FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

APPLIED TO OPEN SYSTEMS

An open system is one where mass can enter or leave the system.
Such a system is commonly referred to as Control Volume
Now because of the mass being allowed to flow so this is a flow
system. Now let us look at the location A
Steady Flow: The flow is called STEADY if the properties at any
point ( in this case A) does not change with time.
Unsteady Flow: The flow is called UNSTEADY if the properties at
any point( in this case A) change with time.
Now the boundaries of a Control volume can be Real or Imaginary
and can also be deformable
Mass
going
in
Mass
going
out
Control
Volume
Boundary of Control Volume is
known as
CONTROL SURFACE
A
Real
Imaginary
As the piston moves up the
boundary deforms
IMAGINARY BOUNDARIES HAVE TO BE DEFINED BEFORE
ANALYSIS IS CARRIED OUT.
CONSERVATION OF MASS
For a control volume we must apply the Principle of Mass
Conservation which is
Total mass
entering system
-
Total mass
leaving system
=
Net change of
mass in system
* * *
Now if we divide both sides by time
in out system
in out system
m m m
m m m


Rate of mass flow
in
-
Rate of mass flow
out
=
Rate of change of
mass in system
Now if the flow is steady then the mass of the system will not
change with time so can say that for a steady system
* * *
* *
0
in out system
in out
m m m
so m m For Steady Flow

MASS AND VOLUME FLOW RATES

*
*
*
int
int
/ sec
d m VdA which if egrated
d m VdA egrated over area gives
m VA kg called as mass flow

Now if properties change only in one direction then we call it as
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW.
The velocity of flow is taken as Average or Mean Velocity.
Area of flow
V velocity
Density
dA Area of flow

VOLUME FLOW RATE

( )
* * *
Avg
Area
V VdA V A and m V

FOR ALL OUR CALCULATIONS WE WILL ASSUME

ONE DIMENSIONAL FLOW AND
Average V V
ENERGY BALANCE
E
in
- E
out
= E
System
Net energy Transfer by Heat,Work
and Mass flow
=
Change of energy
of system ie
In U, KE, PE etc
or
*
in E
-
*
out E
=
*
System E
Rate of Net Energy Transfer by Heat,
Work , or Mass flow
=
Rate of change of
Energy of System

We will use this energy balance for our analysis.
FLOW WORK
Actual Average
V V
We use
Average Velocity so
The mass which enters or leaves Control Volume needs some kind
of FORCE TO IT IN OR OUT.
This Force at Inlet is F = P
1
A
1
This force pushes the mass a distance L so
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Flow In Flow out
Flow In Flow out
Work to push Mass in PAL PV as AL Volume
W PV Similarily W PV
If we talk of flow work per unit mass then
w Pv and w P v



ENERGY FLOW
We will only use KE,PE, and U for energy analysis , so energy flow
is
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
now when mass enters a CV it has "e" as well as energy brought
1
in by flow work so
2
.
1
2
E U mV mgz and if we consider specific energy
e u V gz
Pv u V gz where
Energy of flowing mass But h u Pv
so h V gz an

+ +
+ +
+ + +
+
+ + d this is the Energy Flow of CV
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION
L
1
1 2
Mass
Flow
in
Mass
Flow
out
For Steady Flow
* *
1 2
1 1 2 2
in
out
m m or AV A V
For Steady Flow
[ ]
* *
* * * * * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
2 2
( )
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
in out
in out
in out
x in x out
in in out out
in out
x x x
x
out in
x out in
out in out in
E E or
Q W m Q W m
Q Q Q Net Heat Flow
W W W Net Work Flow External
so Q W m or
Q W m h h V V g z z

+ + + +



+ +
1
1
]
THIS IS CALLED STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (SFEE)
If we divide both sides by the mass flow then we have
*
in
m
*
out
m
* *
x
Q W
* *
2 2
* *
2 2
2 2
2 1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
" " 1 " " 2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x
out in
out in out in
out in
x out in out in
out in
x out in
Q W
h h V V g z z
m m
q w
q w
q w
h h V V g z z
If we call in as State and out as state
h h V V g z z
If KE and PE are both zero then
+ +

1
1
]
+ +
+ +

2 2
( )
1
( ) ( )
2
x out in
out in
x out in
q w
h h
If only PE is zero then
h h V V

