Monte Carlo simulation of EPMA measurements on complex specimens using PENELOPE

Francesc Salvat Xavier Llovet

Outline:

Introduction The simulation code PENELOPE PENEPMA: Simulation of EPMA spectra Sample simulation results

Facultat de Fsica (ECM) Universitat de Barcelona

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Introduction
EPMA: Typical problem of coupled electron-photon transport Focused monoenergetic e beam x-ray generation and transport within the sample measured x-ray energy spectrum Quantitative analysis (x-ray intensities element concentrations) usually based on approximate semi-empirical algorithms Difficulties for samples with complex geometries (multilayers, particles, rough surfaces, ...) and for unconventional conditions (low voltages, grazing-angle incidence, ...) Alternative: Monte Carlo simulation methods (MC)

Components of a Monte Carlo algorithm

Interaction model (set of cross sections for the different interaction mechanisms and atomic relaxation data) Determines the reliability of the results Analytical approximations may not be sufficiently accurate (screened Rutherford DCS, Kirkpatrick-Wiedman-Statham DCS, ...) Transport algorithm Must be as faithful as possible (preferably detailed, interaction by interaction, simulation) The continuous slowing-down approximation, CSDA, and other multiple scattering approximations, ... should be avoided Geometry tools Ability to handle systems (samples) with complex geometrical structures Some existing codes use simplifications in the description of photon transport (e.g., exponential attenuation) which limit the accuracy of calculated fluorescence corrections
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The simulation code PENELOPE

PENetration and Energy LOss of Positrons and Electrons (... and photons)
A general-purpose Monte Carlo code system for the simulation of coupled electron-photon transport in arbitrary geometries Distributed by the OECD-NEA Data Bank (Paris) (600 registered users, thoroughly checked... in specific energy ranges) A very detailed description of the code system (including physical interaction models, sampling and transport algorithms) is given in a NEA report. The PDF file can be downloaded from the web site

Main features

All kinds of interactions (except nuclear reactions) in the energy range from 109 eV down to, nominally, 50 eV (covered by the database) Implements the most accurate physical models available (limited only by the required generality) Simulates electrons and positrons (tunable mixed scheme) and photons (detailed, interaction by interaction) Simulates fluorescent radiation from K, L and M-shells Includes a flexible geometry package (constructive quadric geometry) Electron and positron transport in external magnetic and electric fields (in matter)
6

http://www.nea.fr/lists/penelope.html
The calculations presented here have been performed using the version 2006 of the code, which was released a few weeks ago
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 Electron/positron interactions

(Energy: 50 eV to 1 GeV)

Photon interactions

(Energy: 50 eV to 1 GeV)

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Atomic relaxation

Variance reduction

Ionization of inner shells (K, L1-L3, M1-M5)

The atoms in the sample can be ionized by electron impact, by photoelectric absorption and by Compton scattering of photons PENELOPE follows all secondary radiations emitted in the relaxation of ions with vacancies in the K shell and in L and M subshells Transition probabilities from LLNLs Evaluated Atomic Data Library (Perkins et al., 1991), which are calculated using approximate theoretical models X-ray energies from compilations by Deslattes at al (2003) (K and L shells) and Bearden (1967) (M shells) Simulated characteristic lines have the correct energies

Direct MC simulation is very inefficient...

The next slide shows 50 simulated trajectories of 30-keV electrons in gold. Only one photon is generated

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Variance reduction
A convenient figure of merit to measure the performance of a MC algorithm for computing a quantity Q is the efficiency

where Q/Q is the relative (statistical) uncertainty and T is the calculation time (on a given computer). The calculation time to obtain a given statistical accuracy is proportional to 1/Q . The efficiency can be increased (and T decreased) by using variance-reduction techniques PENELOPE implements three elementary techniques that are safe (i.e. they keep the simulation results unbiased): -- particle splitting, -- Russian roulette, and -- interaction forcing (or method of weights) Interaction forcing alone renders EPMA (detailed) simulations feasible
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 The geometry package PENGEOM

