WiMAX Technology WiMAX Technology WiMAX Technology WiMAX Technology

Introduction Introduction
Contents Contents Contents Contents
IEEE 802 16 Working Group IEEE 802 16 Working Group IEEE 802.16 Working Group IEEE 802.16 Working Group
WiMAX Forum WiMAX Forum
WiMAX P t l WiMAX P t l WiMAX Protocols WiMAX Protocols
Technical Specifications Technical Specifications
WiMAX Structure WiMAX Structure
OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA
IEEE 802.16 Working Group
In 1999, the IEEE working group was set up, which studies the
b db d di t h l t d d Th i f thi
IEEE 802.16 Working Group
broadband radio access technology standard. The aim of this
group is to establish a global broadband radio access standard.
This group sets down the broadband access system standards, g p y ,
including the air interface standards and associated standards.
At the beginning of 2003, this group issued the 802.16a standard
that defines the 2 GHz to 11 GHz NLOS fixed access system.
On October 1 of 2004, this group issues the 802.16d fixed access
standard standard.
In the end of 2005, this group issued the 802.16e standard. Now,
the 802.16e Release has been issued.
WiMAX Forum
In April of 2001, the WiMAX forum was set up. This forum participates in
authenticating the standardization and interoperability of the broadband
radio access products based on IEEE 802.16 radio access products based on IEEE 802.16
This forum is organized by many radio communication equipment suppliers,
component suppliers, operators, which is a nonprofit organization.
In November of 2004, the Network Working Group (NWG) was set up,
which participates in setting downing the network standards for the IEEE
802 16d and IEEE 802 16e 802.16d and IEEE 802.16e.
Protocols
WiMAX is based on the 802.16 protocol that has two
standards:
802.16dFixed broadband radio access standard
It specifies the air interface layer between the fixed
access terminals and the BTS.
802.16eMobile broadband radio access standard
It supports the mobile station It supports the mobile station.
It supports both the fixed broadband radio access
systemand mobile broadband radio access system system and mobile broadband radio access system.
Technical Specifications of WiMAX
Technical Specification 802.16d 802.16e
Bandwidth (MHz) 1.75-20 1.25-20
Frequency (GHz) 2-11 2-6
Mobility Fixed or roaming Middle-rate mobile station (<120 km/h)
Transmission technology Multi-carrier, OFDM Multi-carrier, OFDMA
Multiple access OFDMA
S t i t it S b h l Spectrum assignment unit Sub-channel
Duplex mode TDD,FDD
Peak rate (Mbit/s) 75 Mbps (20 MHz) 15 Mbps (5 MHz) , 30 Mbps (10 MHz)
Modulationmode DL:QPSK 16QAM 64QAM ;UL:QPSK 16QAM Modulation mode DL:QPSK,16QAM,64QAM ;UL:QPSK,16QAM
Inter-cell handovers No Yes
Enhanced technology Intelligent antenna, MIMO, HARQ, AMC
Access control The BS periodically allocates bandwidths to the MS and provides opportunities for periodic unicast
lli Th MS th t k b d th i it polling. The MSs access the network based on the priority.
QoS Supporting five QoS class standards, including UGS, ERtPS, RtPS, NrtPS, and BE
Battery saving mode No Supporting idle and sleep modes
Technical Benefits of WiMAX
Advanced technical functions
It incorporates multiple technologies, including OFDMA, MIMO,
AMC, and HARQ.
Wide coverage and high throughput Wide coverage and high throughput
The maximum coverage distance of a BS is 50 km. The typical
coverage distance is six km to ten km.
The maximum throughput of each sector is 75 Mbit/s.
Easy to expand
It is easy to add new sectors.
It is easy to plan the channel bandwidth.
Broadband access
Global Spectrum Distribution of WiMAX
2.3, 2.5, 3.5
GHz
2.3, 2.5, 3.7
2.5, 3.5GHz
2.3, 2.5, 3.5
GHz
, ,
GHz
2.5, 3.5GHz
3.5GHz
2.3, 2.5,3.3,
3.5GHz
2.3G 2.3

