressed concrete design codes in Canada (CAN/CSA, 2004; CAN/CSA, 2006; CAN/CSA, 2002). 3. After cracking the tensile strength of concrete may be neglected. 4. Flexural deformations are small, and shear deformations are negligible. 5. The stress-strain relationships for the constituent materials are known from experimental tests and theoretical curves. Two additional assumptions are required specifically for the design of FRP prestressed concrete members: 6. Nominal balanced strain conditions for FRP prestressed members are assumed to exist at a cross section where the tensile FRP reinforcement reaches its ultimate strain, frpu, at the same instant as the concrete in compression reaches its maximum usable strain, cu, of

7.

0.0035. At the balanced strain condition, an FRP prestressed member will fail suddenly and with little warning, since the FRP does not yield like conventional steel reinforcement. For all FRP prestressed concrete members, it is permissible to allow rupture of the FRP, provided that the structure as a whole contains supplementary reinforcement designed to carry the unfactored dead loads or has alternative load paths such that the failure of the member does not lead to progressive collapse of the structure (CAN/CSA-S6-06 and CAN/CSA-S80602).

FAILURE MODES & STRENGTH DESIGN

The approach to strength design of an FRP prestressed beam is based on the mode of failure. Three possible failure modes exist (if it is assumed that premature failure modes such as anchorage failure do not occur): Balanced strain condition - Simultaneous failure by rupture of the FRP tendons in tension and crushing of the concrete in compression at the extreme compression fibre. The balanced failure of FRP prestressed beams is similar to the balanced strain condition used in reinforced concrete design, and defines the point at which the failure mode changes. However, the behaviour is somewhat different than for steel tendons in that the FRP tendons rupture at the balanced point,

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

rather than yield as is the case for steel tendons. This leads to the FRP balanced ratio being an indicator of the failure mode, rather than any measure (or assurance) of ductility. Tension failure - Tensile rupture of the FRP tendons occurs before crushing of the concrete, i.e., the strain in the most highly stressed FRP tendon reaches the ultimate tensile strain of the FRP, frpu , while the strain in the concrete at the extreme fibre of the compression zone is less than 0.0035. This type of failure is typically very sudden and occurs when the reinforcement ratio is less than the balanced failure reinforcement ratio. Compression failure - Concrete crushing in compression occurs while the FRP tendons have a tensile strain level smaller than their ultimate strain. Compression failure, which occurs when the reinforcement ratio is more than the balanced ratio, is less violent and more desirable than tension failure, and is similar to that of an over-reinforced concrete beam with internal steel reinforcement. Because the strain at failure for an FRP tendon is greater than the yield strain of a typical steel prestressing tendon, beams prestressed with FRP tendons will generally exhibit larger

deformations prior to compression failure than beams prestressed with steel tendons; therefore, the beams provide warning of failure in the form of large deformations.

Reinforcement Ratio at Balanced Strain Condition

The balanced strain condition occurs when the concrete strain reaches its ultimate compressive strain value, cu = 0.0035 , while the most highly stressed layer of FRP tendons reaches their ultimate strain,
Comment [LB1]: Should use text not equation editor because the equation editor messes up the line spacing and the formatting when inserted into paragraphs

frpu . At the balanced

failure strain condition the FRP tendons will fail suddenly and without warning, since FRPs do not yield. Figure 5-1 shows the stress and strain conditions for an FRP prestressed concrete section at the balanced condition. The balanced reinforcement ratio, b, is based on strain compatibility in the cross section and is calculated using the assumptions listed previously.

Comment [LB2]: Should show how to calculate the FRP reinforcement ratio

Tension

Compression

b hf d
Strain at ultimate

cu
c
Effective Prestrain

1c fc
a = 1 c C

T
Concrete stress distribution (idealized) and internal forces

Rectangular Sections

pe

Strain distribution

Fig. 5-1. Stress and Strain Conditions for Balanced Reinforcement Ratio An FRP reinforcement ratio above the balanced ratio, b , results in failure due to concrete crushing, while a reinforcement ratio below the balanced ratio results in failure due to tendon rupture in tension. Using strain compatibility and similar triangles from Figure 5-1, the depth to the Neutral Axis at the balanced strain condition can be determined from: where, the strain in the FRP which contributes to flexural strength (again, refer to Figure 5-1) can be determined from:

f = frpu pe d pr
thus, we have:

cu cb = d cu + f

(Eq. 5.13)

cb cu = d cu + frpu pe d pr
where,

(Eq. 5.14)

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

cb = Depth neutral axis at balanced condition (mm). d = Effective depth of outermost layer of FRP tendons in
tension (mm). cu = Ultimate strain of concrete in compression (i.e., 0.0035 in Canada). frpu = Ultimate tensile strain of FRP tendons.

by the following (CAN/CSA-A23.3-04, CAN/CSA-S6-06 and CAN/CSA-S806-02):

