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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2446-2450 ISSN: 2249-6645

Simulation of three-phase bridge rectifier using MATLAB/ SIMULINK for harmonic mitigation
Himanshu Chaturvedi1, Anil K. Chaudhary2, C. Veeresh3
1, 2, 3

(Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MIT Mandsaur (M.P.), India)

ABSTRACT: Power quality standards (IEEE-519) compel to limit the total harmonic distortion (THD) within acceptable
range caused by rapid usage of power electronic equipment. This paper envisages on the simulation of instantaneous active and reactive theory based shunt active filter with MATLAB/Simulink, as a better solution for reduction of the harmonics.

Key words: Active Filters, THD, Instantaneous Power Theory I. INTRODUCTION

In a modern power system, due to the broader applications of nonlinear loads such as power electronic equipment or arc furnaces, the degree of waveform distorted is increasingly serious now [1]. These loads may cause poor power factors, lead to voltage notch, or result in a high degree of harmonics. Such cases have brought the power quality as an increasing concern. Moreover, from economical viewpoints, a utilitys revenue may get affect ed at a higher cost. Therefore, efficient solutions for solving these pollution problems have become highly critical for both utilities and customers [3]. The amount of distortion in the voltage or current waveform is quantified by means of an index called the total harmonic distortion (THD) [1]. The THD in current is defined as %THD = 100 *
1 2

Conventionally methods are of harmonics/current reference and classified either as time or frequency-domain and are limited steady-state analysis. This paper envisages on the instantaneous power theory validating both the steady and transient-state analysis. The compensation command signals are obtained from the instantaneous active power and the instantaneous reactive power. This method does not require the phase synchronization. The harmonic causes problems in power systems and in consumer products such as equipment overheating, motor vibration, excessive neutral currents and low power factor. Conventionally, passive LC filters and capacitors have been used to eliminate line current harmonics and to compensate reactive power by increasing the power factor. But these filters have the disadvantages of large size, resonance, and fixed compensation behavior so these conventional solutions becomes ineffective [4]. Therefore concept of active power filters was proposed to mitigate harmonic problems and to compensate reactive power. Since then the theories and applications of active power filters have become more popular and have attracted great attention .It is to be noted that non sinusoidal current results in many problems for the utility power supply company, such as low power factor, low energy efficiency, electromagnetic Interference (EMI), distortion of line voltage etc [6].

II.

INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY

Moinuddin k SYED [1] proposed a theory based on instantaneous values in three-phase power systems with or without neutral wire, and is valid for steady-state or transitory operations, as well as for generic voltage and current waveforms called as Instantaneous Power Theory or Active-Reactive (p-q) theory which consists of an algebraic transformation (Clarke transformation) of the three-phase voltages in the a-b-c coordinates to the --0 coordinates, followed by the calculation of the p-q theory instantaneous power components: 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 1 1 1 (1) = 2 2 3 3 3 0 2 2 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 3 1 = (2) 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 Where , , are phase voltages. Identical relations hold for line currents i a, ib, ic. The instantaneous three - phase power is given by: P3 (t) = + + = + + 0 0 = + + = + + 0 () = + 0 (3) Where p = + is instantaneous real power, and 0 = 0 0 is the instantaneous zero-sequence power. www.ijmer.com 2446 | Page

International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2446-2450 ISSN: 2249-6645 One advantage of using the transformation of --0 is to separate the zero-sequence component of the system. The reactive power measurement can be give by (4) Rewritten in terms of a-b-c components as = + + (5) 3 The power p and q can be rewritten as (6) = 2 From this matrix equation, for = 2 + 1 (7) = Separating the Active and Reactive parts 0 1 0 + = + (8) Where, the current components are = / , = / (9) = / , = / (10) Power in phases and can be separated as = = + + (11) Where, the power components are 2 = = / (12) = = / (13) 2 = = / (14) = = / (15) Therefore the three phase active power can be rewritten 3 = + + 0 = + + + + 0 = + + 0 (16) Thus from equations (13) and (15) + = 0 (17) Thus axis instantaneous active power. axis instantaneous active power. axis instantaneous reactive power. axis instantaneous reactive power. It is observed that the reactive power corresponds to the parts of instantaneous power, which is dependent on the instantaneous imaginary power q, in each independent phase and vanishes when added ( + = 0), in a two-phase ( ) system. Instantaneous real power p, gives the net energy per second being transported from source to load and vice-versa at any time, which is dependent only on the voltage and currents in phases and and has no zero-sequence present. Non-linear Load The three phase sinusoidal voltages supplying a non-linear load are represented as = 2 = 2( + 120) = 2( 120) (18) And the currents being = =1 2 sin( ) = =1 2 sin[( + 120) ] = =1 2 sin[( 120) ] (19) Then, www.ijmer.com 2447 | Page

 = = 0 =
=1 1

2 =1 3 =1 2 3

International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2446-2450 ISSN: 2249-6645 sin [1 cos 120 ] (20) cos sin 120 (22) (21)

( + + ) 6 3 sin (3 3 )

The power components p, q, p0 and 3 are = + = + = 3VI1cos 1 - 3VI2cos(3t- 2) + 3VI4cos(3t+ 4) 3VI5cos(6t- 5) + 3VI7cos(6t+ 7) - . (23) = = 3VI1sin 1 - 3VI2sin(3t- 2) + 3VI4sin(3t+ 4) 3VI5sin(6t- 5) + 3VI7sin(6t+ 7) - . 0 = 0 0 = 0 and 3 = p (25) Thus, these expressions are = + and = +

(24)

(26)

Each of these expressions represents the mean-value and alternating components with mean-value equal to zero. From (23) and (24) it can be concluded that = 3 and = 3 (27) Thus the harmonic power is given by = 2 + 2 (28) Where and are the RMS values of and , respectively.