Constructive quadric geometry: allows describing arbitrary material systems consisting of homogeneous bodies limited by quadric surfaces

Examples of sample geometries that can be routinely simulated with PENGEOM

(r ) = Axx x 2 + Ayy y 2 + Azz z 2 + Axy xy + Ayz yz + Azx zx + + Ax x + Ay y + Az z + A0 = 0

Versatile enough to describe many real objects, Fast analytical calculation of intersections (quadratic equation) Geometry operations are performed by the subroutine package PENGEOM, which automatically tracks particles through the different bodies and materials NB: PENGEOM can be used with any detailed MC code
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PENEPMA: simulation of EPMA spectra

Geometry

and detectors

No programming work is required. The program provides a complete description of electron transport and x-ray generation (including fluorescence) You can define the energy, direction and position of the electron beam The geometry of the sample (and its environment) is defined by using PENGEOM PENEPMA implements interaction forcing Allows the simulation of up to 25 photon detectors simultaneously Provides the x-ray spectrum for each detector, as well as the spectrum of characteristic x-rays (with the fluorescence contribution given separately) Detectors are assumed to be ideal. Convolution with the detectors response function is required to compare with measured spectra

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Practical example: Fe-Cu couple z

Electron beam x ray

Fe Cu

x
Electron beam characteristics: E = 15 keV, normal incidence Impact point: on the Cu part, 0.1m from the interface Detector # 6: annular, = 45-55 deg Simulation time: ~15 min (characteristic peaks, uncertainty < 5%) ~8 hours (background)
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Fluorescence contribution

convolution of MC spectrum with the response function of a typical Si(Li) detector

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Spatial

distribution of x-ray generation (optional)

z = -0.005 m

8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

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z = -0.1 m

z = -0.2 m

8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

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8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

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z = -0.3 m

z = -0.4 m

8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

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8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background

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Main
z = -0.5 m

limitations

Our knowledge of interaction and relaxation properties is limited Need of ionization cross sections more accurate than the PWBA Distorted wave methods seem to work well, calculations in progress Electrons with energies below 500 eV in condensed matter (aggregation and coherence effects are disregarded) Photon interaction cross sections (EXAFS and anomalous scattering are not considered) Fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields of L and outer shells (affected by substantial uncertainties) Nevertheless, MC simulation is a valuable tool for understanding specific spectral features and the physical processes in our sample,
8.01 keV < E < 8.05 keV Cu K line & background
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... and to gain information on fundamental parameters from EPMA spectra

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 Contents of the CD ROM

CHAPTER 6: Structure and operation of PENELOPE

Outline:
Contents of the CD-ROM Installation of PENELOPE Structure of the main program

Two Zip files:

penelope.zip : The PENELOPE (version 2006) code system software.zip : GNU Fortran 77 compiler and GNUPLOT

(both for MS Windows; they are also available for LINUX)

NOTE: on Linux and other Unix OSs, the option -a may be required to unzip properly (Just in case, we have also a CD with the whole package uncompressed)
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Installation of the GNU FORTRAN 77 compiler

freeware: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/5564 1) Copy the directory \CD-ROM\software.zip\g77d to c:\g77d 2) Copy the file \CD-ROM\software.zip\gnusetup.bat to c:\gnusetup.bat (or to any other directory in your PATH)

3) Test your installation of the g77 compiler:

Open a command window (aka MS-DOS window) Execute gnusetup.bat Go to directory c:\g77d

g77 -Wall O

and execute mytest1.f -o mytest1.exe

PATH=c:\g77d\bin;c:\gnuplotd;%PATH% SET LIBRARY_PATH=c:\g77d\lib

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Installation of GNUPLOT
freeware: http://www.gnuplot.info
Copy the directory CD-ROM\software.zip\gnuplotd

Installation OF PENELOPE
Copy CD-ROM\penelope.zip to your hard disk and unzip it.

