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Lecture2013 03 26

The document summarizes key points from CS1112 Lecture 17. It discusses how strings are represented as character arrays in MATLAB and some common string functions. Such functions include length() to determine the number of characters in a string, isletter() to check if each character is a letter, and lower()/upper() to convert case. Strings can be indexed and concatenated like vectors. Arithmetic and relational operations can also be performed on character values based on their ASCII codes. Examples provided demonstrate how to capitalize the first letter of words, censor words in a text, and remove all occurrences of a specified character from a string.

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38 views

Lecture2013 03 26

The document summarizes key points from CS1112 Lecture 17. It discusses how strings are represented as character arrays in MATLAB and some common string functions. Such functions include length() to determine the number of characters in a string, isletter() to check if each character is a letter, and lower()/upper() to convert case. Strings can be indexed and concatenated like vectors. Arithmetic and relational operations can also be performed on character values based on their ASCII codes. Examples provided demonstrate how to capitalize the first letter of words, censor words in a text, and remove all occurrences of a specified character from a string.

Uploaded by

pikachu_latias_latios
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS1112 Lecture 17

Previous Lecture:

Characters & strings

Working with images

Todays Lecture:

We have used strings already: n= input(Next number: ) sprintf(Answer is %d, ans) A string is made up of individual characters, so a string is a 1-d array of characters CS1112 rocks! is a character array of length 13; it has 7 letters, 4 digits, 1 space, and 1 symbol.
C S 1 1 1 2 r o c k s !

Characters and strings

Announcements:

Discussion this week in classrooms as listed on roster Project 4 due Thurs 3/28 at 11pm

Can have 2-d array of characters as well


C S 1 1 1 2 r o c k s !
26 matrix

Matlab types: char, double, uint8, logical


There is not a type string! What we call a string is a 1-d array of chars

Strings are important in computation


Numerical data is often encoded in strings. E.g., a file containing Ithaca weather data begins with the string W07629N4226 meaning Longitude: 76o 29 West Latitude: 42o 26 North We may need to grab hold of the substring W07629, convert 076 and 29 to the numeric values 76 and 29, and do some computation
Lecture 17 5

a C S 1

a is a 1-d array with type char components. We call a a string or char array b is a 1-d array with type double components. double is the default type for numbers in Matlab. We call b a numeric array c is a 1-d array with type uint8 components. We call c a uint8 array d is a scalar of the type logical. We call d a boolean value
Lecture 17 4

b = [3 9]

c = uint8(b)

d = rand > .5

Comparison of genomic sequences is another example of string computation

Single quotes enclose strings in Matlab Anything enclosed in single quotes is a string (even if it looks like something else)

E.g., looking for a pattern: Given the sequence ATTCTGACCTCGATC Look for the pattern ACCT E.g., quantifying the difference between sequences: ATTCTGACCTCGATC ATTCGTGACCTCGAT

100 is a character array (string) of length 3 100 is a numeric value pi is a character array of length 2 pi is the built-in constant 3.1416 x is a character (vector of length 1) x may be a variable name in your program

Lecture 17

Lecture 17

Lecture slides

CS1112 Lecture 17

Strings are vectors

Vectors Assignment
v= [7 0 5];

Strings Assignment
s= hello;

Some useful string functions


str= Cs 1112; length(str) isletter(str) isspace(str) lower(str) upper(str) % % % % % 7 [1 1 0 0 0 0 0] [0 0 1 0 0 0 0] cs 1112 CS 1112

Indexing
x= v(3); % x is 5 v(1)= 1; % v is [1 0 5] w= v(2:3); % w is [0 5]

Indexing
c= s(2); % c is e s(1)= J; % s is Jello t= s(2:4); % t is ell

: notation
v= 2:5; % v is [2 3 4 5]

: notation
s= a:g; % s is abcdefg

Appending
v= [7 0 5]; v(4)= 2; % v is [7 0 5 2]

Appending
s= duck; s(5)= s; % s is ducks

Concatenation
v= [v [4 6]]; % v is [7 0 5 2 4 6]

Concatenation
s= [s quack]; % s is ducks quack

ischar(str) % Is str a char array? True (1) strcmp(str(1:2),cs) % Compare strings str(1:2) & cs. False (0) strcmp(str(1:3),CS) % False (0)
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Lecture 17

