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Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes porphyry to epithermal transitions: processes and products. Porphyry AA host to HS deposits marginal IS veins sulfidation state definition No vertical exaggeration.

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79 views8 pages

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Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes porphyry to epithermal transitions: processes and products. Porphyry AA host to HS deposits marginal IS veins sulfidation state definition No vertical exaggeration.

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carlin1980
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Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

SEG: 2010

Porphyry to epithermal transitions: processes and products


Jeffrey W. Hedenquist Ottawa, Canada

Mag[mat] ic fluid Mag[mat]ic

Introduction: Active analogues


Terminology Magmatic-hydrothermal systems Processes and products

epithermal

Porphyry systems (tops)


Transitions to epithermal environ

Exploration implications White Island, NZ: 300 t Au, 1 Mt Cu flux over ~10,000 yr discharge

Advanced argillic lithocaps and high-sulfidation ore deposits


Features and variations

porphyry

Epithermal veins: Dave John


W.F. Giggenbach, Giggenbach, 1992

AA host to HS deposits

marginal IS veins

Sulfidation state definition

No vertical exaggeration

Upper crustal subvolcanic magma chamber formed at basementsupracrustal contact due to buoyancy rheology contrasts
Richards (2007), from Richards (2005)

Einaudi et al., 2003

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Sulfidation state evolution


Arc magmas

Rift magmas

r ffe u b ck ro e2+ l l a W 3 + /F Fe
Einaudi et al., 2003

Several Mexican Ag-Au

Goldfarb, 2010

Analogues of epithermal deposits: Settings of active hydrothermal systems

Mt. Sakurajima, Sakurajima, Kyushu: Daytime, ash + vapor

HS & IS deposits (some related to porphyry systems): volcanic arc setting:


andesite-dacite eruptive rocks and domes

active volcanic analogues:


high-T fumaroles, acidic to neutral pH, variable salinities

LS deposits:
extensional setting (rifts):
rhyolite-basalt bimodal volcanic association

geothermal system analogues:


neutral pH, low salinities (variable gas, locally high)

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Mt. Sakurajima, Kyushu: Eruption of ash + vapor

White Island, NZ: Quiescent eruption, 1988

White Island, New Zealand: fumaroles High-temperature hypogene vapors, 850 oC with HCl, SO2

White Island, New Zealand: drowned fumaroles, 2007

pH 0.2

acidic stream, pH ~0.6

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Satsuma Iwojima, Iwojima, S. Kyushu: passive degassing (no eruption)

877 oC vapors with HCl, HCl, SO2

Summit crater

Sampling of 770 C vapor with acidic gases

Satsuma Iwojima, Japan


pH 1.7 -- 1.1

Residual (vuggy ) qtz (vuggy)

Satsuma Iwojima, Iwojima, S. Kyushu:


0.4 Mt rhyolite leached per year = 200 m thick, 1x1 km in 1000 yrs
No longer a magic fluid

H2O, HCl, HCl, SO2

Where do the acid condensates come from?


Hedenquist et al., 1994

dissolved rock

pH 1.1

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Formation of advanced argillic alteration


Critical fluid bulk salinity
COUPLED brine + vapor

Lithocap formed by hypogene condensate, pH~1

H2SO4, HCl

HCl, SO2, CO2, H2 S: hypogene alteration 80% 20%

4 SO2 + 4 H2 O => 3 H2 SO4 + H2 S

vapor Critical fluid

hypersaline liquid

Fluid exsolved in melt

H2O, NaCl, SO2, HCl, CO2, H 2S, ...

White Island, New Zealand: fumaroles High-temperature hypogene vapors, 850 oC with HCl, SO2
~110 oC

Steam-heated zone, ~100 oC (CO2, H2S)

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Formation of advanced argillic alteration


CO2, H 2S Steam-heated blanket
Steam-heated blanket, alunite-kaolinite

H2S + 2 O2 = H2SO4 H2SO4, HCl

pH >2 pH <1

Lithocap formed by hypogene condensate


4 SO2 + 4 H2 O => 3 H2 SO4 + H2 S HCl, SO2, CO2, H2 S
hypogene alteration

CO2, H2S steam-heated alteration

H2O, NaCl, SO2, HCl, CO2, H 2S, ...

Ketetahi, Ketetahi, New Zealand: flank of andesite stratovolcano; stratovolcano;


perched steam-heated alteration in vadose zone

Kirishima, Kirishima, Kyushu: condensation of hypogene vapors


abundant native S; lateral flow

HCl, HCl, SO2 ~300o C, HCl, HCl, SO2, H2S; sulfur Spring, pH ~1.2 100 oC, CO2, H2S; sulfate, pH ~2.5

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

El Chichon, Chichon, Mexico: post 1982 eruption, hypogene vapors

Kawah Ijen, Ijen, Java: volcanic crater with acidic lake

pH 0.0 Condensation of acid magmatic volatiles

Colloidal silica in suspension, and deposited in laminated sediments


(also enargite, enargite, covellite, covellite, stannite in native S)
Photograph: Pierre Delmelle

Volcan Pos, Costa Rica

Lake Toya, Toya, Hokkaido: Stratovolcano, Stratovolcano, caldera, domes

J.W. Hedenquist

Active hydrothermal systems and geochemical processes

SEG 2010

Satsuma Iwojima

White Island

Pinatubo?

Critical fluid bulk salinity


80% COUPLED 20%

vapor Critical fluid

hypersaline liquid

Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines:


Explosive, cataclysmic eruption, 1991: 9 hrs, 4 km3 d.r.e., + 100 Mt vapor
Fluid exsolved in melt

Schematic relations: HS and IS epithermal deposits, and porphyry systems Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003

evolved fluid (en) phyllic fluid


-shallow barren-

vapor (AA) brine (potassic ) (potassic) critical fluid melt

J.W. Hedenquist

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