Exotic Fruit Fly Pests in Florida: Past, Present, and Potential

David Dean, PhD Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL Bureau of Entomology Division of Plant Industry Florida Department of Agriculture

FDACS

Invasive Exotic Fruit Fly Pests

USDA/APHIS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Common Name South American fruit fly South American cucurbit fly Mexican fruit fly west indian fruit fly sapote fruit fly guava fruit fly Caribbean fruit fly guava fruit fly melon fly oriental fruit fly olive fruit fly Queensland fruit fly Japanese orange fly peach fruit fly Mediterranean fruit fly natal fruit fly fruit flies celery fly asparagus fly fruit flies apple maggot papaya fruit fly Species Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) Anastrepha grandis (Macquart) Anastrepha ludens (Loew) Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) Anastrepha striata Schiner Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) Bactrocera correcta (Bezzi) Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake) Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) Ceratitis rosa Karsch Ceratitis spp. MacLeay 1829 Euleia heraclei (Linnaeus) Platyparea poeciloptera Schrank Pterandrus spp. Bezzi 1918 Rhagoletis pomonella (Wash) Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker

Anastrepha suspensa
Caribbean Fruit Fly Greater Antillean Fruit Fly
Became established in Florida in 1965

Rhagoletis pomonella

Now ranges from Canada to Mexico (Manitoba & Nova Scotia to Texas & Florida; Utah; Colorado; Coahuila to Michoacan; introduced from Washington to California)

Apple Maggot

Toxotrypana curvicauda

A major pest of papaya in much of the

Neotropics was introduced into Florida in 1905

Papaya Fruit Fly

Male

Female

Ovipositor sheath (oviscape)

Oviscape chitinized ovipositor sheath

Aculeus - ovipositor
eversible membrane micro sensory seta

A. suspensa

A. obliqua

Reproduction in Fruit Flies

Eggs begin their development and mature in the ovaries without fertilization. Ovaries consist of a group of ovarioles where the oogonia undergo a series of cell divisions forming oocytes (eggs). The egg-swollen ovaries of the gravid female occupy a large part of the abdomen with 26-28 fully developed eggs.

Spermatheca are sack like receptacles in the female which acts as a reservoir for storing live sperm until required for fertilization during oviposition.

Life Stages of Fruit Fly Development

Stages of Development Egg Larva (maggot) First instar Second instar Third instar Pupa Adult The duration of each stage of development is primarily temperature dependent Tephritids are well adapted to 18-29 C (64-84 F) Optimum temperature 24 C (75 F)

What are Exotic/Economic Fruit Flies?

Infest cultivated plants Wide host range High reproductive capacity Easily transported Difficult to control Quarantine restrictions transport and trade

Economic Importance Criteria

Establishment Potential
host range environmental suitability

Dispersal Potential
further possible movement of the pest

Economic Impact
crop losses loss of export markets control costs

Environmental Impact
possible environmental effects of control measures native species displacement

Introduction Potential
(pathways) the origin of the pest and frequency contact

Exotic Fruit Fly Records Florida 1999-2009

SPECIES Anastrepha ludens Bactrocera correcta Bactrocera dorsalis Ceratitis capitata Grand Total Total 3 10 27 2 42

Ten most intercepted families of insect pests on passenger baggage from 1990-2004 USDA-APHIS-PPQ
Rank Family 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Diaspididae Tephritidae Curculionidae Pseudococcidae Agromyzidae Tortricidae Crambidae Coccidae Aleyrodidae Thripidae Description armored scales fruit flies weevils mealybugs miner flies tortricid moths crambid snout moths soft scales, wax scales whiteflies thrips Total 69,368 45,211 26,320 24,239 15,129 13,176 11,879 11,248 7,866 4,838 Percent 30.3 19.7 11.5 10.6 6.6 5.7 5.2 4.9 3.4 2.1

Exotic Fruit Fly Topics

Economic Fruit Fly Pests
PAST: Review the history of some exotic fruit fly species in Florida POTENTIAL: PESTS ON THE MOVE Identify some fruit fly species expanding the boundaries of their known range PRESENT: The current status of some of the Cooperative Fruit Fly Prevention, Detection, and Eradication Programs in Florida

