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EMC Tutorial Questions

This document discusses circuit nonlinearities, electromagnetic shielding, and shielding materials. It addresses circuit nonlinearities like diodes, amplifiers, and modulators/demodulators. It describes how shielding works via reflection and absorption losses. Good conductors provide high shielding at frequencies below the optical region due to their extremely low intrinsic impedance. Common shielding materials are discussed based on their conductivity and permeability for electric and magnetic fields. Shielding integrity can be compromised at discontinuities like slots, seams, or ventilation holes depending on their size and location.

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Ali Duraz
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62 views5 pages

EMC Tutorial Questions

This document discusses circuit nonlinearities, electromagnetic shielding, and shielding materials. It addresses circuit nonlinearities like diodes, amplifiers, and modulators/demodulators. It describes how shielding works via reflection and absorption losses. Good conductors provide high shielding at frequencies below the optical region due to their extremely low intrinsic impedance. Common shielding materials are discussed based on their conductivity and permeability for electric and magnetic fields. Shielding integrity can be compromised at discontinuities like slots, seams, or ventilation holes depending on their size and location.

Uploaded by

Ali Duraz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LLLC3401 LMC 1uLorlal CuesLlons

1. C|rcu|t Non||near|t|es
Conslder an otb order nonllnear clrculL as shown ln Lhe flgure. 1he ouLpuL and lnpuL volLages voot(t) and
vlo(t) are relaLed by:
= ( )
We wlll assume o = 2 (whlch ls a second order nonllnearlLy - llke dlode deLecLors, ampllflers, modulaLors
and demodulaLors, mosL lCs). We furLher assume LhaL Lhe slnusoldal lnpuL has a small nolse volLage
componenL v
N
(t) assoclaLed wlLh lL. 1hus
( )
=
{
cos + ( )
]
a) LvaluaLe voot(t)
b) ldenLlfy Lhe wanLed componenL
c) lndenLlfy uC componenL and harmonlcs
d) ldenLlfy Lhe nolse componenLs and descrlbe Lhe nolse specLrum
SnILLDING:
Shleldlng ls produced by puLLlng a meLalllc barrler ln Lhe paLh of elecLromagneLlc waves beLween Lhe
culprlL emlLLer and a recepLor. 1he elecLromagneLlc waves, whlle peneLraLlng Lhrough Lhe meLalllc
barrler, experlence an lnLrlnslc lmpedance of Lhe meLal glven by:
=

2
(1 - )
1he value of Lhls lmpedance ls exLremely low for good conducLors aL frequencles below Lhe opLlcal
reglon.
1wo baslc mechanlsms, reflecLlon loss and absorpLlon loss, are responslble for a ma[or parL of Lhe
shleldlng. 1oLal shleldlng effecLlveness 5(J8) of a solld conducLlng barrler can be expressed as Lhe
sum of Lhe reflecLlon loss (J8) , absorpLlon loss (d8) and lnLernal reflecLlon losses (d8):
(
uB
)
=
(
uB
)
+
(
uB
)
+
(
uB
)
1here exlsLs a wlde dlfference beLween plane-wave shleldlng Lheory and pracLlce. racLlcal shleldlng
performance depends on a number of parameLers such as frequency, dlsLance of lnLerference
source from Lhe shleldlng walls, polarlzaLlon of Lhe flelds, dlsconLlnulLles ln a shleld, and so on. AL
sufflclenLly large dlsLance r > u
2
/2\
0
(for u >= \
0
/2) or r > \0/2n (for u << \
0
) from Lhe source, Lhe
elecLromagneLlc waves become plane waves wlLh wave lmpedance:
=

+
where u ls Lhe slze of Lhe source. ln alr medlum or free space below opLlcal frequencles (o << uc
0
)
= =

= 12u
S|ng|e sh|e|d:
1he elecLrlcal parameLers of a meLal for an elecLromagneLlc wave lncldenL aL any angle 0
l
are as follows:
1he propagaLlon consLanL lnslde a meLal ln normal dlrecLlon ls
=

