3 Muscles and bones

KOJIRO THE ROBOT

You should know

...

You can move different parts of your body, and this lets you do many different things. For example, you can smile, throw a ball, ride a bike or play a musical instrument. Some people have got physical disabilities because of an illness or an accident. It can be more difficult for them to move around and do things for themselves. Some people with physical disabilities use a walker or a wheelchair to go from place to place. Other machines are helpful too, like lifts, escalators and adapted vehicles. They can make peoples lives easier and more comfortable. Thanks to these inventions, people with disabilities can also do many different sports. With practice, they can also become champion athletes at international competitions, like the Paralympics.

Copy the true sentences into your notebook. a) People with physical disabilities cant do any sports. b) There are sports competitions for people with disabilities. c) Wheelchairs can help people to move around more easily.

Which sports can people with disabilities do? Choose the correct answer. a) Football, basketball, swimming, cycling, scuba diving. b) Tennis, skiing, kayaking, volleyball. c) All of the above sports.

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1. The musculoskeletal system

The human body performs the basic life process of interaction. It detects information about the environment and also reacts to that information. This involves various parts of the body, such as the sense organs, the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system.
3.1

The musculoskeletal system is composed of many muscles and bones. It lets you move different parts of your body and get around from one place to another.

The functions of the skeleton

Humans have got an internal skeleton. It is made of 206 different bones. The skeleton performs three main functions: It supports the body and helps to keep its shape. It protects the bodys soft, internal organs, like the brain, heart and lungs. It is connected to muscles that move the different bones. Bones are made of bone cells that form bone tissue. These cells can grow and reproduce to repair broken bones. Joints are parts of the skeleton where two or more bones are connected. In some joints, there are elastic tissues called ligaments that keep the bones together.
Skeleton The musculoskeletal system. Muscles

3.2

Did y ou realise ?
Joint Ligament

Bone cells release minerals like calcium and phosphorus. These minerals change bone tissue into hard, rigid bone. Some bones have got soft tissue in the centre, called bone marrow. This tissue produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Bones

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Muscles
3.3

Muscles are made of many muscle cells. These cells can contract and become shorter. They can also relax and become longer again. Muscles contract and relax to move different parts of the body. Some muscles are connected to bones by long, non-elastic fibres called tendons. When the muscles contract, they pull on the tendons and move the bones.
Ligament

Muscles

Tendon

1.

Copy and complete these sentences in your notebook. a) The supports the body and helps to maintain its , elastic too.

b) When bones form c) cells can

keep the bones together. or longer. . .

and relax to become connect some muscles to

d) Non-elastic fibres called

e) Our bones are made of many bone

that form hard bone

2.

Label the pictures. a) b)

3.

3.4

Quiz.

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2. The human skeleton

Bones can be different shapes and sizes. There are long bones, short bones, flat bones and cylindrical bones.

Skull Scapula

Sternum Ribs Short bone Spinal column

Long, cylindrical bone

Flat bone

We can put the bones of the human skeleton into three groups: the bones of the head. the bones of the trunk. the bones of the extremities.
Parietal Frontal Pelvis

Occipital Maxilla The bones of the head form the skull (or cranium). These bones protect the brain and they also form the face.

Mandible Temporal

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The bones of the trunk include the spinal column, the sternum and the ribs. Clavicle The spinal column is made of smaller bones called vertebrae. The spinal column supports the head and it also protects the spinal cord. The sternum and the ribs form the rib cage. This protects the heart and lungs.

Humerus

Each upper extremity is connected to the trunk by two bones: the clavicle at the front, and the scapula at the back. The bones of the upper extremities form the arms, hands and fingers.

Phalanges

Radius

Each hand has got 27 bones, called carpals, metacarpals and phalanges.

Metacarpals

Carpals

Ulna

The lower extremities are connected to the trunk by the pelvis. The bones of the lower extremities form the legs, feet and toes.

Tarsals

Femur

Each foot has got 26 bones, called tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges. Phalanges Metatarsals

Patella

1.
Tibia

Classify the following bones into three groups: bones of the head, bones of the trunk and bones of the extremities. femur sternum humerus ulna patella rib temporal bone radius occipital bone fibula carpal mandible

Fibula

2. 3.

Which bones form the rib cage and the spinal column?
3.5

Quiz.