Origins of Economic Fruit Flies

Anastrepha

Ceratitis Dacus

Bactrocera

The Genus: Anastrepha

Diversity 200+ species Potential Pests USDA/APHIS REGULATED PEST LIST

A. fraterculus (South American Fruit Fly) A. grandis (South American Cucurbit Fly) A. ludens (Mexican Fruit Fly) A. obliqua (West Indian Fruit Fly) A. serpintina (Sapote Fruit Fly) A. striata (Guava Fruit Fly)

Anastrepha Fraterculus South American Fruit Fly

A major pest found throughout South and Central America, and Trinidad which actually forms a species complex with various sibling and subspecies that are not well defined taxonomically. There is no known male attractant.

PEST ON THE MOVE Anastrepha grandis

Range is from Venezuela to Brazil and Argentina. It was detected in the eastern provinces of Panama, May 2009. A quarantine was imposed July 2009 to contain the outbreak.

South American Cucurbit Fly

Anastrepha grandis larvae in squash

Anastrepha ludens Mexican Fruit Fly

Ranges from Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, western Panama, and south Texas. There is no known male attractant. It is a key pest for Florida because a preffered host is grapefruit

Mexican Fruit Fly in Florida to 2009

Anastrepha ludens
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

Anastrepha obliqua West Indies Fruit Fly

Range extends from Mexico to Argentina, Greater & Lesser Antilles; occasionally present in past in USA (southern Texas, Florida Keys), but not currently established. There is no known male attractant.

Anastrepha serpentina

Range extends from USA (s. Texas) to Peru & Argentina, and is also established in Trinidad. There is no known male attractant.

Sapote Fruit Fly

Anastrepha striata

The range extends from Mexico south to Bolivia & Brazil. It is occasionally trapped in past in USA (southern Texas), but not currently established. There is no known male attractant.

Guava Fruit Fly

Genus: Bactrocera / Dacus

Diversity 770+ species combined Potential Pests USDA/APHIS REGULATED PEST LIST
Potential Pest USDA/APHIS* B. correcta (Guava Fruit Fly) *B cucurbitae (Melon Fruit Fly) *B. dorsalis (Oriental Fruit Fly) *B. tsuneonis (Orange Fruit Fly) B. zonata (Peach Fruit Fly) Possible Pests B. carambolae (Carambola Fruit Fly) B. facialis B. latifrons (Solanum Fruit Fly) B. philippinensis New Pest B. invadens

*B. tryoni (Queensland Fruit Fly) B. papayae (Papaya Fruit Fly)

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera carambolae Hosts Occurring in Florida:

Carambola Curacao apple Guava Surinam cherry Mango Tropical almond Grapefruit

Carambola Fruit Fly

100% Damage to Carambola Star Fruit by Bactrocera carambolae

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera facialis

Infestations in Tonga
Chili, capsicum 97-100% guava 90%

This polyphagous pest attacks 72 host species in 54 genera and 33 families and is potentially a major pest species, if it is spread outside Tonga. It has been detected outside of Tonga in New Zealand, Hawaii, and California.

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera correcta

(Asian) Guava Fruit Fly

Guava fruit fly in Florida 1999 - 2009

Bactrocera correcta
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

Bactrocera cucurbitae

Melon Fly

Weed Hosts Support Exotic Pests

Melon fly Host: Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) Photo: Konrad Englberger

The melon fly is a native species in tropical Asia and is now also established in Hawaii, Papua New Guinea (PNG), Solomon Islands, Guam and the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands. This pest species causes considerable damage to all cucurbit crops everywhere it occurs. In PNG 95% of bitter gourd fruits are infested.