Example: capitalize 1st letter


Write a function to capitalize the first letter of each word in a string. Assume that the string has lower case letters and blanks only. (OK to use built-in function upper) function [str, nCaps] = caps(str) % Post: Capitalize first letter of each word. % str = partially capitalized string % nCaps = no. of capital letters % Pre: str = string with lower case letters & blanks only
look for Look For the The spaces Spaces
See caps.m

ASCII characters
(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ascii code : : 65 66 67 : 90 :

Character : : A B C : Z :

ascii code : : 48 49 50 : 57 :
Lecture 17

Character : : 0 1 2 : 9 :
11

Character vs ASCII code

Arithmetic and relational ops on characters


str= Age 19 %a 1-d array of characters code= double(str) %convert chars to ascii values str1= char(code) %convert ascii values to chars

c-a gives 2 6-5 gives 1 letter1=e; letter2=f; letter1-letter2 gives -1 c>a gives true letter1==letter2 gives false A + 2 gives 67 char(A+2) gives C
Lecture 17 13


Lecture 17 12

Lecture slides

CS1112 Lecture 17

What is in variable g (if it gets created)? d1= Mar 3; d2= Mar 9; x1= d1(5); x2= d2(5); g= x2-x1;
A: the character 6 B: the numeric value 6 C: Error in the subtraction operation D: Error in assigning variables x1, x2 E: Some other value or error
Lecture 17 14

What is in variable g (if it gets created)? d1= Mar 13; d2= Mar 29; x1= d1(5:6); x2= d2(5:6); g= x2-x1;
A: the string 16 B: the numeric value 16 C: Error in the subtraction operation D: Error in assigning variables x1, x2 E: Some other value or error
Lecture 17 15

Example: toUpper
Write a function toUpper(cha) to convert character cha to upper case if cha is a lower case letter. Return the converted letter. If cha is not a lower case letter, simply return the character cha. Hint: Think about the distance between a letter and the base letter a (or A). E.g., a b c d e f g h
distance = g-a = 6 = G-A function up = toUpper(cha) % up is the upper case of character cha. % If cha is not a letter then up is just cha.

A B C D E F G H Of course, do not use Matlab function upper!


Lecture 17 16 Lecture 17 17

Example: censoring words


function D = censor(str, A) % Replace all occurrences of string str in % character matrix A with Xs, regardless of % case. % Assume str is never split across two lines. % D is A with Xs replacing str. Us e M ATX XX in th at XXX . D

function D = censor(str, A) % Replace all occurrences of string str in character matrix A, % regardless of case, with X's. % A is a matrix of characters. % str is a string. Assume that str is never split across two lines. % D is A with X's replacing the censored string str. D= A; B= lower(A); s= lower(str); ns= length(str); [nr,nc]= size(A); % Build a string of X's of the right length

% Traverse the matrix to censor string str

A Us e M AT LA B in t h at l ab.

Lecture 18

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Lecture 17

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Lecture slides

CS1112 Lecture 17

function D = censor(str, A) % Replace all occurrences of string str in character matrix A, % regardless of case, with X's. % A is a matrix of characters. % str is a string. Assume that str is never split across two lines. % D is A with X's replacing the censored string str. D= A; B= lower(A); s= lower(str); ns= length(str); [nr,nc]= size(A); % Build a string of X's of the right length Xs= char( zeros(1,ns)); for k= 1:ns Xs(k)= 'X'; end % Traverse the matrix to censor string str

Example: removing all occurrences of a character

From a genome bank we get a sequence ATTG CCG TA GCTA CGTACGC AACTGG AAATGGC CGTAT First step is to clean it up by removing all the blanks. Write this function:
function s = removeChar(c, s) % Return string s with all occurrences % of character c removed

zeros returns an array of type double

Lecture 17

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Lecture 17

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Example: removing all occurrences of a character


Can solve this problem using iterationcheck one character (one component of the vector) at a time
function s = removeChar_loop(c, s) % Return string s with all occurrences of % character c removed.

Example: removing all occurrences of a character


Can solve this problem using iterationcheck one character (one component of the vector) at a time
function s = removeChar_loop(c, s) % Return string s with all occurrences of % character c removed. t= ; for k= 1:length(s)

end s= t;
Lecture 17 28 Lecture 17 29

Lecture slides

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