1 = 0.85 0.0015 f c 0.67

(Eq. 5.17)

pe

= Effective strain in the FRP tendon due to

prestressing. In a typical design,

pe

1 = Factor defined as the ratio of depth of equivalent rectangular compression stress block to the depth of the neutral axis, given as (CAN/CSA-A23.3-04, CAN/CSA-S606 and CAN/CSA-S806-02): 1 = 0.97 0.0025 f c 0.67
(Eq. 5.18)

is known because it is

specified and selected by the designer based upon the level of desired prestress, the type of tendons being used, and the ultimate stress and strain capacity of the tendons provided by the manufacturer. d = Strain used to decompress the precompressed zone, which can be usually ignored (this is a conservative assumption), because it is a negative value and is an order of magnitude smaller than the other strains. pr = Loss of strain capacity due to sustained loads. This strain loss due to sustained loads is nearly zero, if the sustained load is less than the load corresponding to 50% of the ultimate tensile strain (Dolan et al., 2000), and, thus, can be ignored. This condition is typically satisfied, because the prestress strain is around 50% of the ultimate strain in order to leave some capacity for flexural strain needed for strength requirements. Now taking equilibrium of forces in the cross section (Figure 5-1):

b = Width of compression face of a member (mm). d = Effective depth of outermost layer of FRP (mm). f c = Compressive strength of concrete (MPa).
Thus, solving equation 5.16 for the balanced reinforcement ratio gives:

b = 1 1

c f ' c cb frp f frpu d

(Eq. 5.19)

Substituting the expression for cb/d from Equation 5.14 into Equation 5.19 gives the balanced reinforcement ratio in terms of basic material properties as follows:

b = 1 1

T =C
where,

(Eq. 5.15)

c f ' c cu frp f frpu cu + frpu pe d pr

(Eq. 5.20)

C = 1c f c b 1 cb A frp b = b bd = frp u E frp

(Eq. 5.15(a)) (Eq. 5.15(b)) (Eq. 5.15(c))

T = A frp b frp f frp u

As explained previously, the strain loss due to sustained loads, pr , and the decompression strain, d , can typically be ignored (Dolan et al., 2000), giving the following simplified definition for b :

f frp u = Ultimate tensile stress of FRP tendons (MPa).

b = 1 1

A frp b = Area of FRP for balanced conditions (mm2).

c f ' c cu frp f frpu cu + frpu pe

(Eq. 5.21)

E frp = Modulus of elasticity of FRP tendons (MPa).

Thus, we have:

Equation 5.21 is valid for both flanged and rectangular sections, provided that the depth of the compression block remains within the flange.

1 c f c b 1 cb = b bd frp f frpu

(Eq. 5.16)

Failure Due to Concrete Crushing

In a beam which has

> b , flexural failure will occur by

where 1 = Ratio of average concrete strength in the rectangular compression block to the specified concrete strength, given

crushing of the concrete before rupture of the FRP tendons in tension. The stress and strain distributions at ultimate condition for this type of section are shown in Figure 5-2. In

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

this case, the strain in the FRP tendon is not known since frp < frpu , the strain in the extreme compression fibre of the concrete is equal to the ultimate compressive strain of concrete in compression, again cu = 0.0035 , and the nonlinear concrete stress field in the compression zone is replaced by an equivalent uniform rectangular stress block (as is done for conventional reinforced or prestressed concrete flexural design). The ultimate moment resistance for such an over-reinforced section is determined as follows. The compressive force in the concrete is calculated as:

The strain in the FRP tendon, prestrain, known:

pe ,

plus the

p , is equal to the effective flexural strain, f , which is not

(Eq. 5.25)

p = f + pe
Thus, Equation 5.24 can be rewritten as follows:

C = 1 c f c 1 c b

cu c = d cu + ( p pe )

(Eq. 5.26)

(Eq. 5.22) Substituting the neutral axis depth from Equation 5.26 into Equation 5.22, and satisfying equilibrium of forces on the cross section, by equating Equation 5.22 to Equation 5.23, gives a quadratic equation in terms of the stress in the FRP tendon at failure f frp . An iterative process may be adopted in solving this quadratic equation. In each iteration, for an assumed depth of neutral axis the strain in the FRP tendon ( p ) is calculated from Equation 5.26, the internal forces in the concrete and the FRP tendon are calculated using Equations 5.22 and 5.23, and their equilibrium is checked:

and the tensile force in the FRP tendon at failure is:

T = A frp frp f frp

where, c = Depth of neutral axis (mm).