to c:\gnuplotd

This creates a new directory \penelope on your hard disk NOTE: on Linux and other Unix OSs, the option -a may be required to unzip properly

gnusetup includes gnuplotd in your path

PATH=c:\gnuplotd;%PATH%
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 Directory doc. Documentation

Directory fsource penelope.f : simulation package pengeom.f : constructive quadric geometry package penvared.f : variance reduction routines material.f : main program to generate material data files timer.f : portable timing routines

tutorial.pdf penelope-2006-NEA.pdf

Directory pendbase
797 ASCII files containing material data (composition, interaction cross sections, etc.) needed to build the material definition files The binary executables files of material and shower have to be placed in this directory

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This is the document to have at hand in the initial stages of the use of PENELOPE
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Directory other

Directory mains

\gview: geometry viewers GVIEW2D and GVIEW3D (MS Windows only), with examples of geometry-definition files. \shower: The program shower generates electron-gamma showers within a slab and displays the resulting tracks on the computer screen (MS Windows only). An educational tool.

Examples of main programs: penslab.f a single slab pencyl.f cylindrical geometries penmain.f generic quadric geometries

*.in: input data files for the respective programs *.mat: material definition files used by these programs *.gnu: GNUPLOT scripts for visualizing simulated distributions

\emfields: subroutine package penfield for transporting

electrons/positrons under external static electric and magnetic fields.

\tables: auxiliary main program tables to generate numerical

tables of radiation transport properties (cross sections, mean free paths, stopping powers, ...) for arbitrary materials. It allows the user to access the physics models underlying the simulations.

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Final installation steps

Structure of the main program

The user must provide a steering main program that generates the initial states of primary particles, controls the evolution of the simulated tracks and keeps score of relevant quantities. NOTE: the generic main program penmain can handle a wide variety of problems, but yours may require some special treatment ...

Compile the program material, g77 -Wall O material.f -o material.exe Move material.exe to directory \pendbase Compile tables : g77 -Wall O tables.f -o tables.exe This program delivers basic transport data, such as mean free paths, photon mass attenuation coefficients, etc, without needing to run a full simulation Copy the file tables.exe into directory \pendbase Copy the file shower.exe into directory

main program

\pendbase

PENELOPE

PENGEOM

PENVARED

TIMER

NOTE: the modules used by each main program are defined through include statements (they do not have to be declared to the compiler)
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The communication between the main program and the simulation routines is through a few common blocks All real variables are double integers are all integer*4
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precision and
12

Most of the information flux between the main program and the simulation and geometry subroutines is through the common block COMMON/TRACK/E,X,Y,Z,U,V,W,WGHT,KPAR,IBODY,MAT,ILB(5) which contains the following quantities: KPAR ... E ... X,Y,Z ... U,V,W ... WGHT ... IBODY ... MAT ... ILB(5)... kind of particle (1=electron, 2=photon, 3=positron) current particle's energy (eV) position coordinates (cm) direction cosines particle's weight (used only with variance reduction) index of body where the particle is moving corresponding material describes origin of secondary particles (pp. 215-216)

The simulation parameters, which are needed to initialize PENELOPE, are provided through the common block COMMON/CSIMPA/EABS(3,MAXMAT),C1(MAXMAT),C2(MAXMAT), WCC(MAXMAT),WCR(MAXMAT) For each material MAT the required parameters are EABS(3,MAT) C1(MAT) C2(MAT) WCC(MAT) WCR(MAT) ... ... ... ... ... Absorption energies Average angular deflection Maximum average energy loss Cutoff energy loss of hard inelastic collisions Cutoff energy loss of hard bremsstrahlung emission

