Wind Plant Collector System Fault Protection and Coordination
Travis Smith, P.E.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
!T he selection of proper protective devices and settings of protective
relays for wind power plants (WPPs) present unique challenges for protection engineers.
!D ue to the differing types of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and their ! While W hile signicant knowledge on large induction machines exists (i.e. it is
behavior during short-circuit conditions, the determination of fault current levels within the WPP needs special attention.
trivial task to calculate the fault current contribution from an induction machine) very little is known about the complex nature within the various congurations of individual wind turbines and the aggregate impact on the wind plant and utility.
IEEE Wind Plant Collector Design Working Group
!T he WPP short-circuit model and associated fault plot is an
initial step in any protection and coordination study.
!T here are three main types of short-circuit contributions
within a WPP: (1) the utility, (2) WPP aggregated or individual WTG, and (3) any dynamic reactive compensation equipment contributions.
IEEE Wind Plant Collector Design Working Group
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Wind Plant
! a single-line and three-line diagram
Need to Consider
Utility Source
Substation
Lines/Cables
Transformers
Capacitor Banks
Reactor Banks
Grounding transformers
Breakers/Switches
Protective Relay Schemes
Instrument Transformers
Grounding
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!E xamine interconnection agreements
Example Requirements:
- Reactive Compensation
- Fault Event Ride-Through
- Electrical System Protection &
Coordination
- Teleprotection Pilot Schemes
- SCADA communications
- DFR (Digital fault recorder)
- EMS (Energy Management
Systems)
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! Need N eed to request test reports for all major equipment
!Transformers
!Switchgear
!Breakers
!V erify instrument transformer connections
!R equest wind turbine test reports and specications of electrical
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generators, reactive var compensation, protective relay functions, and associated control parameters
!N eed the plan and prole drawings of !C onstruct positive, negative, and zero
sequence model network for
collector system for short circuit modeling
!Utility
!Substation
!Collector system (including step-up
transformers)
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!D evelop model of wind turbine to demonstrate minimum
and maximum fault contributions through the entire range of potential events of wind plant, appropriate for protection and relay coordination.
Clo seIn
End of Line
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Norm
al
Close-In
! ! ! ! !
T urbine is xed to grid frequency
G enerates with negative slip
S oft starter for reduced inrush
P FCCs for IG reactive support
L ocked-Rotor fault contribution ranging from 5pu to 6pu
source in series with the direct axis sub-transient inductance, Xd
!S hort circuit represented as voltage
IEEE Wind Plant Collector Design Working Group
! ! ! ! !
T urbine is xed to grid frequency
G enerates with negative slip
S oft starter for reduced inrush
P FCCs for IG reactive support
L ocked-Rotor fault contribution ranging from 5pu to 6pu
the short circuit is represented as voltage source in series with sub-transient Xd
representation includes rotor resistance
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! When W hen rotor is shorted by rotor resistance ! When W hen rotor resistance is at maximum the
!V ariable frequency excitation system
for rotor circuit, Four-Quadrant Converter adjusts rotor current and phase angle quickly
power directly with the grid
Power Control
!B ack-to-Back converter exchanges ! Wide W ide Speed Range, Real & Reactive ! If crowbar is not active short circuit ! If crowbar is active, the equivalent
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contribution is typically limited to 1.1pu rated current
model can be represented as a voltage source in series with Xd, locked rotor current of around 5 to 6pu
!F our-Quadrant full frequency converter
!T urbine xed to turbine side converter
frequency
!R eal & Reactive Power Control
!S hort Circuit contribution is typically
limited to 1.1pu rated current
!T he Line side converter typically
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contributes positive and/or negative sequence current
!S ynchronous generator
coupled with variable speed drive train and torque & speed controls, 4 to 6 pole designs
from variable to constant speed which is coupled to the generator
! Shaft S haft speed is converted
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LV Breaker
Step-Up
Fuse
Fuse
WTG
Fuse
Step-Up
LV Breaker
Close-In 3PH & SLG Max Fault Coordination
! ! ! ! ! !
W WPP PP Substation Transformer
S ubstation Bus
W WPP PP Collector Protection
W WPP PP Capacitor Banks
W WTG TG Step-up Transformer
W WTG TG Protection
3PH & SLG Max Far End Collector Faults
Close-In 3PH & SLG Min Fault Coordination
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3PH & SLG Max Far End XMFR Faults