(Eq. 5.23)

c = Material resistance factor for concrete. A frp = Area of FRP ( A frp = frp bd ) (mm2). frp = Material resistance factor of FRP.
f frp = Stress in FRP tendon at failure, which is smaller
than the ultimate tensile strength of the FRP tendon (MPa). From strain compatibility in the cross section (Figure 5-2):

1 c f c 1 c b = A frp frp p E frp

(Eq. 5.27)

cu c = d cu + f

(Eq. 5.24)

If equilibrium is not satisfied, a new value of depth of neutral axis is chosen and the compressive force in the concrete and the tensile force in the FRP tendon are recalculated. When equilibrium of internal forces is satisfied (i.e., T = C ), the moment resistance can be calculated as:

c M r = C d 1 2
Tension Compression

(Eq. 5.28)

cu
c a = 1 c

1 c fc
C

Afrp

Strain at ultimate

Effective Prestrain

Rectangular section

pe

Strain distribution

Concrete stress distribution (idealized) and internal forces

Fig. 5-2. Strain and Stress Distribution at Ultimate for Concrete Crushing Failure Mode

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Failure Due to Tendon Rupture

A beam which has

assuming

will fail by rupture of the FRP

strain of concrete in compression,

d = 0 ; this value must be less than the ultimate cu . The compressive

(Eq. 5.30)

tendons before crushing of the concrete. In this case, the strain in the FRP tendons reaches their ultimate tensile strain, frpu , before the strain in the concrete in the extreme compressive fibre reaches its ultimate value. The strain in the FRP tendon at failure is thus given by:

force in the concrete can be calculated as:

C = c f c c b

The tensile force in the FRP tendon at failure is subsequently calculated as:

frpu =

f frpu E frp

(Eq. 5.29)

T = A frp frp frpu E frp

(Eq. 5.31)

Because the corresponding strain in the concrete at the extreme compression fibre is less than the ultimate strain, the traditional rectangular stress block, and the stress block factors 1 and 1 , cannot be used to idealize the distribution of concrete stress in the compressive zone. However, Tables 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 provide stress block factors and for the stress blocks at extreme fibre concrete compressive strains of less than ultimate, and are given in Tables 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 for different ratios of c c ' and different concrete compressive strengths. Using these tables and an iterative process assuming strain compatibility and force equilibrium, the flexural strength can be determined. The process begins by specifying the strain in the FRP tendon equal to the ultimate tensile strain, frpu , and assuming a value of the depth of neutral axis,

And equilibrium of forces requires that C = T , hence:

c f c c b = Afrp frp frpu E frp

If equilibrium is not satisfied, another iteration is made using a new value of depth of neutral axis, c , while the strain in the FRP tendon is kept equal to the ultimate tensile strain, frpu . When equilibrium of internal forces is satisfied, the moment of resistance of the section can be found by taking moments about the resultant of the compressive stresses in concrete, C , giving the following equation for flexural capacity:

c . The strain in the extreme compression

c Mr = Td 2

(Eq. 5.32)

concrete fibre, c , is then calculated using strain compatibility from similar of triangles (refer to Figure 5-3),

Tension

Compression

c < cu
c

c fc
a = c C
actual stress diagram

Afrp

Strain at ultimate

Effective Prestrain

Rectangular section

frpu-pe d

pe

Strain distribution

Concrete stress distribution (idealized) and internal forces

Fig. 5-3. Strain and Stress Distributions at Ultimate for Rupture of FRP

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Table 5-6. Stress Block Factors 2001a)

and

for 20 to 30 MPa Concrete (ISIS,

c o
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

f c =20 MPa

f c =25 MPa

f c =30 MPa

0.184 0.325 0.455 0.569 0.666 0.746 0.810 0.860 0.897 0.923 0.941 0.952 0.958 0.959 0.956 0.951 0.944 0.935 0.924 0.913

0.602 0.639 0.657 0.672 0.686 0.700 0.714 0.728 0.743 0.757 0.772 0.786 0.800 0.813 0.827 0.840 0.852 0.864 0.876 0.887

0.111 0.208 0.299 0.382 0.457 0.522 0.578 0.626 0.666 0.699 0.726 0.748 0.766 0.780 0.791 0.798 0.804 0.807 0.809 0.810

0.163 0.293 0.418 0.533 0.636 0.724 0.796 0.853 0.894 0.923 0.940 0.948 0.949 0.943 0.934 0.921 0.905 0.888 0.870 0.851

0.600 0.636 0.650 0.661 0.672 0.684 0.697 0.711 0.726 0.742 0.758 0.775 0.791 0.808 0.825 0.841 0.857 0.873 0.888 0.903

0.098 0.186 0.272 0.353 0.428 0.495 0.555 0.606 0.649 0.685 0.713 0.734 0.751 0.762 0.770 0.774 0.776 0.775 0.773 0.769

0.150 0.271 0.390 0.503 0.609 0.702 0.781 0.844 0.890 0.921 0.938 0.942 0.938 0.926 0.909 0.887 0.864 0.839 0.813 0.787

0.600 0.634 0.647 0.656 0.664 0.674 0.685 0.698 0.713 0.729 0.747 0.766 0.785 0.805 0.825 0.846 0.866 0.885 0.905 0.924

0.090 0.172 0.252 0.330 0.404 0.473 0.535 0.589 0.635 0.671 0.700 0.722 0.736 0.745 0.750 0.750 0.748 0.743 0.736 0.727