In the I/O of the PENELOPE and PENGEOM routines, all energies are in eV and all lengths are in cm To start the simulation of a particle, its initial state variables must be set by the main program. PENELOPE modifies the energy and direction cosines only when the particle undergoes an interaction. The position coordinates are updated by PENGEOM.
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NOTE: The number label of each material is determined by its position in the input material-data file. To allow repeatability of the simulation, the seeds of the random-number generator (LEcuyer) are specified by the main program. COMMON/RSEED/ISEED1,ISEED2
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PENELOPE subroutines

SUBROUTINE CLEANS Initializes the secondary stack (sets NSEC=0) Must be called before starting the simulation of a new primary particle

SUBROUTINE PEINIT(EPMAX,NMAT,IRD,IWR,INFO) Reads material data file and prepares tables to be used in simulation

SUBROUTINE START Forces next interaction to be a soft one; it also verifies that E>EABS. Must be called before starting a new particle (primary or secondary) and after each interface crossing.

Input arguments EPMAX NMAT IRD,IWR INFO ... maximum energy of particles Warning: for positrons, add ~2mec2 = 1,022 MeV ... number of different materials ... input/output units (open in the main program) ... amount of information written to output (1, minimal; 4, very detailed)

SUBROUTINE JUMP(DSMAX,DS) Determines the distance DS to the next interaction DSMAX ... input, maximum allowed path length for electrons and positrons. Recommended: < body thickness/10 ... output, actual distance to travel
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NOTE: Simulation parameters must have been defined and loaded in common CSIMPA
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DS
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SUBROUTINE KNOCK(DE,ICOL) Simulates the next interaction event and modifies the state variables in common TRACK (energy and direction) DE ICOL ... (output) deposited energy in the material ... (output) type of interaction

SUBROUTINE SECPAR(LEFT) This subroutine delivers the initial state of a secondary particle produced during the previous simulation of the shower. This particle is removed from the secondary stack LEFT ... output, number of particles in secondary stack at calling time. When LEFT=0, the simulation of the shower is completed. The particle state variables are directly loaded in COMMON/TRACK/E,X,Y,Z,U,V,W,WGHT,KPAR,IBODY,MAT,ILB(5)

ILB(1) ... generation of the particle (1=primary, 2=direct descendants, ...) ILB(2) ... kind KPAR of the parent particle, only if ILB(1)>1 ILB(3) ... Interaction mechanism ICOL that originated the particle ILB(4) ... , when applicable

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ILB(5) ... can be defined by the user; it is transferred to all descendants of the particle
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Numerical labels used to designate atomic electron shells. SUBROUTINE STORES(E,X,Y,Z,U,V,W,WGHT,KPAR,ILB) In the case of non-radiative transitions, the label 30 indicates shells beyond the N7 shell. Stores the initial state of a new particle in the secondary stack. The input arguments are the state variables of the particle and the array of labels ILB. The variables IBODY and MAT are read from common TRACK Used for particle splitting

FUNCTION RAND(DUMMY) Random number generator. The 'seeds' ISEED1 and ISEED2 must be initialized in the main program and transferred through the named common block /RSEED/ (to be declared as an external function in each subprogram that uses it)

Auger IS1-IS2-IS3: X-ray IS1-IS2: Example: x ray K-L2 of Cu (Z=29),

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PENGEOM subroutines
SUBROUTINE GEOMIN(PARINP,NPINP,NMAT,NBOD,IRD,IWR) Reads geometry data from the input file, initializes the geometry package and prints the files geometry.rep and pengeom-tree.rep

Flow diagram
C ** MAIN PROGRAM CALL PEINIT(EPMAX,NMAT,5,6,INFO) CALL GEOMIN(PARINP,NPIP,NM,NB,7,6) N=0 C ** Start a new shower 10 N=N+1 C Set the initial state variables. CALL LOCATE CALL CLEANS C ** Start tracking in the material 20 CALL START 30 CALL JUMP(DSMAX(IBODY),DS) CALL STEP(DS,DSEF,NCROSS) IF(MAT.EQ.0) THEN GOTO 40 ! Scoring? ENDIF IF(NCROSS.GT.0) GOTO 20 CALL KNOCK(DE,ICOL) C Score relevant quantities IF(E.GT.EABS(KPAR,MAT)) GOTO 30 40 CONTINUE C Score relevant quantities C ** Any secondary left? CALL SECPAR(LEFT) IF(LEFT.GT.0) THEN GOTO 20 ! Scoring? ENDIF IF(N.LT.NTOT) GOTO 10 C Compute averages and write results END 22

