International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 5||

www.ijceronline.com ||May ||2013|| Page 17

Observations on the Ternary Cubic Equation
3 2 2
7z y xy x = +
S.Vidhyalakshmi
1
, M.A.Gopalan
2
, A.Kavitha
3

1
Professor, PG and Research Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-620 002,
Tamilnadu, India
2
Professors, PG and Research Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-620 002,
Tamilnadu, India
3
Lecturers, PG and Research Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-620 002,
Tamilnadu, India










M.Sc 2000 mathematics subject classification: 11D25
Notations:

n m
t
,
: Polygonal number of rank n with size m

m
n
P : Pyramidal number of rank n with size m

n
S : Star number of rank n

n
Pr : Pronic number of rank n

n
j : Jacobsthal lucas number of rank n

n
J : Jacobsthal number of rank n

m
n
CP : Centered Pyramidal number of rank n with size m.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Diophantine equations offer an unlimited field for research due to their variety [1-3].
In particular, one may refer [4-17] for cubic equations with three unknowns. This communication concerns with
yet another interesting equation
3 2 2
7Z Y XY X = + representing non-homogeneous cubic with three
unknowns for determining its infinitely many non-zero integral points. Also, a few interesting relations among
the solutions are presented.

II. METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The ternary non-homogeneous cubic Diophantine equation to be solved for its distinct non-zero
integral solution is
3 2 2
7z y xy x = +
(1)

2.1Pattern:1
Introduction of the transformations
v u x + = , v u y = (2)
In (1) leads to

3 2 2
7 3 z v u = + (3)
Let
2 2
3b a z + = (4)
Write 7 as
ABSTRACT:
The non-homogeneous cubic equation with three unknowns represented by the diophantine
equation
3 2 2
7Z Y XY X = + is analyzed for its patterns of non-zero distinct integral solutions. A
few interesting relations between the solutions and special numbers are exhibited.

Keywords: Integral solutions, non-homogeneous cubic equation with three unknowns.
Observation on the Ternary Cubic Equation
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2 2
2
) 3 2 2 * 5 )( 3 2 2 * 5 (
7
+
+
=
n
n n n n
i i
(5)

Using (4) and (5) in (3) and applying the method of factorization, define
3
1
) 3 (
2
) 3 2 2 * 5 (
3 b i a
i
v i u
n
n n
+
+
= +
+

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
)] ( 9 ) 9 ( 5 [
2
2
3 2 2 3
1
b b a ab a u
n
n
=
+
(6)
)] ( 15 ) 9 [(
2
2
3 2 2 3
1
b b a ab a v
n
n
+ =
+
(7)
Using (6) and (7) in (2), we have

+ =
=
+ =
+
+
) 3 ( ) , (
)] ( 24 ) 9 ( 4 [
2
2
) , (
)] ( 6 ) 9 ( 6 [
2
2
) , (
2 2
3 2 2 3
1
3 2 2 3
1
b a b a z
b b a ab a b a y
b b a ab a b a x
n
n
n
n
(8)
Where n= 0,1, 2..

Properties:
(1) ] 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 9 ) 1 ( 3 9 [ 3 ) 1 , 2 (
2 3
2 3
+ + + =
n n n
n n n
n
J j j x
(2)
15 ) 1 ( 9 ) 1 ( 3 9 3 ) 1 , 2 (
1 1 3
2 2 1 1 3
+ + + =
+ +
+ + +
n n
n n n
n
j j J y

(3)
2 3 ) 2 , 1 (
2
=
n
n
j z


For illustration and clear understanding, substituting n=1 in (8), the corresponding non-zero distinct
integral solutions to (1) are given by
)] ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a x + =

)] ( 12 ) 9 ( 2 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y =

) 3 ( ) , (
2 2
b a b a z + =


Properties:
(1)
9
, 3 , 4
2 4 29 3 ) , 1 (
n n n
CP t t n x + =

(2)
14 31 62 3 ) , 1 (
, 4 , 3
4
+ + =
n n n n
S t t CP n y

(3)
6 37 16 ) , 1 ( ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
, 4 , 3
12
+ = + +
n n n
t t CP n z n y n x

(4)
) 49 (mod 9 6 6 ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
, 6
7
+ +
n n
t P n y n x

(5)
) 29 (mod 12 2 ) 1 , (
, 28
8
+
n n
t P n y


2.2Pattern:2
Introducing the linear transformations
T u 3 + =o , T v =o (9)
Substituting in (3) we get