Bactrocera dorsalis

Oriental Fruit Fly

Introduced into Hawaii 1945 First found in California in 1960 Reintroduced in California every year since 1966 The Oriental fruit fly In Florida (10 introductions) First found in Florida in 1964 Most recent introductions 1999 2008

Oriental fruit fly in Florida 1999 - 2009

Bactrocera dorsalis
Source Data: FDACS Produced by Arnold Bailey DPI Fruit Fly Laboratory Palmetto, FL

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera invadens

New Pest Species
First detected in Kenya in 2003, this invasive pest attacks a variety of cultivated and wild hosts. It rapidly spread across Africa within two years and is now confirmed in 22 African countries including the island of Grande Comores in the Indian Ocean. The rapidity and distance at which the fly can disperse and has serious implications for the African continent and many of their trading partners.

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera latifrons

This is an Oriental species from China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand, but also with adventive populations established in Hawaii since 1983. It invaded the Africa continent in Tanzania during 2007 and has been detected in California. It attacks mainly solanaceous crops such as chilli, eggplant and tomato.

Solanum Fruit Fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera oleae

First detected in California in October 1998, it is now found in all olive growing areas of the state. Use of olive trees as ornamentals is increasing in Florida, and fruit from these trees probably could support olive fruit fly development.

Olive Fruit Fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera papayae

Among the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis (Hendel), B. papayae (Drew & Hancock) is beginning to emerge as an economically important insect pest which poses a severe threat to the fruit cultivation in the South-east Asian region as well as in many subtropical and tropical countries. It is able to occupy a wide geographic and climatic range and attacks a very wide range of fruits and vegetables. It infests some 210 species of fruits and vegetables in 112 genera and 47 plant families, making it probably one of the most damaging species in the world. Alarmingly. it has demonstrated that it is able to infest fruits such as citrus and pawpaw at the unripe stage.

Asian papaya fruit fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera philippinensis

Another example of a potential pest of the 52 sibling species complex of the Oriental fruit fly is B. philippinensis, which is present in the Philippines where it is known to attack papaya (Carica papaya), mango (Mangifera indica), Syzygium malaccense, Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and Pouteria duklitan. It has recently extended its distribution into the Pacific islands of Palau. Although the current host range is limited to the hosts listed, it is likely to have wider host range similar to that of oriental fruit fly and therefore, is potentially serious pest species.

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera tryoni

The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is common in Australia (eastern half of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, extreme east of Victoria). It is the most destructive fruit fly species in Australia. Although currently eradicated from western Australia this species has been introduced into New Guinea, New Caledonia, French Polynesia (Austral Is., Society Is.), Easter I. It attacks over 113 species of edible and wild fruits and fleshy vegetables.

Queensland Fruit Fly

Bactrocera tsuneonis

No Photo available at this time

B. tsuneonis is indigenous to eastern Asia (Japan, China, Taiwan, Viet Nam), but like other Bactrocera spp. is known by experience to have the potential to establish adventive populations in various other tropical areas. It is stenophagous attacking exclusively Citrus, especially mandarins. It is one of the most important pests of citrus in Japan. There is no known male attractant.

Orange Fruit Fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera zonata

After the discovery of at least six flies in the Mayfair district of Fresno California in 2006 & 2007, the California Department of Agriculture initiated State Quarantines.

Peach Fruit Fly

Genus: Ceratitis

Diversity 78 species About ten species are listed as pests that are mostly restricted to Africa. The Med fly is the most polyphagous and widespread species of Tephritidae and is by far the most notorious pest species in the genus. Potential Pests USDA Regulated Pest List C. capitata (Mediterranean Fruit Fly) C. rosa (Natal Fruit Fly) C. cosyra (Marula Fruit Fly)

Ceratitis capitata

Mediterranean Fruit Fly

Mediterranean fruit fly on coffee fruit in Central America

Medfly infestations in Florida to 2009

1,000+ locations in 20 Counties 2,000+ locations in 27 Counties

142 locations in 6 Counties

678 locations in 9 Counties

Ceratitis rosa

Like the Med Fly, the Natal fruit fly causes damage to a wide range of unrelated fruit crops. Peaches and guavas are particularly favored.