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3. Muscles
3.6

Muscles of the trunk Trapezius

All the muscles of the body form the muscular system. Muscles can move and apply force. They have got different shapes and sizes. There are long muscles, like the ones in your legs, and flat muscles, like the ones in your face. There are also circular muscles, like the ones around your eyes and around your mouth. We can also classify muscles by the way they function: Some muscles are voluntary: you can control them and move them whenever you want. Voluntary muscles are connected to bones, like the muscles in your legs. You use them to walk, jump and run. Some muscles are involuntary: you cant control them because they work automatically. Your heart is an involuntary muscle. It keeps working all the time. The muscles in your intestines are also involuntary. They contract and relax automatically to move food through your body.
Muscles of the face The frontal muscle pulls the eyebrows up. It also moves the forehead. Abdominal

Pectoral

Deltoid

Oblique

The orbicular eye muscles close the eyelids.

The sternocleidomastoid muscles turn the head.

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Muscles of the arms and legs When the deltoid contracts, it pulls up the arm at the shoulder. When the biceps contracts, it bends the arm at the elbow.

When the triceps contracts, it extends and straightens the arm.

The gluteal muscles help you to stand up and walk.

When the quadriceps contracts, it extends and straightens the leg.

When the femoral biceps contracts, it bends the leg at the knee.

When the calf muscles contract, they pull up the back of the feet.

1.

Look at the pictures. Which muscles are the people using? a) b) c)

2.

Match the muscles to the parts of the body. frontal muscle gluteal muscles calf muscles biceps orbicular eye muscle pectoral muscles deltoid muscle trapezius

3.

3.7

Quiz.

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4. Joints
3.8

Joints are places where two or more bones are connected. We can classify joints by how much they move: Fixed joints cant move. Many of the bones in your skull are connected by fixed joints. Semi-moveable joints cant move very much. The vertebrae in your spinal column are connected by semi-moveable joints. Moveable joints can move a lot. Your shoulders, elbows and knees are moveable joints. Inside these joints, there is a tough, flexible tissue called cartilage. It stops the bones from touching, to protect them from friction.
Elbow Shoulder

The spinal column has got many semi-moveable joints.

Hip

Knee

Think about it !

Examples of moveable joints.

Joints and pairs of muscles

Muscles often work together in pairs. They take turns contracting and relaxing. When one of the muscles contracts, it becomes shorter and pulls on the other muscle. At the same time, the other muscle relaxes and becomes longer.

Which muscles do you use to flex and extend your arm? Touch your right shoulder with your right hand. How do your arm muscles move?

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5. Good habits for your musculoskeletal system

3.9

To keep your muscles and bones healthy, you should do exercise, and have good posture. You shouldnt carry things that are too heavy.

Eat foods with lots of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C and vitamin D. They help your body to build strong bones.

Get moving! Do different types of exercise and sport.

Try to sleep on your back or on your side. Its better for your spinal column.

Sit up straight. Keep your knees at the same level as your hips.

Bend your knees when you pick up heavy things. Dont use your back muscles.

Wear your rucksack properly. Use both straps and keep the rucksack in the centre of your back.

1. 2.

What are the three types of joints? Write one example for each type. Copy the true sentences into your notebook. a) Sleeping on your front isnt good for your spine. b) When you sit in a chair, you should keep your back straight. c) You should use your back when you pick up heavy things.

3.

3.10

Quiz.

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REVISE AND ORGANISE

1.
Copy and complete the diagram in your notebook. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
includes

which can be which can be connected to form which can be

Long Long

2.

Copy and complete the sentences with the following words: arms bones brain column cord extremities eyelids moveable orbicular pelvis quadriceps rib cage shoulder skeleton skull sternum straightens upper a) The human b) The c) The spinal d) The bones of the e) The lower f) The g) The h) The i) has got 206 and the ribs form the . . .

supports the head and protects the spinal protect the and form the face. .

are connected to the trunk by the and the hip are examples of joints.

eye muscles are the muscles that close your muscle extends and the leg.

The bones of the

extremities form the

, hands and fingers.

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ACTIVITIES
1.
Write the names of the body parts that are numbered in the pictures. a) 1 2 4 7 8 5 6 9 10 11 7 5 8 3 3 b) 1 2 4

9 12 13

15

14

2.

Choose the correct option and copy the sentences into your notebook. a) The muscles around your eyes are long/circular. b) Voluntary/Involuntary muscles work automatically. c) Tendons connect cartilage/muscles to bones. d) Ligaments/Phalanges connect bones to other bones.

3.

Match the types of joints with the pictures:

Fixed joint

Moveable joint

Semi-moveable joint

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