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Table 5-7. Stress Block Factors

and

for 35 to 45 MPa Concrete (ISIS, 2001a)

c o
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

f c =35 MPa

f c =40 MPa

f c =45 MPa

0.141 0.255 0.368 0.479 0.584 0.681 0.765 0.834 0.885 0.918 0.934 0.936 0.926 0.907 0.881 0.852 0.820 0.788 0.755 0.723

0.600 0.634 0.645 0.653 0.660 0.667 0.676 0.688 0.702 0.719 0.738 0.759 0.781 0.804 0.828 0.853 0.877 0.901 0.925 0.948

0.085 0.161 0.238 0.313 0.385 0.454 0.518 0.574 0.621 0.660 0.689 0.710 0.723 0.729 0.730 0.726 0.719 0.710 0.699 0.686

0.134 0.243 0.352 0.459 0.564 0.662 0.750 0.823 0.879 0.915 0.931 0.929 0.912 0.885 0.852 0.814 0.775 0.736 0.698 0.662

0.600 0.633 0.645 0.651 0.657 0.663 0.670 0.680 0.694 0.710 0.730 0.753 0.778 0.805 0.833 0.862 0.891 0.920 0.948 0.976

0.080 0.154 0.227 0.299 0.370 0.438 0.503 0.560 0.610 0.650 0.679 0.699 0.710 0.713 0.710 0.702 0.691 0.677 0.662 0.646

0.129 0.23 0.339 0.443 0.546 0.644 0.735 0.812 0.872 0.911 0.926 0.920 0.898 0.863 0.821 0.776 0.730 0.686 0.643 0.604

0.600 0.633 0.645 0.651 0.655 0.660 0.666 0.675 0.687 0.703 0.724 0.749 0.777 0.808 0.840 0.874 0.907 0.940 0.973 1.005

0.077 0.148 0.218 0.288 0.358 0.425 0.489 0.548 0.599 0.641 0.671 0.689 0.697 0.697 0.690 0.678 0.662 0.645 0.626 0.607

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Table 5-8. Stress Block Factors and

for 50 to 60 MPa Concrete (ISIS, 2001a)

c o
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

f c =50 MPa

f c =55 MPa

f c =60 MPa

0.125 0.226 0.328 0.430 0.531 0.629 0.721 0.802 0.866 0.907 0.921 0.912 0.882 0.839 0.789 0.737 0.686 0.637 0.593 0.552

0.600 0.633 0.644 0.650 0.654 0.658 0.663 0.670 0.682 0.697 0.719 0.746 0.777 0.812 0.849 0.887 0.925 0.963 0.999 1.035

0.075 0.143 0.211 0.280 0.347 0.414 0.478 0.537 0.590 0.632 0.662 0.680 0.685 0.681 0.670 0.654 0.634 0.614 0.592 0.571

0.122 0.220 0.320 0.419 0.518 0.615 0.708 0.791 0.859 0.902 0.917 0.902 0.865 0.813 0.756 0.698 0.643 0.593 0.547 0.506

0.600 0.633 0.644 0.650 0.654 0.657 0.661 0.667 0.677 0.693 0.715 0.744 0.779 0.818 0.860 0.902 0.945 0.986 1.026 1.064

0.073 0.141 0.206 0.272 0.339 0.404 0.468 0.528 0.581 0.625 0.655 0.671 0.673 0.665 0.650 0.630 0.608 0.584 0.561 0.539

0.119 0.216 0.313 0.410 0.507 0.603 0.696 0.781 0.852 0.898 0.912 0.892 0.847 0.788 0.723 0.661 0.603 0.552 0.507 0.467

0.600 0.633 0.644 0.650 0.654 0.656 0.660 0.665 0.674 0.688 0.711 0.742 0.781 0.825 0.871 0.918 0.965 1.009 1.052 1.092

0.071 0.136 0.202 0.266 0.331 0.396 0.459 0.519 0.574 0.618 0.648 0.662 0.662 0.650 0.630 0.607 0.582 0.557 0.533 0.510

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Flexural Capacity for Multiple Layers of FRP Tendons

At the ultimate limit state in flexure, the resistance of a concrete beam prestressed with steel tendons is calculated by assuming that all the tendons have yielded. This assumption is valid whether the steel tendons are in one or more layers. Unlike steel tendons, however, FRP tendons do not yield, and, therefore, they cannot all be assumed to be at the same stress at ultimate when they are in multiple layers. If FRP tendons are placed in multiple layers, at the ultimate limit state the strain in the outermost layer of the prestressed FRP tendons is the critical strain, since this will be first layer to reach the rupture strain. Thus, the depth of multi-layer FRP tendons cannot be considered as the distance from the compression face to the centroid of all the FRP tendons, as would be assumed for steel reinforcement, and the strain in tendons in multiple layers should be calculated by assuming a linear variation of strain through the depth of the section.