+
The Steady Flow Energy Equation is a very Important equation
and is used extensively for a lot of situations. Lets look at a few
steady flow devices.
Nozzles and Diffusers
For Nozzles and Diffusers Heat and work transfer is zero.
KE is not equal to zero. PE may or may not be zero. Ex 4-1
Turbine and Compressors
1
V
2
V
1
2
1
2
1
V
2
V
Nozzle Diffuser
We see example 4-3 and 4-4
Throttling Valve
Let inlet be State 1 and outlet be State 2
P
1
=0.8 MPa and T
1
=31.33
o
C and P
2
= 0.12 MPa
using R-134A Refrigerant. Find quality at exit.
At P
2
= 0.12 MPa T
2
= -22.36
o
C Since h
1
= h
2
so
( )
2 1
93.42 (1 )( ) 0.339
22.36 31.33 53.69
g f
x h x h gives x
and T T
+

Shaft Work comes out. No Heat Transfer
*
in
m
*
out
m
TURBINE
Exit Pressure is less
than inlet Pressure.
Produces positive
work
Shaft Work goes in . No Heat Transfer
*
in
m
*
out
m
Compressor
Exit Pressure is
greater than inlet
Pressure. Takes work
to give high Pressure
Flow restricting device
No Shaft Work . No Heat Transfer
*
in
m
*
out
m
THROTTLING VALVE
Exit Pressure is less
than inlet Pressure.
Causes pressure drop
without change of
enthalpy ie h
2
= h
1
Mixture Chambers
Here 2 or 3 streams of Fluid enter a Control volume , mix and then
come out.
* * * * * *
1 2 3 1 2 3 , , 0 m m m E E E KE PE + +
We see example 4-6
There is no shaft work and no
heat transfer . There is no
change in KE and PE
1
2
3
HEAT EXCHANGER
Here the exchange of Heat is done between two liquids and fluids
Heat Transfer is within CV. There is no shaft work and there is no
heat transfer from the CV. There is no change KE = PE = 0
[ ] [ ]
* *
2 1 4 3
A B
m h h m h h
If we consider the COLD PIPE as sytem
[ ]
* *
4 3
B
CV
Q m h h
We see Example 4-7
1
HOT
COLD
3
2
4
PIPE AND DUCT FLOW
Here flow takes place in a pipe or duct but different processes take
place
We shall see example 4-8
Hot Fluid
Q
Shaft work is zero , and no change in KE,PE
Cold Fluid
W
E
Shaft work is zero , and no change in KE,PE. Electrical Work in
Z
2
Z
1
No Heat Transfer and Shaft
work. Change in PE but
change in KE may take
place.
UNSTEADY FLOW PROCESS
Here properties within the system change with time . Here the
mass flow and Energy content of Control Volume changes with
time. Also if the Control volume changes then it also may involve
changes if flow work ie Pdv work.
Mass Balance
( ) ( ) ( )
* *
/ sec
inlet exit
in out
System
inlet exit CV
CV
A A Vol
m m m in kg
If the properties are not uniform at inlet and outlet then
d dm
VdA VdA V
dt dt





ENERGY BALANCE
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
( ) ( )
2
2
2
Avg
i
Avg
e
in out system
in in i i out out e e System
Net Net e e i i System
i
i i i i
m
e
e e e e
m
Net Net
Here E E E
Q W m Q W m E
v
where h gz
so Q W m m E
v
we define h gz m
v
and h gz m
so Q W h

+ +
+ +
+
_

+ +


,
_

+ +


,

( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
e i
e i
e e e i i i
m m
System
v v
gz m h gz m
E

_ _

+ + + +


, ,
+


Divide both sides by t and taking limit of t 0 we get

( ) ( )
2 2
* * * *
*
2 2
e i
Net e i
Net
e e i i
System
v v
Q W m h gz m h gz
E
_ _

+ + + +


, ,
+


Here properties vary across the cross section of the inlet and
Outlet.
Special case
We make a case where we have UNIFORM FLOW PROCESS
For this we make two assumptions
a. At any instant during the process the properties are uniform
in the control volume. The state of the control volume may change
with time but the properties are uniform in the entire control volume
at that instant. Here the state of the mass in the CV is same as
state of mass at exit.
b. At the inlet and exit the properties are uniform in cross
section and are steady. Here the properties do not either with time
or position in the cross section. if they do then they are averaged
and treated as constant for the entire process.
then we have
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 1 1
2 2
0
e i
Net Net e e e i i i
i i
Control Volume
Net Net e e i i
Control Volume
v v
Q W m h gz m h gz
m e me
If KE PE then
Q W m h m h m u mu
_ _

+ + + +


, ,
+

+


Q = Net Heat Transfer , W = Net Work Transfer
m
e
= Mass leaving CV , m
i
= mass entering CV
m
1
u
1
= Total Internal energy of CV at initial state , before process
m
2
u
2
= Total Internal energy of CV at final state , after process
Here we look at total Properties not rate of change of properties.