3 2 2
7 12 4 z T = + o (10)
Let
2 2
12b a z + = (11)
Write 7 as

4
) 12 4 )( 12 4 (
7
i i +
=
(12)
Using (11) and (12) in (10), we get
Observation on the Ternary Cubic Equation
www.ijceronline.com ||May ||2013|| Page 19
3
) 12 (
2
12 4
12 2 b i a
i
T i +
+
= + o


Equating real and imaginary parts, we obtained
) 12 3 ( 6 ) 36 ( 2 2
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a = o

) 12 3 ( 4 ) 36 ( 2
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a T + =
Hence the values of x and y satisfies (1) are given by
) 12 3 ( 2 ) 36 ( 3 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a x =
) 12 3 ( 8 ) 36 ( 2 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y + =

) 12 ( ) , (
2 2
b a b a z + =


Properties:
(1)
] 8 33 70 6 6 [ 3 ) , 1 (
, 4 , 3
24 25
+ + =
n n n n
t t CP CP n x

(2)
1 9 20 ) , 1 (
, 4 , 3 , 24
+ + =
n n n
t t t n z

(3)
96 53 106 2 2 3 ) 1 , (
, 4 , 3 , 5 , 23
4
+ + + =
n n n n n
t t t t CP n y

(4)
) 168 (mod 72 10 ) 1 , ( ) 1 , (
, 28
5
+
n n
t P n y n x

(5)
) 86 (mod 0 43 284 ) , ( ) , (
, 8
5
+
n n
t P n n z n n y


2.3Pattern:3
Instead of (12) we write 7 as

16
) 12 10 )( 12 10 (
7
i i +
=

Following the procedure as presented in pattern 2 the corresponding non-zero distinct integral solutions to (1)
are obtained as
) 12 3 ( 2 ) 36 ( 3 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a x + =

) 12 3 ( 10 ) 36 ( 3 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y + =

) 12 ( ) , (
2 2
b a b a z + =


Properties:
(1)
120 10 20 12 2 ) 1 , (
, 4 , 3 , 21 , 24
3
+ + + =
n n n n n
t t t t CP n y

(2)
] 2 33 3 [ 3 ) , 1 (
, 4 , 6
16
+ =
n n n
t CP CP n x

(3)
) 106 (mod 24 6 ) 1 , (
, 8
5

n n
t P n x

(4)
) 107 (mod 36 6 ) 1 , ( ) 1 , (
, 6
5

n n
t P n z n x

(5)
) 42 (mod 2 48 48 ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
, 6
5

n n
t P n x n z


2.4Pattern:4
Introducing the linear transformations
T u 3 =o , T v + =o (13)
Let
2 2
3b a z + = (14)
Write 7 as

) 3 2 )( 3 2 ( 7 i i + =
(15)
Substituting (13), (14) and (15) in (3) and repeating the process as in pattern2, the non-zero distinct integral
solutions to (1) are obtained as
) ( 15 ) 9 ( ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a x =

) ( 12 ) 9 ( 2 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y =

2 2
3 ) , ( b a b a z + =

Properties:
(1)
] 2 8 2 [ 3 ) 1 , ( ) 1 , (
, 4 , 20 , 4
3
+ + =
n n n n
t t CP CP n y n x

Observation on the Ternary Cubic Equation
www.ijceronline.com ||May ||2013|| Page 20
(2)
] 2 ) 1 ( 9 ) 1 ( 27 [ 3 ) 1 , 2 ( ) 1 , 2 (
3
2 3
+ =
n n
n n n
n n
j J j y x


(3) Each of the following represents a nasty number:
(a)
3 6 ) 1 , 3 ( ) 1 , 3 (
5
3
3 , 14
2 2
2
2 + +
a
a
P t a x a y

(b)
)} 1 , ( ) 1 , ( 2 42 { 7 a y a x

(c)
} 16 ) , ( ) , ( { 6
5
a
P a a z a a x +

(d)
)} , ( ) , ( 32 { 2
5
a a z a a y P
a



2.5Pattern:5
Instead of (15) we write 7 as

16
) 12 2 8 )( 12 2 8 (
7
i i +
=

Following the procedure as presented in pattern4, the corresponding non-zero distinct integral solutions to (1)
are
) 12 3 ( 10 ) 36 ( ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a x =

) 12 3 ( 8 ) 36 ( 2 ) , (
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y =

2 2
12 ) , ( b a b a z + =


Properties:
(1)
3 93 2 6 ) , 1 ( ) , 1 (
, 4 , 6 , 24
24
+ =
n n n n
t t t CP n y n x