Minimum Factored Flexural Resistance At every section in an FRP prestressed flexural member, failure of the member immediately after cracking should be avoided, and the following two criteria should be satisfied:

M r 1.5M cr M r 1.5M f
Minimum Area of Bonded NonPrestressed Reinforcement

(Eq. 5.33a) (Eq. 5.33b)

Due to the brittle nature of the failure of beams with FRP tendons, supplementary non-prestressed reinforcement capable of sustaining the unfactored dead loads must be provided to control cracking. Such non-prestressed reinforcement should be provided on the basis of the limits prescribed in Table 5.9.

Table 5-9. Minimum Area of Bonded Non-Prestressed Reinforcement (CAN/CSA-S806-02) Concrete Tensile Stress Type of Member

0.5 f c
Type of Tendon Bonded Unbonded 0 0.0044Ag 0 0.0048Ag 0 0.0033Ag 0 0.0036Ag

> 0.5 f c
Type of Tendon Bonded Unbonded 0.0033Ag 0.0055Ag 0.0036Ag 0.0060Ag 0.0022Ag 0.0044Ag 0.0024Ag 0.0048Ag

CFRP AFRP CFRP One-way slabs AFRP *where Ag is the concrete gross section area. Beams

Section 6

Serviceability Limit States

GENERAL
The allowable stresses specified for concrete in Table 5.1 must be enforced in order to ensure that the tensile strength of the concrete will not be exceeded, and thus that FRP prestressed concrete members will remain uncracked under service loads. used to calculate the short-term deflections along with traditional mechanics of materials.

Long-Term Deflections
For long-term deflections, camber and deflection are separated into individual components, adjusted by a modifier, and then superimposed to obtain final deflections in a similar manner as for conventional steel prestressed members (CPCI, 1996). The modifiers for FRP tendons are given in Table 6.1. The CPCI Design Handbook (CPCI, 1996) indicates that multipliers for topped members are smaller than for un-topped members and the use of values in Table 6.1 will be conservative for topped members.

DEFLECTIONS Short-Term Deflections

Deflections for FRP prestressed beams can be divided into two categories, namely short-term deflections and long-term deflections. The gross moment of inertia can typically be

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Table 6-1. Suggested PCI Modifiers for FRP Tendons (Currier, 1995) Without Composite Topping Deflection or Camber Carbon Aramid At Erection Deflection due to self-weight Camber due to prestress Deflection due to self-weight At Final Camber due to prestress Deflection due to applied loads 1.85 1.80 2.70 1.00 4.10 1.85 2.00 2.70 1.00 4.00

Section 7

Ductility & Deformability

GENERAL
Ductility and deformation require special consideration and explanation for FRP prestressed members, as there is a marked difference between the two. Under load, a prestressed concrete beam with steel tendons deforms elastically until cracking, and then the member deflections will progressively increase as the steel tendons yield. However, due to the linear elastic behaviour of FRP tendons, FRP prestressed members also deform elastically until cracking, but under increasing applied load they continue to deform elastically until failure occurs either by tendon rupture or crushing of the concrete. For either reinforced or prestressed concrete members, ductility is defined as the ability of the member to sustain large plastic deformations, and thus absorb energy, before failure, while deformability reflects the amount of deformation that occurs prior to failure. Consequently, deformability is a key issue in determining the safety of FRP prestressed structures (i.e. warning of failure). process. The deformability index, given by (Dolan and Burke, 1996):

, for this approach is

(d kd ) frpu
a d frps 1

(Eq. 7.1)

Deformability
For a steel prestressed concrete member, the deformability index, , is defined as the ratio of the deflection at ultimate to the deflection at yield of the tension reinforcement. This definition cannot be applied directly in case of FRP prestressed member because the FRP exhibits linear elastic behaviour up to rupture. The use of a curvature approach is simpler and easier to accomplish by using quantities calculated during the design

where, a = Depth of equivalent stress block at ultimate (mm) d = Depth to FRP tendon (distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of longitudinal tension force) or the effective depth of the outermost layer of FRP tendon in tension (mm). kd = Depth of neutral axis of cracked section at service conditions (mm). 1 = Stress-block reduction factor for concrete based on Eq. 5.18. frps = Strain in FRP tendon at service condition.

frpu

= Ultimate strain in FRP tendon

CAN/CSA-S6-06 gives a value for the deformability index to be at least 4.0 for rectangular concrete sections and 6.0 for concrete T-sections.

