WUFI: Moisture Engineering in the 21st Century (and Beyond)
Andre Desjarlais Oak Ridge National Laboratory
15 September 2011
What is WUFI?
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Presentation Summary
Are we concerned about moisture problems?
What does moisture do to our buildings?
How do we assess moisture issues today? Lets play with WUFI! Are there guidelines available today?
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Moisture Problems lead to Cities of Tarps
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Industrys Concern?
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DOEs Concern
Are energy and ventilation standards to blame?
Until moisture issues resolved, advancements in energy efficiency and indoor air quality standards will be difficult Occupant health continues to be a concern
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Importance of Moisture Research
Must follow ASHRAE Standard 160 Clearly conceived redundancy against water penetration
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Hygrothermal behavior of all critical enclosure components must be demonstrated
Importance of Moisture Research
Bloomberg Businessweek: The Repair Bills Arrive from the Housing Boom (14 Feb 2011)
Pulte Group, the largest U.S. homebuilder, recorded a one-time expense of $272.2 million in the third quarter, or 25 percent of its revenue for the period, to increase reserves to cover losses when homeowners demand repairs to houses built in the past 10 years At Pulte, most of the claims in the third quarter were related to water intrusion
Dr. Carl-Eric Hagentoft, Report to IEA Annex 55 on Reliability of Energy Efficient Building Retrofitting Probability Assessment of Performance & Cost
We have an estimate that many attics (in Sweden) are damaged (due to moisture), around 60-80% basically due to high degree of thermal insulation on the attic floor.
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Moisture and Buildings
Moisture involved in almost all building envelope performance problems Energy inefficiency Mold (IAQ) Corrosion Wood rot Termites Staining
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Moisture Effects
Increase of heat transmission - Influence on thermal conductivity - Latent heat effects
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Moisture Effects
Optical degradation - Soiling, staining - Microbial growth
Algae growth on stucco of EIFS due to night time sky radiation (overcooling)
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Moisture Effects
Damage caused by elevated water content - Freezing Frost damage at stucco facade after applying interior insulation
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Moisture Effects
Health aspects - Hygrothermal comfort - Air quality
Aspergillus restrictus 100 95
relative humidity [%]
1 90 2 85 4 80 8 75 70 65 16 32 64 germination time [d] 0 10 20 30 40 50
Mold growth caused by elevated surface humidity
temperature [C]
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Modern Simulation Methods
Simulation of the real hygrothermal situation - Diurnal cycles (summer condensation, freeze-thaw) - Seasonal cycles (interstitial condensation) - Precipitation cycles (driving rain / solar radiation) Distinction of important influence factors (sensitivity analysis) Extrapolation in time, transfer to different indoor / outdoor climate Product optimization and development Fast and cost effective Expertise required
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Hygrothermal Balance
Wetting
Safe Storage Capacity
Building Envelope
Drying
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Definition of the Assembly in WUFI
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Material Properties Selection
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Hygrothermal Models Outputs
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New ASHRAE Standard Passed
ASHRAE 160 Standard: Criteria for Moisture Control Design Analysis in Buildings
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ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 160-2009 Flow-chart
Start moisture design Define building assembly Assign material properties Select initial conditions (4.1)
Select outdoor climate (4.5)
Performance criteria to prevent mould growth Surface humidity: s (30 d run. av.) < 80% RH s (7 d run. av.) < 98% RH s (24 h run. av.) <100% RH and 5 C s 40 C
yes
Select exposure conditions (4.6)
Determine indoor conditions (4.2-4.4, also flow chart 2)
Perform analysis (5)
Acceptable performance (6)?
no
Report results (7)
no
Add initial drying procedure? yes
yes
no Change in HVAC design.
Change in construction design?
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ANSI / ASHRAE Standard 160-2009
Safety feature: moisture tolerance drying potential Rainwater penetration:
1% rainwater penetration
(EIFS)
In the absence of specific full scale test methods and data for the considered exterior wall system.
Wind driven rain
the default value for water penetration through the exterior surface is 1% of the water reaching that exterior surface.
The deposit site for the water shall be the exterior surface of the WRB. If a WRB is not provided then the deposit site shall be described and a technical rationale shall be provided.
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Whats Next?
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Great Reference!
ASTM MNL 40: Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes (2001)
Chapter 9: A Hygrothermal Design Tool for Architects and Engineers (WUFI ORNL/IBP)
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"To achieve results never before accomplished, we must employ methods never before attempted." - Sir Francis Bacon
Questions?
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