Bar Pendulum Lfhfhfab Report
Bar Pendulum Lfhfhfab Report
Submitted By: Group B-3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4 A, SEECS
12/13/2012
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to study oscillations of a compound pendulum and use it to calculate the value of g. In the experiment, several readings for the oscillations of the compound pendulum were taken. Then two methods were used for the calculation of the value of g. Both methods involved plotting graphs. In the first method we plot a graph between l and T. In the second one, we do so between lT2 and l2. Finally calculations are performed.
THEORY
Equipment required Compound pendulum Stopwatch Measuring tape stand A bar pendulum is the simplest form of compound pendulum. It is in the form of a rectangular bar (with its length much larger than the breadth and the thickness) with holes (for fixing the knife edges) drilled along its length at equal separation. If a bar pendulum of mass M oscillates with a very small amplitude about a horizontal axis passing through it, then its angular acceleration (d2/dt2) is proportional to the angular displacement . The motion is simple harmonic and the time period T is given by
where I denotes the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the horizontal axis through its center of suspension and l is the distance between the center of suspension and C.G. of the pendulum. According to the theorem of parallel axes, if IG is the moment of inertia of the pendulum about an axis through C.G., then the moment of inertia I about a
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
where k is the radius of gyration of the pendulum about the axis through C.G. here
Hence
Now l 2 lL + k 2 = 0 so
A graph between l 2 and lT 2 should therefore be a straight line with slope g/4pi2 And intercept k2. So Radius of gyration
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
PROCEDURE
1. Balance the bar on a sharp wedge and mark the position of its C.G. 2. Fix the knife edges in the outermost holes at either end of the bar pendulum. The knife edges should be horizontal and lie symmetrically with respect to center of gravity of the bar. 3. Check with spirit level that the glass plates fixed on the suspension wall bracket are horizontal. The support should be rigid. 4. Suspend the pendulum vertically by resting the knife edge at end A of the bar on the glass plate. 5. Displace the bar slightly to one side of the equilibrium position and let it oscillate with the amplitude not exceeding 5 degrees. Make sure that there is no air current in the vicinity of the pendulum. 6. Use the stop watch to measure the time for 30 oscillations. The time should be measured after the pendulum has had a few oscillations and the oscillations have become regular. 7. Measure the distance l from C.G. to the knife edge. 8. Record the results in Table 1. Repeat the measurement of the time for 30 oscillations and take the mean. 9. Suspend the pendulum on the knife edge of side B and repeat the measurements in steps 6 -9 above. 10. Fix the knife edges successively in various holes on each side of C.G. and in each case, measure the time for 30 oscillations and the distance of the knife edges from C.G.
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
Side B up
l (cm) T (s)
1.86 1.61 1.52 1.42 1.41 1.49 1.56 1.7 1.9 2.5
-47.3 -42.4 -37.9 -32.2 -27.1 -21.9 -17.1 -11.9 -6.6 -1.9
1.86 1.61 1.52 1.47 1.51 1.59 1.69 1.84 2.32 3.31
3.5
2.5
2 Series1 1.5
0.5
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
At T = 1.61 s l1 = 44.2 cm l2 = 22 cm
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
2000
1500 1000 500 0 0 -500 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Series1
Linear (Series1)
Bar Pendulum Lab Report by Group B3: Ahmed Raza Malik, Rafeeullah, Jahanzeb Akram, BEE 4-A SEECS
CONCLUSION
Before performing this experiment we had already performed many experiments to calculate the value of g, but they were not so much accurate as it was. Rather it was more accurate than the previous ones. Readings were not so difficult to take but friction made them hard up to a little extent. The time-taking part in this experiment was the data analysis. We had to plot two graphs very carefully. When we plotted the graph on computer some difficulties got solved as slope was easier to calculate. So working out with the graph was made easy by the use of computer. We had 3.02% error in our first method and 8.5% error in our second method. Overally our experiment went quite well.