Natal Fruit Fly

Ceratitis cosyra

C. cosyra is a pest of mangoes (Mangifera indica), but is also recorded from a few other fruit crops including avocados (Persea americana), Citrus and peaches (Prunus persica). It resembles C. capitata in biology and survival capacity but possibly, in view of its essentially tropical distribution, it is even less tolerant of winter cold.

Mango or Marula Fruit Fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Carpomya pardalina

Seed Damage

Melon Fly of Central Asia

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera albistrigata Hosts Occurring in Florida:

Syzygium spp. Tropical almond

NEW FIND Los Angeles, CA, July 2009 Trapped 5 specimens in cue lure baited traps

White Striped Fruit Fly

PEST ON THE MOVE Bactrocera scutellata

3 stripes

First detected in Japan in 2006. Single flies were trapped in 1987 and 1999 in California and 8 in Los Angeles 2009. Some hosts are cucumber and squash.

The Striped Fruit Fly

Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida

First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly 1929-30

Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida

First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly 1929-30 First Area-wide aerial application of malathion bait spray Mediterranean fruit fly eradication in 1956-57

Historic Highlights of Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication in Florida

First Area-wide eradication Mediterranean fruit fly 1929-30 First Area-wide aerial application of malathion bait spray Mediterranean fruit fly eradication in 1956-57 First Successful Area-wide SIT
Current Sterile Med Fly Preventive Release Program Primary screw worm fly, 1950s

Isthmus of Panama

Sterile primary screw worm flies are released weekly maintaining a barrier to prevent re-introduction into North America

Current Preventive Release Program

1. Tampa:
(Hillsborough County)

Sterile Insect Release Facility Sarasota 2. Bradenton & Sarasota:

(Manatee and Sarasota Counties)

100,000,000 Sterile Med Fly pupae are received from production facilities in Guatemala each week and sterile adults are release over 600 square miles 3. Miami:
(Miami-Dade & Broward Counties)

Aerial Release Florida PRP

Twin engine turbo prop air craft equipped with a release machine consisting of compressor and teflon coated augers for a controlled release rate

Temperature controlled chilled sterile fly release box loaded on aircraft release machine (38 F)

Fruit Fly Detection and Eradication

Cooperative Fruit Fly Programs in Florida
Joint State and Federal Fruit Fly (FDACS/DPI & USDA/APHIS/PPQ) General Fruit Fly Detection
55,000 fruit fly detection traps from Key West to Jacksonville and Panama City requiring 250 field personnel

Caribbean Fruit Fly Free Certification

Seasonal trapping for export of grapefruit to Asia and Europe

Blueberry Maggot Free Certification

Seasonal trapping for export of blueberries to Canada

Sterile Mediterranean Fruit Fly Preventive Release

Species Specific Lures

Jackson Trap baited with Trimedlure, Methyl Eugenol, or Cuelure

Multi-lure trap baited with: a three component synthetic bait lure

PEST ON THE MOVE Drosophilidae: Zaprionus indianus

African Fig Fly

Brazil 1999, Panama 2003, and Florida 2005

PEST ON THE MOVE Drosophila suzukii

Male

Female & Males

Spotted Wing Drosophila or Cherry Vinegar Fly

Occurs in China, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. It became established in Hawaii in 1990 and most recently in California, Florida, Oregon, and Washington in the US spring 2009 where it infests blueberries, cherries, grapes, raspberries, and strawberries.

Drosophila suzukii Finds Aug 2009 - Feb 2010

Weekly Drosophila suzukii Finds

Aug 8, 2009 - Feb 18, 2010
200 180 160 140 Optimal Activity 68 60 50 Lower Development Threshold 48 40 80 60 40 20 0 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 30 20 10 0
Total Flies Avg Temp (F) Dover, FL

90 80 70

Upper Activity Threshold 89

120 100

Weeks

Avg. Temp. (F)

Total Flies

Suspect Fruit Fly Pests:

Fruit Fly Identification Laboratory
DPI/FDACS 923 10th Street East Palmetto, FL 43221 941-721-6621

Acknowledgements: Distribution Maps Arnold Bailey and Renae Snyder Photos: USDA, FDACS, CDFA, Ministry of Agriculture Brazil