(2)
122 7 16 2 2 ) 1 , (
, 4 , 3 , 29
3
= + =
n n n n
t t CP CP n x

(3)
] 12 2 4 [ 8 ] 37 74 2 [ 2 ) 1 , (
, 4 , 3 , 8 , 4 , 3
3
+ + =
n n n n n n
t t t t t CP n y

(4) Each of the following represents a nasty number:
(a)
)} , ( ) , ( 110 { 7
5
n n z n n x P
n


(b)
} 174 ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( { 6
5
n
P n n z n n y n n x + +

2.6Pattern:6
(1) can be written as
3 2 2
28 3 ) 2 ( z y y x = +
(16)
One may write 28 as
) 3 5 )( 3 5 ( 28 i i + =
(17)
Substituting (17) and (4) in (16), employing the method of factorization, we have
3
) 3 )( 3 5 ( 3 ) 2 ( b i a i y i y x + + = +

Equating real and imaginary parts, we have

+ =
+ =
) ( 15 ) 9 ( ) , (
) ( 3 ) 9 ( 3 ) , (
3 2 2 3
3 2 2 3
b b a ab a b a y
b b a ab a b a x
(18)
Thus (14) and (18) represents the non-zero distinct integral solutions to (1)

Properties:
(1)
3 24 48 2 ) 1 , (
, 4 , 3 , 8
9
+ + =
n n n n
t t t CP n x

(2)
1 2 6 2 2 6 ) , 1 (
, 4 , 3 , 20
3 9 13
+ + + =
n n n n n n
t t t CP CP CP n y

(3)
) 9 (mod 1 18 ) , 1 (
7
+
n
P n y

(4)
) 27 (mod 0 3 6 ) 1 , (
5
+
n
P n x

(5)
) 2 (mod 15 3 ) 1 , ( 6
, 10
3

n n
t n y P







Observation on the Ternary Cubic Equation
www.ijceronline.com ||May ||2013|| Page 21
III. REMARKS
(1) Let ) , , (
0 0 0
z y x be the initial solution of (1)
Let

=
+ =
+ =
o
z z
h y y
h x x
2
1
0
3
1
0
3
7
7
7
(19)
be the first solution of (1).
Substituting (18) in (1), we get
) ( 7
0 0
3
y x h + =
(20)
Using (20) in (19) we obtain the general solution as follows:

EVEN ORDERED SOLUTION:
0
6
2
7 x x
n
n
=
,
0
6
2
7 y y
n
n
=
,
0
4
2
7 z z
n
n
=
,
where n=1, 2, 3, ..
ODD ORDERED SOLUTION:
( )
0
1 2 3
1 2
7 y x
n
n

=
,
( )
0
1 2 3
1 2
7 x y
n
n

=
,
( )
0
1 2 2
1 2
7 z z
n
n

=
,
where n=1, 2, 3, ..
Properties:
1.
) 7 (mod 0 1 48
1
0
2
2
0
0
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
N
n
n
n
z
x
x
z

2.
3
0
2
2
3
2
2
0
z x z x
n n
=

3. Each of the following is a nasty number:
(i).
(

0 0 0
2 2 2
6
z y x
z y x
n n n
, (ii).
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
2
6
n
n
z
z
, (iii).
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
n
z y
y z
2 0
2 0
6
, (iv).
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
n
z x
x z
2 0
2 0
6
, (v).
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
2
6
n
n
z
z

4. Each of the following is a cubic integer:
(i).
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
0
0
2
n
n
x
y
x
x
, (ii).
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
2
n
n
y
x
, (iii).
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
2
n
n
x
y
, (iv).
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
1 2
0
0
2
n
n
y
x
y
y


II. Employing the solutions(x, y, z) of (1), the following relations among the special polygonal and pyramidal
numbers are obtained.
1.
3
) 1 ( 2 , 3
4
1
2
, 3
5
, 3
5
2 , 3
3
2
2
2 , 3
3
2
6
7
3 3
(

=
(

+
(

z
z
y
y
y
y
x
x
x
x
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P

2.
3
, 3
5
2
2 , 3
3
2
2 , 3
3
2
) 1 ( 2 , 3
4
1
2
) 1 ( 2 , 3
4
1
7
3 3
6 6
(

=
(

+
(

z
z
y
y
y
y
x
x
x
x
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P

3.
3
1 , 3
3
2
1 2 , 3
4
1 2 , 3
4
3 2 , 3
8
1
2
3 2 , 3
8
1
3
7
6 6
2 2
(

=
(

+
(

+ + +

z
z
y
y
y
y
x
x
x
x
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P

4.
3
2 , 3
3
2
2
) 1 ( 2 , 3
4
1
) 1 ( 2 , 3
4
1
1 2 , 3
4
2
1 2 , 3
4
3
7
6 6
6 6
(

=
(

+
(

+ + z
z
y
y
y
y
x
x
x
x
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
P



Observation on the Ternary Cubic Equation
www.ijceronline.com ||May ||2013|| Page 22
IV. CONCLUSION

To conclude, one may search for other pattern of solutions and their corresponding properties.