III.

COMPENSATION STRATEGY

The reactive and harmonic compensation is carried by injecting appropriate currents into the circuit through a compensator i.e., shunt active filter as shown in Fig.1.

Fig.1. Strategy of Instantaneous Power Theory In order to compensate and , currents and are injected equivalent to reactive currents as = , and (29) = (30) Where, and are given by (9) and (10). The current is in shunt with the voltage source , thus supplies the power = . Similarly, the current source supplies = . Thus, the voltage source and need to supply only and . From (17), the power necessary to compensate for is equal to the negative of the power necessary to compensate for . The current source and represent active power filters that are generated from the VSI inverter controlled to generate and . As such, no DC source is necessary and also no large energy storage element is necessary to compensate the reactive power. Instantaneously, the reactive power required by one phase can be supplied by the other one. This means that, the size of the capacitor does not depend on the amount of reactive power to be compensated. In fact, in actual systems only a small capacitor is used because the switching of the inverters. As stated in (26), p can be decomposed in two parts as and . As is the actual working power, only has been compensated. Thus (12) and (14) are modified to: 2 = = / (31) 2 = = / (32) The above power terms have mean-value equal to zero but their summation is not zero at every instant, that is, + 0. The capacitor receives energy when is negative and supplies when is positive. www.ijmer.com 2448 | Page

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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2446-2450 ISSN: 2249-6645

IV.

SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation of the proposed instantaneous power theory is carried on MATLAB/Simulink as represented in the Fig.2.

Fig.2. Proposed power control strategy The source supply is designed with amplitude of 360 volt and frequency of 315 rad/sec with a phase difference of 2.0944 rad between phases. The load is simulated to include harmonic distortion by injecting the diode current generated from a three phase uncontrolled diode rectifier of 36KW and a three phase fully controlled thyristor rectifier of 12KW with 60 firing delay angle. A VSI inverter is instantaneous and infinitely fast to track current reference and is implemented as a current amplifier with unity gain block with unity value.

Fig.3. Circuit diagram of PWM Control Technique of Shunt Active Power Filter

Fig.4. FFT of input AC Voltage without Filter

Fig.5. FFT of input AC Current without Filter www.ijmer.com 2449 | Page

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International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2446-2450 ISSN: 2249-6645

Fig.6. FFT of input AC Voltage with Filter

Fig.7. FFT of input AC Current with Filter

V.

CONCLUSIONS

Instantaneous power theory gives a piecemeal approach in analysis and control of the active and reactive components of the harmonic load and introduces the active power filter for appropriate corrective measure for the total harmonic distortion for improvement of the power quality as per the scheduled standards. Energy efficient power supplies incorporating active power supplies shall govern the future in the electrical power quality standardizations. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] Moinuddin k SYED, Instantaneous Power Theory Based Active Power Filter: A Matlab/ Simulink Approach Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. Bhim Singh, A Review of Active Filters for Power Quality Improvement Vol.46, No.5, 1999. M. Chakravarthy,Control of shunt active power filters in power system using MATLAB/SIMULINK Vol. 1, pp 226, 2012 R. M. Potdar, Comparison of topologies of shunt active power filter implemented on three phase four wire system, Vol-1, Issue5, 2011 Suresh Mikkili, Simulation and RTDS Hardware implementation of SHAF for mitigation of current harmonics with p -q and Id-Iq control strategies using PI controller, Vol.1, No.3, 2011 Sachine Hirve, PLL-Less Active Power Filter based on one-cycle control for compensating unbalanced loads in three-phase four wire system Vol.22, No.4, 2007 Javid Akhtar, Modeling and Simulation of STATCOM for a power system network using MATLAB/SIMULINK , Vol2, Issue8, pp 12-17 Sindhu.S, Implementation of Three phase Shunt Hybrid Filter using ICOS Algorithm, Vol.5, No.1, Aug2011, pp7 Ibrahim A., Shunt Active Power Filter Based on Diode Clamped Inverter and Hysteresis band current controller, p p84 Vaibhav Purwar, Simulation of shunt active Power Line conditioner (APLC) for three phases AC/DC converter, IJEECE, Vol.1 (9), 2011, 504-513 George Adam, A MATLAB-SIMULINK APPROACH TO SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS I. Zamora, Simulation by MATLAB/Simulink of active filters for reducing THD created by industrial systems, Mr. D.R. Dobariya, Matlab Simulation Of Hybrid Active Power Filter Using Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory Consalva J. Msigwa, Control Algorithm for Shunt Active Power Filter using synchronous reference frame theory,WASET,2009 N. Senthilnathan, A novel control strategy for Line harmonics reduction using three phase shunt active filter with balanced and unbalanced supply, EJSR, Vol.67,Nov.3,pp456-466 Y. Satish kumar, Instantaneous Power theory active power filter, IJASTR, Vol.4, Issue 2, 2012, pp342. J. Chelladurai, Investigation of various PWM techniques for shunt active filter, WASET, 2008, PP192 .

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