14

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Section 8

Bond, Development & Transfer Lengths

GENERAL In pretensioned concrete systems, stresses are transferred by bond between the concrete and the reinforcement, and, therefore, adequate transfer length and flexural bond length must be provided. The mechanism of bond differs between FRP and steel strands, due to the large variation of types, shapes, elastic moduli, and surface treatments of FRP bars. The minimum development length should be calculated as the summation of the transfer length and the flexural bond length, as follows:

Lt =

f pi d t 0.67 t f ci

(mm )

(Eq. 9.2)

where

t = 1.9 t = 4.8

for CFRP Leadline bars for CFCC strands

Flexural Bond Length

The flexural bond length is defined as the embedment length beyond the transfer length which is required to develop the full tensile strength of the tendon in tension. The following is an equation for the flexural bond length of carbon CFRP reinforcement (Mahmoud and Rizkalla, 1996; Mahmoud et al., 1997):

Ld = Lt + L fb
in which Lt = Transfer length

(Eq. 9.1)

L fb = Flexural bond length

Transfer Length
The transfer length in pretensioned concrete is defined as the length over which the prestressing force is totally transferred to the concrete. The following equation can be used to determine the transfer length of carbon CFRP reinforcement (Mahmoud and Rizkalla, 1996; Mahmoud et al., 1997):

L fb =

(f

frpu

f pe )d t

f f c 0.67

(mm )

(Eq. 9.3)

where t = 1.0 for CFRP Leadline bars

t = 2.8 for CFCC strands

Typical values for transfer and development lengths of various FRP tendons are given in Table 9-1.

Table 9.1 Development length and Transfer Length for Certain Types of FRP (CAN/CSA-S806-02) FRP tendon type Diameter (mm) Development length Transfer length CFRP strand N/A 50db 20db CFRP rebar N/A 180db 60db AFRP 8 db <12 120db 50db AFRP 12 db <16 100db 40db AFRP 16 db 80db 35db

14

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Section 11

References and Additional Information

Additional information on the use of FRP materials can be obtained in various documents available from ISIS Canada. The following publications have been used in the preparation of this module and can be consulted for a more complete discussion of the various topics presented herein: ACI 440.4R-04. Prestressing Concrete with FRP Tendons American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA, 35pp. ACI 440.1R-03: Guide for the design and construction of concrete reinforced with FRP bars. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI 440.2R-02: Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI 440R-96: State-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced plastic reinforcement for concrete structures. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. Burke, C.R., and Dolan, C.W., 2001. Flexural Design of Prestressed Concrete Beams using FRP Tendons. PCI Journal, March-April 2001, pp. 76-87. CAN/CSA-S806-02: Design and Construction of Building components with Fibre Reinforced Polymers. Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 2004. CAN/CSA-S06-06: The Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). Canadian Standards Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, November 2006. CAN/CSA-S6.1-05, Commentary on CAN/CSA-S6-05, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, Canadian Standard Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 2005. CAN/CSA Standard A23.2-04 Design of Concrete Structures. Canadian Standard Association, 2006. CPCI, 1996. Design Manual 3rd edition, Canadian Prestressed Concrete Institute, Ottawa, Canada. Dolan, C.W., and Burke, C.R., 1996. Flexural Strength and Design of FRP Prestressed Beams. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, ACMBS II, El-Badry, M.M., (Editor), Montral, Canada, August 11-14, 1996, pp. ACMBS-II, pp. 383-390. Dolan, C.W., Hamilton, H. R., Bakis, C. E., and Nanni, A., 2000. Design Recommendations for Concrete Structures Prestressed with FRP Tendons, Draft Final Report, University of Wyoming, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering Report DTFH61-96-C-00019, Laramie Wyoming, 2000. Ehsani, M.R., Saadatmanesh, H., and Tao, S., 1995. Bond of Hooked Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Reinforcing Bars to Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 4, pp. 391-400. Hollaway, L.C. 1989. Polymers and polymer composites in construction. Thomas Telford Ltd., London, UK. ISIS, 2001. Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers, Design Manual, ISIS-M03-00, The Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence on Intelligent Sensing for Innovative Structures (ISIS Canada), September 2001. Mahmoud, Z.I. and Rizkalla, S. H., 1996. Bond of CFRP Prestressing Reinforcement, Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures (ACMBS-II), Montreal, Quebec, August, pp. 877-884. Mahmoud, Z.I, Rizkalla, S.H., and Zaghloul, E., 1997. Transfer and Development Length of CFRP Reinforcement, Proceedings of the 1997 CSCE Annual Conference, Sherbrooke, Quebec, May, pp. 101-110.Mitsui Construction Co. Ltd Product Information on FiBRA High performance Reinforcing Fiber Rod, Japan. Naaman, A.E., Burns, N, French, C., Gamble, W.L., and Mattock, A.H., 2002, Stresses in Unbonded Prestressing Tendons at Ultimate: Recommendation, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 99, No.4, pp. 520-531. National Building Code of Canada 2005- Volumes 1 and 2, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 2005, and User's Guide - NBC 2005 Structural Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B), Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council of Canada, 2005. Quyale, T., 2005. Tensile-Flexural Behaviour of Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Polymer Prestressed Tendons Subjected to Harped Profiles, M.A.Sc. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 156pp. Shehata, E.F.G., 1999. Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) for Shear Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Geological Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Section 12

Example: Flexural Design

100 cgc 140 cgf 9000 100 400

(Dimensions in mm)