locate SUBROUTINE LOCATE Determines the body IBODY that contains a point of coordinates (X,Y,Z) and its material MAT (values delivered though common TRACK) SUBROUTINE STEP(DS,DSEF,NCROSS) Performs the geometrical part of the track simulation. Moves the particle and changes body and material numbers as necessary. New values of the variables X,Y,Z,IBODY,MAT are delivered though common TRACK DS DSEF ... path length to travel ... travelled path length before leaving the initial material or completing the jump NCROSS ... number of interfaces crossed
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step

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Selecting the simulation parameters

Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Depth-dose distribution

Eabs C1 ~ 0.05 C2 ~ 0.05

such that R(Eabs) < typical dimensions of volume bins

(effective only at very high energies)

electrons 500 keV

Wcc and Wcr estimated from experiment/scoring details Wcc , Wcr < Eabs and energy resolution smax
(to ensure multiple soft interactions, to allow energy-loss corrections, transport in EM elds)
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 Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Angular distribution of emerging electrons

Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Energy distribution of backscattered electrons

electrons 500 keV

electrons 500 keV

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Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Path-length distribution of backscattered electrons

Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Energy distribution of transmitted electrons

electrons 500 keV

electrons 500 keV

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Class II (mixed) vs. detailed simulation

Distribution of deposited energy

Practical simulation
Lets assume that your problem can be solved by using the example main program penmain Prepare your geometry definition file. Check that the geometry is properly defined using the viewing-debugging programs gview2d and gview3d Run the program material to generate the material data file. It must include all the materials present in your geometry, in the order assumed in the geometry definition file Edit the penmain input file. Assign tentative values to the simulation parameters for each material Perform preliminary short simulations, and check that the results do make sense Consider the possibility of applying variance reduction techniques Run the simulation. Make sure that statistical uncertainties are small enough

electrons 500 keV

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 Tracking particles through complex geometries

CHAPTER 5: Constructive quadric geometry

Outline:
Tracking particles through complex geometries Quadric surfaces Constructive geometry: bodies, modules Geometry viewers The subroutine package PENGEOM

Physics routines determine the distance that the particle would travel (in an infinite medium)

Geometry routines move the particle and stop it when the trajectory intersects an interface

The job of geometry routines

Determine Move

where (body and material) is the particle

particles along straight trajectories Find intersections with the surfaces that limit the body
Determine
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the body and material after the interface

2

Quadric surfaces
1

Intersections
s , with a Intersection of the (straight) trajectory of a particle, r = r0 + v surface (r) = 0. The path length s is determined by solving the equation
s) = 0 (r0 + v
This must be done many times (and limits the possible forms of ).

(x,y,z) = 0

Quadric surfaces
(r ) = Axx x 2 + Ayy y 2 + Azz z 2 + Axy xy + Ayz yz + Azx zx + + Ax x + Ay y + Az z + A0 = 0

A surface divides the space into three mutually exclusive regions: 1) (r) = 0 the surface itself 2) (r) > 0 outside, side pointer = +1 3) (r) < 0 inside , side pointer = 1 The side pointer of a region is not an absolute property. The eq. (r) = 0 defines the same surface but with the inner and outer regions exchanged
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Versatile enough to describe many real objects, Allow fast analytical calculation of intersections (quadratic equation) Some non-quadric surfaces give intersection equations that are also analytically solvable, but require much more CPU time. For instance, 2 the torus, 2 2 2 2

[ x + y a] + z

b =0

gives a 4th order algebraic equation for the distance to the interface
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With quadric surfaces we can describe virtually any object... approximately