2
(1 + )
1he aLLenuaLlon consLanL lnslde a meLal along Lhe normal dlrecLlon ls
=

2
Skln depLh aL whlch Lhe fleld has decayed Lo e
-l
of lLs value aL Lhe surface ls
=
2

1he phase veloclLy and wavelengLh lnslde Lhe shleld are


= < ; =
1he reflecLlon loss ls expressed as
(
uB
)
= -2ulog | | = 2ulog
|1 - |
4| |
where 1 ls Lhe neL Lransmlsslon coefflclenL Lhrough Lhe shleldlng barrler, ls Lhe raLlo of Lhe
lmpedances of lncldence and LhaL of Lhe sheeL maLerlal (po/2m), and po ls Lhe lnLrlnslc lmpedance of
free space (120nO).
1he absorpLlon loss of a wave passlng Lhrough Lhe shleld of Lhlckness t ls glven by:
(
uB
)
= 8.686 uB
1he lnLernal reflecLlon loss Lerm ls expressed by :
(
uB
)
= 2ulog 1 -
( - 1)
( + 1)
( )
lnLernal reflecLlon loss can be neglecLed for cases ln whlch Lhe absorpLlon loss ls greaLer Lhan 13 d8.
Sh|e|d|ng Integr|ty at D|scont|nu|t|es
Common Lypes of dlsconLlnulLles LhaL exlsL ln shleldlng walls may be ln Lhe form of sloLs ln Lhe weld
seam gaps beLween shleldlng panel [olnLs, venLllaLlon holes, vlsual access wlndows, and so forLh. 1he
leakage of elecLromagneLlc energy ln a meLalllc enclosure ls domlnaLed noL by Lhe physlcal
characLerlsLlc of meLal buL by Lhe slze, shape , and locaLlon of dlsconLlnulLles. When Lhe slze of Lhese
dlsconLlnulLles becomes equal Lo Lhelr resonanL values, shleldlng effecLlveness aL correspondlng
frequencles would be very low.
PCLLS ln 1Pln 8A88lL8S:
lor normal lncldence of plane waves, Lhe flelds peneLraLlng a small aperLure depend on Lhe
aperLure slze. A good rule Lo follow ln general deslgn pracLlce ls Lo avold openlngs larger Lhan \/30
Lo l20 aL Lhe hlghesL frequency of operaLlon. lor wavelengLhs greaLer Lhan Lwo Llmes Lhe maxlmum
hole dlameLer, Lhe shleldlng effecLlveness ls prlmarlly glven by Lhe reflecLlon loss and ls
approxlmaLely glven by
(
uB
)
= 2ulog
i
2
foi >
where J ls Lhe dlameLer of Lhe hole and t ls Lhe Lhlckness of Lhe shleldlng barrler.
MuL1lLL AL81u8LS ln 1Pln 8A88lL8S:
lor proper alr clrculaLlon, mosL 8l shleldlng screens are perforaLed wlLh more Lhan one aperLure of
Lhe same slze. 1he aperLures are elLher clrcular or square geomeLrles and arranged ln a square
laLLlce. 1hls arrangemenL reduces Lhe LoLal effecLlveness of shleldlng. 1he amounL of shleldlng
reducLlon depends on Lhe spaclng beLween any Lwo ad[acenL aperLures, Lhe wavelengLh of Lhe
lnLerference, and Lhe LoLal number of aperLures. Slnce Lhe slze of Lhese aperLures ls usually well
below cuLoff, only Lhe domlnanL wavegulde mode ls of slgnlflcance ln Lhe reglon of Lhese openlngs.
lor Lhe case of normal lncldence and for aperLure spaclng s < /2, Lhe shleldlng ls approxlmaLely
glven by
(
uB
)
= 2ulog
i
2
- 1ulog
where o ls Lhe LoLal number of aperLures.
Sh|e|d|ng Mater|a|s
low-lmpeJooce n-llelJ.
AL all frequencles, reflecLlon of a low lmpedance P-fleld from a low-lmpedance elecLrlcal conducLor
ls small. 1herefore, magneLlc flelds Lry Lo enLer Lhe conducLor and are exponenLlally aLLenuaLed
lnslde Lhe conducLor. Pence Lhe magneLlc shleldlng prlmarlly depends on absorpLlon loss. 1hus
ferromagneLlc maLerlals (hlgh f-l) are Lhe proper cholce. Powever, care musL be exerclsed for
ferrous maLerlals because f-l varles wlLh Lhe magneLlzlng force.
nlqb-lmpeJooce -llelJ ooJ llooe-wove llelJ.
lor a hlgh-lmpedance elecLrlc fleld, and also for plane-wave flelds, reflecLlon from a low-lmpedance
meLal wall lncreases along wlLh absorpLlon loss, provldlng beLLer shleldlng for L-flelds and plane
waves. 1herefore, for L-flelds and plane waves, maLerlals havlng hlgh conducLlvlLles are preferred for
shleldlng. 1able 9.4 glves a llsL of shleldlng maLerlals wlLh Lhelr values of conducLlvlLles,
permeablllLles, and uses. 1he Lhlckness of Lhe maLerlal should be more Lhan Lhe skln depLh aL Lhe
hlghesL frequency of lnLeresL.
ULS1ICNS:
1. CalculaLe Lhe shleldlng effecLlveness of a copper shleld of Lhlckness 0.02 mm for an lncldenL plane
wave aL a frequency of 1 MPz
2. ueLermlne Lhe maxlmum dlmenslon of each aperLure lf a shleld conLalnlng 40 ldenLlcal clrcular
aperLures has 20 d8 reflecLlon loss aL a frequency of 100 MPz.

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