250

Fig. A1. Details of beam The pretensioned concrete beam shown in Figure A1 is designed to carry a superimposed dead load wsd of 2.3 N/mm and a live load wl of 3.2 N/mm. Check the adequacy of the beam with regard to flexural stresses and strength (i.e., both service and ultimate conditions). Assume a non-corrosive exposure condition. Material properties: Concrete:

Ig =

bh 3 250 400 3 = = 1333.3 10 6 mm 4 12 12 y t = y b = 200mm

Loads: Self-weight:

c = 0.65
f c = 40 MPa E c = 4500 f c = 4500 40 = 28460 MPa

wsw = 250 400

2400 9.81 10 6 = 2.35N / mm 1000

2

Service load moments:

M sw =

at transfer:

= 30 MPa f ci

= 4500 30 = 24648MPa E ci = 4500 f ci

Prestressed reinforcement (10mm CFRP Leadline tendons):

2.35 (9000) = 23.79 106 N mm 8 2 2.30 (9000) M sd = = 23.29 106 N mm 8 2 3.20 (9000) Ml = = 32.40 106 N mm 8 M serv. = M sw + M sd + M l = 79.48 10 6 N mm

A frp = 71.6mm 2

each

Ap tot = 4 71.6 = 286.4mm 2

f frpu = 2860 MPa

Factored load moments:

M f = 1.25(M sw + M sd ) + 1.5M l
= 1.25(23.79 + 23.29 ) 106 N mm + 1.5(32.40) 106 N mm = 107.45 106 N mm
Prestressing force:

E p = 147000MPa

frp = 0.85
Section properties:

Ag = 250 400 = 100000mm 2

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

Select a tendon stress at transfer of 0.4 f frpu , less than the maximum permissible stress specified in Table 4.1, to accommodate additional stress due to harping and loss due to elastic shortening.

T = 3.28 + 4.91 + 0
= +0.5 30 = +2.74 MPa = +1.63MPa < +0.5 f ci
OK Concrete stress at extreme bottom fibre:

Pi = 0.4 f frpu Ap tot = 0.4 2860 286.4 = 327.6 103 N

Stresses in concrete at transfer: At mid-span section:

B = 3.28 4.91 + 0
= 0.6 30 = 18MPa = 8.19 MPa < 0.6 f ci
OK Loss of prestress: Losses are due to elastic shortening (ES), creep (CR), and shrinkage (SR) of concrete and relaxation (REL) of tendons. ES, CR and SH are computed according to CHBDC (CAN/CSA-S6-06) as follows: Elastic shortening:

Pi ey (327.6 10 3 ) 140 (200) = = 6.88MPa 1333.3 106 I M sw y (23.79 106 ) (200) = = 3.57 MPa 1333.3 106 I
Concrete stress at extreme top fibre:

Pi 327.6 10 = = 3.28MPa Ag 100000

3

ES = E p f cir E ci
cir is the concrete stress at the level of the where tendon, and,

T = 3.28 + 6.88 3.57

= +0.25 30 = +1.37 MPa = +0.03MPa < +0.25 f ci
OK Concrete stress at extreme bottom fibre:

f cir = f cir =

B = 3.28 6.88 + 3.57

= 6.59 MPa
OK At end section:

= 0.6 30 = 18MPa < 0.6 f ci

327.6 103 (327.6 103 )140 2 + 100000 1333.3 106 6 (23.79 10 )140 = 5.60MPa 1333.3 106

Pi Pi e 2 M d e + Ag Ig Ig

Now calculate:

Pi ey (327.6 10 ) 100 (200) = = 4.91MPa 1333.3 10 6 I M sw y =0 I

3

Pi 327.6 10 = = .28MPa 100000 Ag

3

ES =

147000 5.60 = 33.40 MPa 24648

Creep of concrete:

CR = 1.37 0.77(0.01RH ) K cr E p ( f cir f cds ) E c

2

Concrete stress at extreme top fibre:

where, RH is the mean annual relative humidity, expressed as a percentage K cr = 2.0 for a pretensioned member

f cds is the concrete stress at the centre of gravity of the tendons due to all dead loads except the dead load present at transfer, the stress being positive when tensile.

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

f cds =

M sd e (23.29 10 6 )140 = = 2.45MPa Ig 1333.3 10 6

Pjack = [0.4 2860 + 33.4 + 3.8]286.4 = 338.3 103 N

Stress due to harping: Angle of deviation:

Assuming 60% relative humidity gives:

CR = 1.37 0.77(0.01 60) 2.0

2

147 103 (5.60 2.45) 28460 = 35.2 MPa

Shrinkage of concrete for pretensioned member:

40 180 = 0.509 o 4500

The natural radius of curvature, Rn , of the harped tendon given by Equation: 4.2:

SH = 117 1.05RH = 117 1.05 60 = 54.0 MPa

Relaxation of FRP:

Rn = =

r2 2 52 2

P(1 cos ) 147000 = 2325mm 338.3 103 (1 cos 0.509)

E frp

REL = REL1 + REL2 + REL3

As outlined in Section 4.4 taking:

REL3 = 0 (for carbon)

REL1 = 0.6% of transfer stress REL2 = 2.0% of transfer stress

The stress increase due to harping tendons given by Equation 4.1:

h =

E frp y Rch

(147 10 ) 5 = 316MPa
3

2325

giving,

REL = (0.6% + 2.0% + 0) (0.4 2860 ) = 29.7 MPa

Alternatively, assuming transfer occurs 2 days after tensioning of the tendons, and using Eqn 4.12 gives the relaxation prior to transfer as:

where the value of Rch is taken as the greater of the radius of curvature of the harping saddle or the natural radius of curvature, Rn , of the harped tendon. Maximum stress in tendon at jacking =

REL1 = 0.23 + 0.345 log(t ) = 0.23 + 0.345 log(2 ) = 0.33%

and after transfer as:

Pj A frp

E frp y Rch

338.3 103 + 316 286.4

= 1497 MPa < 0.6 2860 = 1716 MPa OK

Stresses at service loads: At midspan section:

REL2 = 2.6 0.33 = 2.27%

Hence

REL1 = 0.0033 0.4 2860 = 3.8MPa REL2 = 0.0227 0.4 2860 = 26.0 MPa Pe = [0.4 2860 (35.2 + 54 + 26.0)]286.4 = 294.6 103 N f pe = Pe 294.6 10 3 = = 1028.6 MPa 286.4 Ap tot

Pe ey (294.8 103 ) 140 200 = = 6.19 MPa 1333.3 106 I M service y (79.48 106 ) 200 = = 11.92 MPa 1333.3 106 I
Concrete stress at extreme top fibre:

Pe 294.8 103 = = 2.95MPa 100000 Ag

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

T = 2.95 + 6.19 11.92

= 8.68MPa < 0.45 f c = 0.45 40 = 18MPa
OK Concrete stress at extreme bottom fibre:

b = 1 1

c f c cu frp f pu cu + frpu pe

B = 2.95 + 6.19 11.92

= +2.78MPa < +0.5 f c = +0.5 40 = +3.16 MPa
OK Critical section at 0.4 span from end where e = 132 mm and moment = 96% mid-span moment:

0.65 40 0.85 2860 0.0035 = 0.0016 0.0035 + 0.0195 0.00700 A 286.4 = p = = 0.0034 > b = 0.0016 bd p 250 340 = 0.79 0.87
Failure is by concrete crushing
Internal forces:

Pe ey (294.8 10 3 ) 132 200 = = 5.84 MPa 1333.3 10 6 I M total y = 0.96 11.92 = 11.44 MPa I
Concrete stress at extreme top fibre:

C = 1c f c1cb T = A frp frp f frp

Assuming c = 113mm (final iteration only shown)

T = 2.95 + 6.19 11.44

= 8.20 MPa < 0.45 f c = 0.45 40 = 18MPa
OK Concrete stress at extreme bottom fibre:

f = cu

340 113 d c = 0.0035 = 0.00703 c 113

f frp = ( pe + f )E frp = (0.00700 + 0.00703) 147 103 = 2062 MPa

Check effect of harping:

B = 2.95 6.19 + 11.44

= +2.30 MPa < +0.5 f c = +0.5 40 = +3.16 MPa
OK Strength of mid-span section:

P = 286.4 2062 = 590 103 N

Rn = 52 2 147000 = 1760mm 590 103 (1 cos 0.509 )
3

f pe =

Pe 294.8 103 = = 1029.3MPa Ap 286.4

f pe Ep = 1029.3 = 0.00700 147 103

h =

(147 10 ) 5 = 417 MPa

1760

pe =

Maximum stress in tendons:

2860 = 0.0195 E p 147 103 1 = 0.85 0.0015 f c = 0.85 0.0015 40 = 0.79

frpu =

f frpu

= 2062 + 417 = 2479 MPa < 2860 MPa

Moment resistance:

1 = 0.97 0.0025 f c = 0.97 0.0025 40 = 0.87

The balanced reinforcement ratio:

T = 286.4 0.85 2062 = 502 103 N C = 0.79 0.65 40 0.87 113 250 = 505 103 N Since C T equilibrium is satisfied, thus the moment of
resistance is:

ISIS Canada Educational Module No. 10: Prestressing Concrete Structures with FRP

c M r = C d 1 2 0.87 113 3 = 505 103 340 10 2 = 146.9 106 N mm

M r = 146.9 106 N mm > M f = 107.4 106 N mm
Strength is adequate
since M r < 1.5M f then M r > 1.5M cr must be checked. Check against M cr to verify minimum resistance.

294.8 103 M cr = 0.6 40 100000 294.8 103 140 200 1333.3 106 1333.3 106 200 6 M cr = 86.2 10 N mm
and

1.5M cr = 1.5(86.2 ) = 129.3 106 N mm

thus,

M r > 1.5M cr
OK

P Pey I M cr = 0.6 f c A I y