2.4 GHz
2.5G 2.496

2.690 GHz
Primary
frequency
3.5G 3.4

3.6 GHz
q y
bands:
Development of the WiMAX
Product Product
Equipment supplier BWA manufacturer Chip manufacturer
terminal
manufacturer
End-to-End Network Structure of
WiMAX WiMAX
Network Elements of WiMAX
MSS - Mobile Subscriber Station
ASN - Access Service Network
The ASN consists of the base station (BS) and the Access Service Network-
Gateway (ASN-GW). The ASN manages the IEEE 802.16e air interface and
enables the MS to access multiple CSNs enables the MS to access multiple CSNs.
CSN - Connect Service Network
The CSN is connected to the Internet, ASP, PLMN, and other networks. It , , ,
provides Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA), roaming
between different (Network Service Providers) NSPs, IP address
f management, location management, mobility management, connection for
multiple services, policy management, and QoS management.
WiMAX NWG-ASN Profile A
R2 R2
CSN ASN
R1
R6 R3
R1
Ai
BS
ASN-GW
R4
Internet
Air
Interface
BS
ASN-GW
HA AAA
R4
ASN-GW
BS
HO
Centralized ASN model
ASN GW
RRA
Auth. Relay
Key Receiver
Authenticator
RRC
Key Distribute
PC
Semi-Flat Architecture
HO and RRC are at GW
Profile A with standard R1,R2 ,R3,R4
WiMAX NWG-ASN Profile B
R2 R2
R1
R3
CSN ASN
Internet
Air
Interface
BS+ASN-GW
R4
Interface
BS+ASN-GW
HA AAA
Distributed ASN solution;
Flat Architecture;
BS andASN-GWfunction is
HO
PA
RRA+RRC
AAA Client
DHCP Proxy
Combined BS+ASN-GW
BS and ASN GW function is
embedded in BS;
Profile B with standard R1, R2, R3,
R4;
RRA+RRC
Key Receiver +
Distribute
Authenticator
PC
Interface Introduction
Interface
Description
R1 R1 interface between the MS and the ASN as the air interface
ifi ti f (PHY d MAC) specification for (PHY and MAC)
R2 R2 is the interface between the MS and the CSN associated with
Authentication, Service Authorization, IP Host configuration , , g
management, and mobility management. R2 is a logical interface and
does not reflect a direct protocol interface between the MS and CSN.
R3 R3 is the interface between the ASN and CSN to support AAA, policy
enforcement and mobility management capabilities In addition R3 enforcement and mobility management capabilities. In addition, R3
encompasses the bearer plane methods (e.g., tunneling) to transfer IP
data between the ASN and the CSN.
S S G R6 R6 provides the communication between the BS and the ASN GW which
provides a set of control and bearer plane protocols.
Basic Concepts of WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access
WAN
3G 3G 2 Microwave Access
MAN
ETSI
IEEE 802.16-
Wireless MAN
ETSI HiperMAN
& HiperAccess
IEEE 802.20
(proposed)
3GPP,3GPP2
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access (WiMAX) Access (WiMAX)
IEEE 802.15
Bluetooth
LAN
PAN
ETSI
HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11
Wireless LAN
ETSI
HiperLAN
( ) ( )
WiMAX based on the IEEE802.16 protocol is a broadband wireless technology applied
to the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
It complies with the "Broadband +Wireless" trend WiMAX features the Orthogonal It complies with the "Broadband + Wireless" trend. WiMAX features the Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO),
and other advanced technologies to maintain its broadband advantage.
It is called "3.5G" or "4G" technology. In October of 2007, it becomes the fourth standard
2/1/2009
of 3G technology.
Techniques
Used in WiMAX
WiMAX Advantage
OFDM/OFDMA
AMC AMC
MIMO
AAS
QoS
All IP Architecture
Whats OFDMA?(1) ( )
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
All carriers are divided into several groups (sub-channels) g p ( )
Coding, modulation and amplification are set separately for each
sub-channel based on channel conditions
Different sub-channels can be allocated to different users at the
same time
n
c
y
OFDM OFDMA
w
e
r
OFDM OFDMA
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
O
u
t
p
u
t

P
o
w
Time
Frequency
Evolution of FDMA System Evolution of FDMA System
Single Carrier
Multi-carrier
frequency
frequency
OFDM
OFDM
Orthogonal
OFDM
Orthogonal
Frequency
Division Division
Multiplexing
frequency
MCM: multi-carrier modulation
1950s, the first MCM system was established by y y
U.S. army
1970s, OFDM system based on analog
technolog appeared technology appeared
1990s, with the development of DSP technology,
the IFFT and FFT technology are introduced into the IFFT and FFT technology are introduced into
the OFDM system.The cost and system
complexity are decreased, therefor OFDM
t h l i id l d technology is widely used
What is OFDM/OFDMA?
OFDM Vs OFDMA
1. OFDMA is a multi-carrier system
2. Available bandwidthis dividedinto manynarrowbands ( sub carrier ).
OFDMA is the foundation for 4G!
2. Available bandwidth is divided into many narrow bands ( sub carrier ).
3. OFDMA divide these sub-carriers into N Groups ( sub Channel )
4. Data is transmitted in parallel on these sub-Channels
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access
Frequency reuse
F1,F2 and F3 are partial sub-channels of
one frequency, allocated equally or non-
equally
On the edge of sector, partial sub-channels are allocated.
On the core of sector, full sub-channels are allocated.
S h d l d d th MS` CINR Schedule depends on the MS`s CINR.
Frequency reuse mixed by PUSC + FUSC improves the capacity and reduce
interference.

DL/UL PHY Process

DL PHY Process
RF
baseband
FEC
RS,BTC,
CTC
Modulation
Mapping
Randomization
IFFT
Cyclic
Prefix
Interleave
Data from
MAC layer
RF
TX
UL PHY Process
D
De-Randomization
Data to
MAC layer
baseband
Remove
Cyclic
Prefix
FFT
Freq.
Domain
Equalizer
De-Map
Symbols
Viterbi &
RS Decoder
De-
Interleave
RF RX
(Timing &
Frequency
Correctionetc)
Equalizer
Correction etc)
Overcome the Multi-path Inference p
In OFDM system, the multi-path interference
can be reduced by adding CP
Overcome Frequency Selective
F di Fading
P(f) P(f)
Narrow band
System
Fading
( ) ( )
y
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
f f
Fading
P(f) P(f)
Fading
Transmit Signal Received Signal
f
f
Broadband
System
g g