Definition of quadric surfaces

Implicit form (the list of non-zero coefficient values)

(r ) =

Axx x 2 + Ayy y 2 + Azz z 2 + Axy xy + Ayz yz + Azx zx + + Ax x + Ay y + Az z + A0 = 0

Transformations (optional, in the quoted order):

Scaling along the directions of the coordinates axis (the surface is expanded by a factor a, b, c in the direction x, y, z)

x ax,

y by,

z cz

Rotation (Euler angles)

Translation

rr+a
6

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Rotations and Euler angles

Rotations and Euler angles

axes

axes
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Reduced form (the kind of surface is defined by its indices)

(r ) = I 1 x 2 + I 2 y 2 + I 3 z 2 + I 4 z + I 5 = 0

Non-planar quadrics in reduced form

the size, orientation and position of the quadric are defined by means of appropriate transformations: expansion, rotation, and translation (in this order)
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Syntax
Surfaces in implicit form
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) implicit form INDICES=( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) AXX=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AXZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AYZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AX=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AY=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) AZ=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) A0=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Surfaces in reduced form

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) reduced form INDICES=( 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) X-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) Y-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) Z-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0) OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Rotations are described by means of the Euler angles Lines defining default values can be removed from the definition file

NOTE: The integer label following each parameter,

X-SCALE=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=1.0)

allows the parameter value to be modified from the main program (selected geometry elements can be made mobile)
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Lines defining default values can be removed from the definition file

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 Constructive geometry; bodies and modules

3
1
4

Definition of bodies

y 3

2
1 1 x 4

1 3 2

7
Some bodies can not be defined with only surfaces

... but avoid using limiting bodies if you can do with only surfaces

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 1) text MATERIAL( 1) SURFACE ( 1), SIDE POINTER=( 1) SURFACE ( 2), SIDE POINTER=(-1) SURFACE ( 3), SIDE POINTER=( 1) SURFACE ( 4), SIDE POINTER=(-1)... 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 2) text MATERIAL( 1) SURFACE ( 2), SIDE POINTER=(-1) BODY ( 1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

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Example

---------------------------------------------------------------Visualization of reduced quadric surfaces. Define the desired quadric (surface 1) by entering its indices. The region with side pointer -1 (inside the quadric) corresponds to MATERIAL=1. 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) Reduced quadric INDICES=( 1, 1,-1, 0, 1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 BODY ( 1) The interior of the quadric MATERIAL( 1) SURFACE ( 1), SIDE POINTER=(-1) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 END 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

quadric two-sheet hyperboloid

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Modules
Module Connected volume limited only by quadrics

Genealogical tree

The particle can enter or leave the module only through the limiting surfaces (this is not true for bodies) A module may contain bodies and other modules (daughters). These have to be fully contained in the parent module The cavities of a module can be filled with a given material

1 8
2

5 6 7 5
6

1 2 7 4 4 3 9
bodies

A module cannot overlap other modules or bodies other than its daughters A module can be rotated/translated as a whole

3 9

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 MODULE ( 3) text MATERIAL( 2) SURFACE ( 5), SIDE POINTER=( 1) BODY ( 1) MODULE ( 2) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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modules (may have descendants, or not)

To speed up the simulation, each module should have a small number of daughters (small number of branches in each node). With a properly defined genealogical tree, simulation speed is almost independent of the complexity of the geometry.
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Genealogical tree

Other geometry definition options

INCLUDE inserts an existing geometry definition file (useful to split a long geometry definition file into smaller pieces)

1 8 5 2 3 7 6 9 4

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 INCLUDE FILE= (filename.ext) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

CLONE copies one module and moves it (very useful to define repetitive structures)

Enclosure: The whole geometry is assumed to be contained within a sphere of 107 cm radius (root module). Bodies that extend beyond the enclosure are truncated
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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 CLONE ( yyy) copies one module and moves it MODULE ( xxx) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 OMEGA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) THETA=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) DEG (DEFAULT=0.0) PHI=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) RAD (DEFAULT=0.0) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Z-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

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Geometry viewers
GVIEW2D two-dimensional (material and body maps) GVIEW3D three-dimensional images (quite realistic) GVIEW2C cylindrical geometries. Similar to GVIEW2D. They run only under MS Windows.