REFERENCES
[1]. Dickson. I. E. History of the Theory of Numbers, Vol 2. Diophantine analysis, New York, Dover, 2005.
[2]. Mordell .L J., Diophantine Equations Academic Press, New York,1969.
[3]. Carmichael. R.D. The Theory of numbers and Diophantine Analysis, New York, Dover, 1959.
[4]. Gopalan.M.A.,Anbuselvi.R. Integral solutions of Ternary Cubic Diophantine Equations zxy N y x = + + 4
2 2
,Pure and
Applied Mathematica Sciences, Vol.LXVII(NO.1-2):107-111,March(2008).
[5]. Gopalan.M.A., Manjusomnath and Vanith N., On Ternary Cubic Diophantine Equations
3 2 2
2z y x = + , Advances
in Theoretical and Applied Mathematics,Vol.1(No.3)Pg.227-231(2006).
[6]. Gopalan.M.A., Manjusomnath and Vanith N., On Ternary Cubic Diophantine Equations
3 2 2
2z y x = + , Acta Ciencia
Indica, Vol.XXXIIIM(No.3) Pg.705-707(2007).
[7]. Gopalan.M.A.,and Pandiselvi .V., Integral solutions of Ternary Cubic Diophantine
Equations
3 2 2 2
) 4 2 ( z kz k y xy x + = + ,Pacific Asian journal of Mathematics, Vol.2.No.1-2,Pg.91-91,2008.
[8]. Gopalan.M.A., and KaligaRani.J., Integral solutions of
3 2 2
) 1 ( z a ay x = 1 ( > a and a is square free) ,
Impact J.Sci.Tec,Vol.2(4)Pg.201-204.2008
[9]. Gopalan.M.A.,Devibala.S., and Manjusomnath., Integral solutions of ) 2 )( 2 ( 4
3 3
+ = + + + z z y y x x ,
Impact.J.Sci.Tech.Vol.2(2)Pg.65-69,2008
[10]. Gopalan.M.A., Manjusomnath and Vanith N., Ternary Cubic diophantine Equation
3 2 2 1 2
) ( 2 z y x
a
= +

,Acta
Ciencia Indica,Vol.XXXIVM(No.3)Pg.135-137(2008).
[11]. Gopalan.M.A., and KaligaRani.J., Integral solutions of
3 3 3
) 1 2 ( ) ( 8 z k y x k y x + = + + + ,Bulletin of pure and
Applied Sciences,Vol.29E(No.1)Pg.95-99(2010).
[12]. Gopalan.M.A., and Janaki.G., Integral solutions of
3 2 2 2 2
) 5 ( z n m xy y x = + ,Antartica J.Math.,7(1)Pg.63-
67(2010).
[13]. Gopalan.M.A., and Shanmuganantham.P., On the Equation
3 2 2 2
) 1 4 ( z n n y xy x + = + , Bulletin of pure
and Applied Sciences, Vol.29E, Pg.231-235 Issue 2(2010).
[14]. Gopalan.M.A., and Vijayasankar.A., Integral Solutions of Ternary Cubic
Equation
3 2 2
) 2 ( 2 z y x xy y x = + + + + ,Antartica J.Math.,Vol.7(N0.4). Pg.455-460(2010).
[15]. Gopalan.M.A., and KaligaRani.J., Integral solutions of Ternary Cubic Equation ) ( 3 4
3 3 3
y x xy z y x + = + + ,
Antartica J.Math.,7(3)Pg.311-315(2010).
[16]. Gopalan.M.A.,and Pandiselvi .V., On the Ternary Cubic Diophantine
Equation
3 2 2 2
) ( z g k gz y + = + ,Impact.J.Sci.Tech.,Vol.4,No.4,Pg117-23.(2010).
[17]. Gopalan.M.A,Vidhyalakshmi.S.,Sumathi.G., On the homogeneous cubic equation with threer
unknowns ) ( 3 14
3 3 3
y x z y x + + = + ,Discovery Science, Vol.2, No.4. Pg.37-39.,Oct 2012