GVIEW2D: arrow
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GVIEW3D: rotate
Illustrates the use of Euler angles
original orientation y

x after a rotation r = -45, 45, 0

GVIEW2D: arrow2 a cloned object

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GVIEW3D: saturne

electrons

photons
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GVIEW3D: saturne9
26

Debugging
GVIEW generates a debugging file named geometry.rep, as well as an auxiliary file pengeom_tree_rep that contains details on the genealogical tree structure GVIEW stops when a syntax error or an obvious inconsistency is found The offending input datum usually appears in the last printed lines of the debugging file Errors or inconsistencies in the definition of the geometry are usually identified by visual inspection of the images created by GVIEW

The subroutine package PENGEOM

User-callable routines SUBROUTINE GEOMIN(PARINP,NPINP,NMAT,NBOD,IRD,IWR) Reads geometry data from the input file, initializes the geometry package and prints the files geometry.rep and pengeom_tree.rep SUBROUTINE LOCATE Determines the body that contains a point of given coordinates and its material SUBROUTINE STEP(DS,DSEF,NCROSS) Performs the geometrical part of the track simulation. Moves the particle and changes body and material numbers as necessary

WARNING: PENGEOM assigns its own labels to all geometry elements. To specify a body or module, we need to know its internal label.

The surface and body labels used by PENGEOM during simulation are printed in file geometry.rep. The body labels can also be identified by running GVIEW2D with display mode = 2
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Making geometry parts mobile

Impact detectors

Input values of pre-selected geometry parameters can be modified from the main program. SUBROUTINE GEOMIN(PARINP,NPINP,NMAT,NBOD,IRD,IWR) DIMENSION PARINP(NPAR) NPINP NPAR Example: The input file element
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) sphere, R=1, centered at (0,0,0) INDICES=( 1, 1, 1, 0,-1) X-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 1) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+0.000000000000000E+00, 2) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

SUBROUTINE STEP does not stop particles when they cross an interface between adjacent bodies of the same composition. That is, these interfaces are not visible from the main program COMMON/QKDET/KDET(NB) KDET(KB)is initialised to zero. Body KB is made part of impact detector IDET by setting KDET(KB)=IDET (in main program). When particles enter body KB coming from a body that is not part of detector IDET, they are halted at the surface of the active body and control is returned to the main program. Thus, detector surfaces are made visible from the main program. Impact detectors are useful for visualising bodies (GVIEW2D), for simulating real detectors and for generating phase-space files (PENMAIN).
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with NPINP=2, PARINP(1)=1., PARINP(2)=3. is transformed (internally) into

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 SURFACE ( 1) sphere, R=1, centered at (1,3,0) INDICES=( 1, 1, 1, 0,-1) X-SHIFT=(+1.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) Y-SHIFT=(+3.000000000000000E+00, 0) (DEFAULT=0.0) 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
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 Limitations of PENGEOM
To avoid being caught in an endless loop, STEP does not leave the particle exactly on the surface, but some 10-8 cm farther. Consequently, geometrical details smaller than ~10-7 cm (i.e. 10 ) are not guaranteed to be described correctly. PENGEOM admits up to 10,000 surfaces and 5000 bodies (and modules). The maximum number of bodies in a module or the number of surfaces defining a body is set to 250. These parameters can be changed by editing the source file pengeom.f (but with extreme care!).

Example of optimized modular tree

Repetitive structure

Note that the speed of the simulation depends strongly on the structure of the genealogical tree. The responsibility of setting it appropriately rests with the user.

Each step duplicates the existing tree and adds a common root module

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